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Campos FG, Ibelli AMG, Cantão ME, Oliveira HC, Peixoto JO, Ledur MC, Guimarães SEF. Long Non-Coding RNAs Differentially Expressed in Swine Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1897. [PMID: 38998009 PMCID: PMC11240794 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding transcripts involved in various biological processes. The Y chromosome is known for determining the male sex in mammals. LncRNAs on the Y chromosome may play important regulatory roles. However, knowledge about their action mechanisms is still limited, especially during early fetal development. Therefore, we conducted this exploratory study aiming to identify, characterize, and investigate the differential expression of lncRNAs between male and female swine fetuses at 35 days of gestation. RNA-Seq libraries from 10 fetuses were prepared and sequenced using the Illumina platform. After sequencing, a data quality control was performed using Trimmomatic, alignment with HISAT2, and transcript assembly with StringTie. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified using the limma package of the R software (4.3.1). A total of 871 potentially novel lncRNAs were identified and characterized. Considering differential expression, eight lncRNAs were upregulated in male fetuses. One was mapped onto SSC12 and seven were located on the Y chromosome; among them, one lncRNA is potentially novel. These lncRNAs are involved in diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression and the modulation of chromosomal structure. These discoveries enable future studies on lncRNAs in the fetal stage in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francelly G Campos
- Laboratory of Animal Biotecnology, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana M G Ibelli
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Haniel C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Biotecnology, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Jane O Peixoto
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | - Mônica C Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC-Oeste, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Simone E F Guimarães
- Laboratory of Animal Biotecnology, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
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Lapehn S, Nair S, Firsick EJ, MacDonald J, Thoreson C, Litch JA, Bush NR, Kadam L, Girard S, Myatt L, Prasad B, Sathyanarayana S, Paquette AG. Transcriptomic comparison of in vitro models of the human placenta. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.14.598695. [PMID: 38915703 PMCID: PMC11195179 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.598695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Studying the human placenta through in vitro cell culture methods is necessary due to limited access and amenability of human placental tissue to certain experimental methods as well as distinct anatomical and physiological differences between animal and human placentas. Selecting an in vitro culture model of the human placenta is challenging due to representation of different trophoblast cell types with distinct biological roles and limited comparative studies that define key characteristics of these models. Therefore, the aim of this research was to create a comprehensive transcriptomic comparison of common in vitro models of the human placenta compared to bulk placental tissue from the CANDLE and GAPPS cohorts (N=1083). We performed differential gene expression analysis on publicly available RNA sequencing data from 6 common in vitro models of the human placenta (HTR-8/SVneo, BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, Primary Trophoblasts, and Villous Explants) and compared to CANDLE and GAPPS bulk placental tissue or cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, and extravillous trophoblast cell types derived from bulk placental tissue. All in vitro placental models had a substantial number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, FDR<0.01) compared to the CANDLE and GAPPS placentas (Average DEGs=10,873), and the individual trophoblast cell types (Average DEGs=5,346), indicating that there are vast differences in gene expression compared to bulk and cell-type specific human placental tissue. Hierarchical clustering identified 53 gene clusters with distinct expression profiles across placental models, with 22 clusters enriched for specific KEGG pathways, 7 clusters enriched for high-expression placental genes, and 7 clusters enriched for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion genes. In vitro placental models were classified by fetal sex based on expression of Y-chromosome genes that identified HTR-8/SVneo cells as being of female origin, while JEG-3, JAR, and BeWo cells are of male origin. Overall, none of the models were a close approximation of the transcriptome of bulk human placental tissue, highlighting the challenges with model selection. To enable researchers to select appropriate models, we have compiled data on differential gene expression, clustering, and fetal sex into an accessible web application: "Comparative Transcriptomic Placental Model Atlas (CTPMA)" which can be utilized by researchers to make informed decisions about their selection of in vitro placental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lapehn
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children!s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
| | - Sidharth Nair
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children!s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
| | - Evan J. Firsick
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children!s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195 United States
| | - Ciara Thoreson
- Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, Lynwood, WA 98036 United States
| | - James A Litch
- Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth, Lynwood, WA 98036 United States
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 United States
| | - Leena Kadam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 United States
| | - Sylvie Girard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 United States
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202 United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 United States
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children!s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
| | - Alison G. Paquette
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children!s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195 United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 United States
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Okamoto F, Chitre AS, Missfeldt Sanches T, Chen D, Munro D, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA. Y and Mitochondrial Chromosomes in the Heterogeneous Stock Rat Population. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.566473. [PMID: 38076923 PMCID: PMC10705385 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.566473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies typically evaluate the autosomes and sometimes the X Chromosome, but seldom consider the Y or mitochondrial Chromosomes. We genotyped the Y and mitochondrial chromosomes in heterogeneous stock rats (Rattus norvegicus), which were created in 1984 by intercrossing eight inbred strains and have subsequently been maintained as an outbred population for 100 generations. As the Y and mitochondrial Chromosomes do not recombine, we determined which founder had contributed these chromosomes for each rat, and then performed association analysis for all complex traits (n=12,055; intersection of 12,116 phenotyped and 15,042 haplotyped rats). We found the eight founders had 8 distinct Y and 4 distinct mitochondrial Chromosomes, however only two of each were observed in our modern heterogeneous stock rat population (Generations 81-97). Despite the unusually large sample size, the p-value distribution did not deviate from expectations; there were no significant associations for behavioral, physiological, metabolome, or microbiome traits after correcting for multiple comparisons. However, both Y and mitochondrial Chromosomes were strongly associated with expression of a few genes located on those chromosomes, which provided a positive control. Our results suggest that within modern heterogeneous stock rats there are no Y and mitochondrial Chromosomes differences that strongly influence behavioral or physiological traits. These results do not address other ancestral Y and mitochondrial Chromosomes that do not appear in modern heterogeneous stock rats, nor do they address effects that may exist in other rat populations, or in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Apurva S Chitre
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Thiago Missfeldt Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Denghui Chen
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Nix JL, Schettini GP, Biase FH. Sexing of cattle embryos using RNA-sequencing data or polymerase chain reaction based on a complete sequence of cattle chromosome Y. Front Genet 2023; 14:1038291. [PMID: 37077537 PMCID: PMC10106624 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1038291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When necessary, RNA-sequencing data or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays can be used to determine the presence of the chromosome Y (ChrY) in samples. This information allows for biological variation due to sexual dimorphism to be studied. A prime example is when researchers conduct RNA-sequencing of single embryos, or conceptuses, prior to the development of gonads. A recent publication of a complete sequence of the ChrY has removed limitations for the development of these procedures in cattle, otherwise imposed by the absence of a ChrY in the reference genome. Using the sequence of the cattle ChrY and transcriptome data, we conducted a systematic search for genes in the ChrY that are exclusively expressed in male tissues. The genes ENSBIXG00000029763, ENSBIXG00000029774, ENSBIXG00000029788, and ENSBIXG00000029892 were consistently expressed across male tissues and lowly expressed or absent in female samples. We observed that the cumulative values of counts per million were 2688-fold greater in males than the equivalent values in female samples. Thus, we deemed these genes suitable for the sexing of samples using RNA-sequencing data. We successfully used this set of genes to infer the sex of 22 cattle blastocysts (8 females and 14 males). Additionally, the completed sequence of the cattle ChrY has segments in the male-specific region that are not repeated. We designed a pair of oligonucleotides that targets one of these non-repeated regions in the male-specific sequence of the ChrY. Using this pair of oligonucleotides, in a multiplexed PCR assay with oligonucleotides that anneal to an autosome chromosome, we accurately identified the sex of cattle blastocysts. We developed efficient procedures for the sexing of samples in cattle using either transcriptome data or their DNA. The procedures using RNA-sequencing will greatly benefit researchers who work with samples limited in cell numbers which are only sufficient to produce transcriptome data. The oligonucleotides used for the accurate sexing of samples using PCR are transferable to other cattle tissue samples.
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Cao L, Li J, Zhang J, Huang H, Gui F, Xu W, Zhang L, Bi S. Beta-glucan enhanced immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine and changed mRNA expression of spleen in chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102414. [PMID: 36565635 PMCID: PMC9801214 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of oral administration of β-glucan (G70), a product obtained from the cell wall of yeast, on Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-specific hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, lymphocyte proliferation, and the role of T lymphocyte subpopulations in chickens treated with live NDV vaccine. In addition, the influence of β-glucan on splenic gene expression was investigated by transcriptome sequencing. The results revealed that the supplementation of β-glucan boosted the titer of serum NDV HI increased the NDV stimulation index of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and intestinal tract, and promoted the differentiation of T lymphocytes into CD4+ T cells. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis demonstrated that G70 upregulated the mRNA expressions related to G-protein coupled receptor and MHC class I polypeptide, and downregulated the mRNA expressions related to cathelicidin and beta-defensin. The immunomodulatory effect of G70 might function through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. To sum up, G70 could boost the immunological efficacy of live NDV vaccine in chickens and could be applied as a potential adjuvant candidate in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Cao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Fuxing Gui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - Shicheng Bi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460, P. R. China,Correspondence author:
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies of immune sexual dimorphism, sexual differences are not rigorously mapped and dimorphic mechanisms are incompletely understood. Current immune research typically studies sex differences in specific cells, tissues, or diseases but without providing an integrated picture. To connect the dots, we suggest comprehensive research approaches to better our understanding of immune sexual dimorphism and its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Talia Gal-Oz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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O’Hara E, Herbst A, Kommadath A, Aiken JM, McKenzie D, Goodarzi N, Skinner P, Stothard P. Neural transcriptomic signature of chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:69. [PMID: 35062879 PMCID: PMC8783489 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing prevalence and expanding geographical range of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) panzootic in cervids is threatening human, animal, environmental and economic health. The pathogenesis of CWD in cervids is, however, not well understood. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to compare the brain transcriptome from white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) clinically affected with CWD (n = 3) to WTD that tested negative (n = 8) for CWD. In addition, one preclinical CWD+ brain sample was analyzed by RNA-seq. Results We found 255 genes that were significantly deregulated by CWD, 197 of which were upregulated. There was a high degree of overlap in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified when using either/both the reference genome assembly of WTD for mapping sequenced reads to or the better characterized genome assembly of a closely related model species, Bos taurus. Quantitative PCR of a subset of the DEGs confirmed the RNA-seq data. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis found a majority of genes involved in immune activation, consistent with the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of prion diseases. A metagenomic analysis of the RNA-seq data was conducted to look for the presence of spiroplasma and other bacteria in CWD infected deer brain tissue. Conclusions The gene expression changes identified highlight the role of innate immunity in prion infection, potential disease associated biomarkers and potential targets for therapeutic agents. An association between CWD and spiroplasma infection was not found. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08306-0.
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Kaitetzidou E, Gilfillan GD, Antonopoulou E, Sarropoulou E. Sex-biased dynamics of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) gene expression patterns. Genomics 2021; 114:266-277. [PMID: 34933072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of the differences between sexes presents an excellent model to unravel how phenotypic variation is achieved from a similar genetic background. Sticklebacks are of particular interest since evidence of a heteromorphic chromosome pair has not always been detected. The present study investigated sex-biased mRNA and small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) expression patterns in the brain, adipose tissues, and gonads of the three-spined stickleback. The sncRNA analysis indicated that regulatory functions occurred mainly in the gonads. Alleged miRNA-mRNA interactions were established and a mapping bias of differential expressed transcripts towards chromosome 19 was observed. Key players previously shown to control sex determination and differentiation in other fish species but also genes like gapdh were among the transcripts identified. This is the first report in the three-spined stickleback demonstrating tissue-specific expression comprising both mRNA and sncRNA between sexes, emphasizing the importance of mRNA-miRNA interactions as well as new presumed genes not yet identified to have gender-specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Kaitetzidou
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology, and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece
| | - Gregor D Gilfillan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology, and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece.
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Teixeira SA, Marques DBD, Costa TC, Oliveira HC, Costa KA, Carrara ER, da Silva W, Guimarães JD, Neves MM, Ibelli AMG, Cantão ME, Ledur MC, Peixoto JO, Guimarães SEF. Transcription Landscape of the Early Developmental Biology in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051443. [PMID: 34069910 PMCID: PMC8157595 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since pre- and postnatal development are programmed during early prenatal life, studies addressing the complete transcriptional landscape during organogenesis are needed. Therefore, we aimed to disentangle differentially expressed (DE) genes between fetuses (at 35 days old) and embryos (at 25 days old) through RNA-sequencing analysis using the pig as model. In total, 1705 genes were DE, including the top DE IBSP, COL6A6, HBE1, HBZ, HBB, and NEUROD6 genes, which are associated with developmental transition from embryos to fetuses, such as ossification, skeletal muscle development, extracellular matrix organization, cardiovascular system, erythrocyte differentiation, and neuronal system. In pathway analysis, embryonic development highlighted those mainly related to morphogenic signaling and cell interactions, which are crucial for transcriptional control during the establishment of the main organs in early prenatal development, while pathways related to myogenesis, neuronal development, and cardiac and striated muscle contraction were enriched for fetal development, according to the greater complexity of organs and body structures at this developmental stage. Our findings provide an exploratory and informative transcriptional landscape of pig organogenesis, which might contribute to further studies addressing specific developmental events in pigs and in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A. Teixeira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Daniele B. D. Marques
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Thaís C. Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Haniel C. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Karine A. Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Eula R. Carrara
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - Walmir da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
| | - José D. Guimarães
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Mariana M. Neves
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Adriana M. G. Ibelli
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.E.C.); (M.C.L.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Maurício E. Cantão
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.E.C.); (M.C.L.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Mônica C. Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.E.C.); (M.C.L.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Jane O. Peixoto
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concordia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.E.C.); (M.C.L.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Simone E. F. Guimarães
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil; (S.A.T.); (D.B.D.M.); (T.C.C.); (H.C.O.); (K.A.C.); (E.R.C.); (W.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-36124671
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