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Pereira CA, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Pierone BC, Martins-de-Souza D, Kaster MP. Depicting the molecular features of suicidal behavior: a review from an "omics" perspective. Psychiatry Res 2024; 332:115682. [PMID: 38198856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Suicide is one of the leading global causes of death. Behavior patterns from suicide ideation to completion are complex, involving multiple risk factors. Advances in technologies and large-scale bioinformatic tools are changing how we approach biomedical problems. The "omics" field may provide new knowledge about suicidal behavior to improve identification of relevant biological pathways associated with suicidal behavior. Methods We reviewed transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies conducted in blood and post-mortem brains from individuals who experienced suicide or suicidal behavior. Omics data were combined using systems biology in silico, aiming at identifying major biological mechanisms and key molecules associated with suicide. Results Post-mortem samples of suicide completers indicate major dysregulations in pathways associated with glial cells (astrocytes and microglia), neurotransmission (GABAergic and glutamatergic systems), neuroplasticity and cell survivor, immune responses and energy homeostasis. In the periphery, studies found alterations in molecules involved in immune responses, polyamines, lipid transport, energy homeostasis, and amino and nucleic acid metabolism. Limitations We included only exploratory, non-hypothesis-driven studies; most studies only included one brain region and whole tissue analysis, and focused on suicide completers who were white males with almost none confounding factors. Conclusions We can highlight the importance of synaptic function, especially the balance between the inhibitory and excitatory synapses, and mechanisms associated with neuroplasticity, common pathways associated with psychiatric disorders. However, some of the pathways highlighted in this review, such as transcriptional factors associated with RNA splicing, formation of cortical connections, and gliogenesis, point to mechanisms that still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caibe Alves Pereira
- Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Reis-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caroline Pierone
- Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores Em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico E Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil; INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Manuella Pinto Kaster
- Laboratory of Translational Neurosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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2
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Rizavi HS, Khan OS, Zhang H, Bhaumik R, Grayson DR, Pandey GN. Methylation and expression of glucocorticoid receptor exon-1 variants and FKBP5 in teenage suicide-completers. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:53. [PMID: 36781843 PMCID: PMC9925759 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has repeatedly been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in psychiatric disorders and suicide, yet the mechanisms underlying this dysregulation are not clear. Decreased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, which is also susceptible to epigenetic modulation, is a strong indicator of impaired HPA axis control. In the context of teenage suicide-completers, we have systematically analyzed the 5'UTR of the GR gene to determine the expression levels of all GR exon-1 transcript variants and their epigenetic state. We also measured the expression and the epigenetic state of the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5/FKBP51), an important modulator of GR activity. Furthermore, steady-state DNA methylation levels depend upon the interplay between enzymes that promote DNA methylation and demethylation activities, thus we analyzed DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), ten-eleven translocation enzymes (TETs), and growth arrest- and DNA-damage-inducible proteins (GADD45). Focusing on both the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, our results show decreased expression in specific GR exon-1 variants and a strong correlation of DNA methylation changes with gene expression in the PFC. FKBP5 expression is also increased in both areas suggesting a decreased GR sensitivity to cortisol binding. We also identified aberrant expression of DNA methylating and demethylating enzymes in both brain regions. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex transcriptional regulation of GR, providing evidence of epigenetically mediated reprogramming of the GR gene, which could lead to possible epigenetic influences that result in lasting modifications underlying an individual's overall HPA axis response and resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooriyah S Rizavi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Omar S Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Runa Bhaumik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dennis R Grayson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Ghanshyam N Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Kwiatkowski M, Hotze M, Schumacher J, Asif AR, Pittol JMR, Brenig B, Ramljak S, Zischler H, Herlyn H. Protein speciation is likely to increase the chance of proteins to be determined in 2‐DE/MS. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Madlen Hotze
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Abdul R. Asif
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/UMG‐Laboratories University Medical Center Göttingen Germany
| | - Jose Miguel Ramos Pittol
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Department of Molecular Biology of Livestock Institute of Veterinary Medicine University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Hans Zischler
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Anthropology University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Anthropology University of Mainz Mainz Germany
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4
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Mamdani F, Weber MD, Bunney B, Burke K, Cartagena P, Walsh D, Lee FS, Barchas J, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Vawter MP, Bunney WE, Sequeira A. Identification of potential blood biomarkers associated with suicide in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:159. [PMID: 35422091 PMCID: PMC9010430 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicides have increased to over 48,000 deaths yearly in the United States. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common diagnosis among suicides, and identifying those at the highest risk for suicide is a pressing challenge. The objective of this study is to identify changes in gene expression associated with suicide in brain and blood for the development of biomarkers for suicide. Blood and brain were available for 45 subjects (53 blood samples and 69 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) samples in total). Samples were collected from MDD patients who died by suicide (MDD-S), MDDs who died by other means (MDD-NS) and non-psychiatric controls. We analyzed gene expression using RNA and the NanoString platform. In blood, we identified 14 genes which significantly differentiated MDD-S versus MDD-NS. The top six genes differentially expressed in blood were: PER3, MTPAP, SLC25A26, CD19, SOX9, and GAR1. Additionally, four genes showed significant changes in brain and blood between MDD-S and MDD-NS; SOX9 was decreased and PER3 was increased in MDD-S in both tissues, while CD19 and TERF1 were increased in blood but decreased in DLPFC. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze matched blood and brain samples in a well-defined population of MDDs demonstrating significant differences in gene expression associated with completed suicide. Our results strongly suggest that blood gene expression is highly informative to understand molecular changes in suicide. Developing a suicide biomarker signature in blood could help health care professionals to identify subjects at high risk for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoza Mamdani
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Matthieu D. Weber
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Blynn Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kathleen Burke
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Preston Cartagena
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - David Walsh
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Francis S. Lee
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Jack Barchas
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Huda Akil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - William E. Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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5
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Proteomic profiling of postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue of suicide completers. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:142. [PMID: 35383147 PMCID: PMC8983647 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, presenting a serious public health problem. We aimed to investigate the biological basis of suicide completion using proteomics on postmortem brain tissue. Thirty-six postmortem brain samples (23 suicide completers and 13 controls) were collected. We evaluated the proteomic profile in the prefrontal cortex (Broadmann area 9, 10) using tandem mass tag-based quantification with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics tools were used to elucidate the biological mechanisms related to suicide. Subgroup analysis was conducted to identify common differentially expressed proteins among clinically different groups. Of 9801 proteins identified, 295 were differentially expressed between groups. Suicide completion samples were mostly enriched in the endocannabinoid and apoptotic pathways (CAPNS1, CSNK2B, PTP4A2). Among the differentially expressed proteins, GSTT1 was identified as a potential biomarker among suicide completers with psychiatric disorders. Our findings suggest that the previously under-recognized endocannabinoid system and apoptotic processes are highly involved in suicide.
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Liu Y, Wang H, Gui S, Zeng B, Pu J, Zheng P, Zeng L, Luo Y, Wu Y, Zhou C, Song J, Ji P, Wei H, Xie P. Proteomics analysis of the gut-brain axis in a gut microbiota-dysbiosis model of depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:568. [PMID: 34744165 PMCID: PMC8572885 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness. Increasing evidence from both animal and human studies suggested that the gut microbiota might be involved in the onset of depression via the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism in depression remains unclear. To explore the protein changes of the gut-brain axis modulated by gut microbiota, germ-free mice were transplanted with gut microbiota from MDD patients to induce depression-like behaviors. Behavioral tests were performed following fecal microbiota transplantation. A quantitative proteomics approach was used to examine changes in protein expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), liver, cecum, and serum. Then differential protein analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis were used to identify microbiota-related protein modules. Our results suggested that gut microbiota induced the alteration of protein expression levels in multiple tissues of the gut-brain axis in mice with depression-like phenotype, and these changes of the PFC and liver were model specific compared to chronic stress models. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the protein changes of the gut-brain axis were involved in a variety of biological functions, including metabolic process and inflammatory response, in which energy metabolism is the core change of the protein network. Our data provide clues for future studies in the gut-brain axis on protein level and deepen the understanding of how gut microbiota cause depression-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Liu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - You Wu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Kouter K, Videtic Paska A. 'Omics' of suicidal behaviour: A path to personalised psychiatry. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:774-790. [PMID: 34733641 PMCID: PMC8546767 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, including suicide, are complex disorders that are affected by many different risk factors. It has been estimated that genetic factors contribute up to 50% to suicide risk. As the candidate gene approach has not identified a gene or set of genes that can be defined as biomarkers for suicidal behaviour, much is expected from cutting edge technological approaches that can interrogate several hundred, or even millions, of biomarkers at a time. These include the '-omic' approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Indeed, these have revealed new candidate biomarkers associated with suicidal behaviour. The most interesting of these have been implicated in inflammation and immune responses, which have been revealed through different study approaches, from genome-wide single nucleotide studies and the micro-RNA transcriptome, to the proteome and metabolome. However, the massive amounts of data that are generated by the '-omic' technologies demand the use of powerful computational analysis, and also specifically trained personnel. In this regard, machine learning approaches are beginning to pave the way towards personalized psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kouter
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Alja Videtic Paska
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Yoshino Y, Roy B, Dwivedi Y. Differential and unique patterns of synaptic miRNA expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:900-910. [PMID: 32919404 PMCID: PMC8115313 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered synaptic plasticity is often associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Disease-associated changes in synaptic functions are tightly correlated with altered microRNA (miRNA) expression. Here, we examined the role of miRNAs and their functioning at the synapse in MDD by examining miRNA processing machinery at synapse and sequencing miRNAs and analyzing their functions in synaptic and total tissue fractions obtained from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of 15 MDD and 15 matched non-psychiatric control subjects. A total of 333 miRNAs were reliably detected in the total tissue fraction. Multiple testing following the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate [FDR] showed that 18 miRNAs were significantly altered (1 downregulated 4 up and 13 downregulated; p < 0.05) in MDD subjects. Out of 351 miRNAs reliably expressed in the synaptic fraction, 24 were uniquely expressed at synapse. In addition, 8 miRNAs (miR-215-5p, miR-192-5p, miR-202-5p, miR-19b-3p, miR-423-5p, miR-219a-2-3p; miR-511-5p, miR-483-5p showed significant (FDR corrected; p < 0.05) differential regulation in the synaptic fraction from dlPFC of MDD subjects. In vitro transfection studies and gene ontology revealed involvement of these altered miRNAs in synaptic plasticity, nervous system development, and neurogenesis. A shift in expression ratios (synaptic vs. total fraction) of miR-19b-3p, miR-376c-3p, miR-455-3p, and miR-337-3p were also noted in the MDD group. Moreover, an inverse relationship between the expression of precursor (pre-miR-19b-1, pre-miR-199a-1 and pre-miR-199a-2) and mature (miR-19b-3p, miR-199a-3p) miRNAs was found. Although not significantly, several miRNA processing enzymes (DROSHA [95%], DICER [17%], TARBP2 [38%]) showed increased expression patterns in MDD subjects. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of the regulation of miRNAs at the synapse and their possible roles in MDD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshino
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Hasan MN, Luo L, Ding D, Song S, Bhuiyan MIH, Liu R, Foley LM, Guan X, Kohanbash G, Hitchens TK, Castro MG, Zhang Z, Sun D. Blocking NHE1 stimulates glioma tumor immunity by restoring OXPHOS function of myeloid cells. Theranostics 2021; 11:1295-1309. [PMID: 33391535 PMCID: PMC7738877 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the contributing factors for failed immunotherapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand TME and to identify novel modulators of TME for more effective GBM therapies. We hypothesized that H+ extrusion protein Na/H exchanger 1 (NHE1) plays a role in dysregulation of glucose metabolism and immunosuppression of GBM. We investigated the efficacy of blockade of NHE1 activity in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in increasing anti-tumor immunity. Methods: Mouse syngeneic intracranial glioma model was used to test four treatment regimens: DMSO (Vehicle-control), TMZ, NHE1 specific inhibitor HOE642, or TMZ+HOE642 (T+H) combination. Ex vivo 1H/19Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with cell tracking agent Vsense was performed to monitor the infiltration of glioma-associated microglia/myeloid cells (GAMs). Glucose metabolism and transcriptome profiles were analyzed by Seahorse analyzer and bulk RNA-sequencing. The impact of selective Nhe1 deletion in GAMs on sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy was evaluated in transgenic NHE1 knockout (KO) mice. Results: Among the tested treatment regimens, the T+H combination therapy significantly stimulated the infiltration of GAMs and T-cells; up-regulated Th1 activation, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway genes, increased glucose uptake and mitochondrial mass, and decreased aerobic glycolysis in GAMs. Selective deletion of Nhe1 in Cx3cr1+ Nhe1 KO mice increased anti-tumor immunity and sensitivity to TMZ plus anti-PD-1 combinatorial therapy. Conclusions: NHE1 plays a role in developing glioma immunosuppressive TME in part by dysregulating glucose metabolism of GAMs and emerges as a therapeutic target for improving glioma immunity.
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