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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Buchmann K, Careche M, Levsen A, Mattiucci S, Mladineo I, Santos MJ, Barcia‐Cruz R, Broglia A, Chuzhakina K, Goudjihounde SM, Guerra B, Messens W, Guajardo IM, Bolton D. Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8719. [PMID: 38650612 PMCID: PMC11033839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
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Roca-Geronès X, Sarrà-Alarcón L, Delgado E, Alcover MM, Casadevall M, Fisa R. Anisakid Presence in the European Conger, Conger conger, from Spanish Mediterranean Waters. Pathogens 2023; 12:1326. [PMID: 38003791 PMCID: PMC10674728 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The European conger, Conger conger, is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being extensively distributed and widely appreciated by Spanish consumers, studies regarding parasite presence in this fish are scarce. In the present work, a hundred and eight specimens from the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain (Catalan waters) were surveyed for the presence of nematode parasites. Several species were morphologically identified: third-stage larvae of Anisakis type I (sensu Berland, 1961) (n = 131), third-stage larvae of Anisakis type II (sensu Berland, 1961) (n = 18), third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of Hysterothylacium spp. (n = 48), adults of Cucullanus sp. (n = 391), and adults of Cristitectus congeri (n = 69). Moreover, some fish and decapode species were also observed as part of the host's diet, with the most detected preys being Micromesistius poutassou, Sardina pilchardus, Macropipus sp., and Goneplax rhomboides. This represents the first survey of nematode parasites infecting C. conger from the northeastern Spanish Mediterranean waters. Among the parasite species detected, the presence of Anisakis species should be highlighted as the ingestion of C. conger parasitized with these larvae could potentially lead to anisakiasis in consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Sarrà-Alarcón
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Delgado
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Magdalena Alcover
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Casadevall
- Department de Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Caballero-Huertas M, Palomba M, Frigola-Tepe X, Muñoz M, Mattiucci S, Viñas J. Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 20:1-11. [PMID: 36578301 PMCID: PMC9791428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a drop in the condition of the European sardine has been observed. Although several causes have been attributed to this issue, as overfishing and climate change, little is known about the link between ascaridoid nematode parasitisation and fish status. In this study, sardines were obtained from four fishing grounds along the Mediterranean (Alboran, Northern Spain, Northern Adriatic, and Aegean), and one location in the Atlantic Ocean (Southern Portugal). After analysing individual fish body condition (by direct tissue fat content measurements and condition indices), and reproductive status (by a detailed gonadal examination) throughout the entire annual cycle, ascaridoids were recognised by combining naked eye and UV-press method along flesh, viscera, and gonads. Afterwards, sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers region (ITS) and the mtDNA cox2 gene were used to identify and characterise the different species of ascaridoids from the fish host in the localities throughout the seasons. The main species found along different areas was Hysterothylacium aduncum, present in the Northern Adriatic (prevalence of 7.6%, mean intensity 1.700), the Atlantic (7.5%, 3.889), and the Northern Spain (3.9%, 1.600). Moreover, few individuals of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii were observed in the Atlantic (1.7% and 0.8%, respectively), and the latter species was also found in the Adriatic stock (0.8%). All ascaridoid specimens were found in viscera. Obtained results seem to indicate that in stocks with medium sizes, small variations in length are related to parasite intensity. This study highlights the importance of seasonal parasitological analyses at stock level and, especially, in capital breeders, as relationships between condition and reproduction parameters and parasitism are conditioned by seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Caballero-Huertas
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), Department of Environmental Sciences. Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB). Tuscia University, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Xènia Frigola-Tepe
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), Department of Environmental Sciences. Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), Department of Environmental Sciences. Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology. ‘Sapienza-University of Rome’, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Jordi Viñas
- Genetic Ichthyology Laboratory (LIG), Department of Biology. Universitat de Girona (UdG), Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain,Corresponding author.
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Chen X, Zhao L, Wang J, Wang H, Qiu Y, Dong Z, Zhang C, Liu M, Wang X, Bai X. Rapid visual detection of anisakid nematodes using recombinase polymerase amplification and SYBR Green I. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1026129. [PMID: 36532447 PMCID: PMC9756439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakidosis is a food-borne parasitic disease (FBPD) caused by the third-stage larvae of the family Anisakidae. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple, rapid and equipment-free detection method for anisakids in fish samples or seafood since current methods are time-consuming and require complex instruments. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based method was established for the first time to detect anisakids by targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The detection results were visualized by including SYBR Green I (SG) in the method. The sensitivity of RPA-SG assay was 102 copies per reaction of recombinant plasmid (within 20 min at 37°C), similar to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The assay had high specificity for detecting anisakids against other related parasites and host fish. In addition, the assay was further used to detect fresh marine fish contaminated with anisakids and it showed high precision. These results indicate that the novel RPA-SG assay suitable for visual detection of anisakids in the field and food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060622. [PMID: 35745476 PMCID: PMC9228678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasite species belonging to the Anisakis simplex complex are the most important cause of human anisakiasis through the consumption of (mainly) undercooked, previously not frozen, or conveniently treated fish. In Spain, the consumption of hake has been recognized as an important source of this parasitosis. With the aim of shedding light on the risk factors that can influence the potential risk of human anisakiasis in Spain through the consumption of fresh hake sold by nationwide supermarket chains, a total of 536 small hake specimens belonging to the species Merluccius bilinearis caught off the Northeast American coasts and Merluccius merluccius caught in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters was analysed. Anisakids morphologically identified as Anisakis type I were found as the most prevalent and the most abundant species and were considered the main potential cause of human anisakiasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors concerning the hake, such as its origin and season of capture, its size, as well as the days passed between its capture and consumption, should be taken into account to avoid this human parasitosis. It is essential that consumers have access to fish label information which should include, as regulated by the European Commission, traceability data.
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Santos MJ, Matos M, Guardone L, Golden O, Armani A, Caldeira AJR, Vieira-Pinto M. Preliminary Data on the Occurrence of Anisakis spp. in European Hake ( Merluccius merluccius) Caught Off the Portuguese Coast and on Reports of Human Anisakiosis in Portugal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:331. [PMID: 35208786 PMCID: PMC8876791 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the genus Anisakis are among the most important biological hazards associated with seafood. A survey of Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) was undertaken as this species is a staple of the Portuguese diet. Moreover, a literature review of cases of anisakiosis reported from Portugal, a country with one of the highest levels of fish consumption in the world, was also carried out. Seventy-five European hake caught in the Atlantic Ocean off the northern coast of Portugal were analyzed to determine the infection levels and site distribution of Anisakis spp. Isolated nematode larvae were identified to species level by molecular analysis. Two sets of samples were collected. Firstly, a total of 46 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae were collected with a prevalence of 76.7% (95% CI 61.5-91.8%) and intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 2.0 ± 1.2 (1-5). Most larvae were found on the liver (45.7%) and on the gonads (32.6%), but none in the muscle. The molecular analysis showed the presence of both A. simplex s.s. (70%) and A. pegreffii (30%). For the second sample, analyzed using the UV-Press method, a total of 473 Anisakis spp. were found, with a prevalence of 95.6% (95% CI 89.5-100.0%), intensity (mean ± SD, range) of 11.3 ± 9.7 (1-41), density of 0.05 ± 0.04 (0-0.16) worms/muscle weight in g, and density of 0.54 ± 0.50 (0-2.53) worms/viscera weight in g. Surprisingly, only three very recent cases of human anisakiosis in Portugal have been reported in the literature. Data from this study contribute towards an updating of the existing epidemiological picture in an area characterized by very high seafood consumption and changing eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Matilde Matos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Lisa Guardone
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Olwen Golden
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
| | - Andrea Armani
- FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreia J. R. Caldeira
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (O.G.); (A.J.R.C.)
- Academic Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Goias State University, Campus Central–Sede Anapolis (CET), BR 153, CEP 75132-903 Goias, Brazil
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CECAV, Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Novel Omics Studies on Anisakid Nematodes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081250. [PMID: 34440423 PMCID: PMC8391465 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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González-Bertolín B, Hernanz-Ruiz N, Pérez-Tanoira R, Perteguer-Prieto MJ. Colonic anisakiasis, an infrequent case molecularly characterized by PCR-RFLP. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 39:308-309. [PMID: 34088457 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén González-Bertolín
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nerea Hernanz-Ruiz
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Pérez-Tanoira
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Perteguer-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Genera and Species of the Anisakidae Family and Their Geographical Distribution. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122374. [PMID: 33322260 PMCID: PMC7763134 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The parasites of the Anisakidae family infest mainly marine mammals; however, they have the ability to infest paratenic hosts such as mollusks, small crustaceans and fish. The consumption of meat from animals of aquatic origin favors the acquisition of the disease known as Anisakiasis or Anisakidosis, depending on the species of the infecting parasite. Currently, the identification of the members of this family is carried out through the use of molecular tests, which brings about the generation of new information. The purpose of this review was to identify the genus and species of the Anisakidae family by reviewing scientific papers that used molecular tests to confirm the genus and species. The adaptability of the Anisakidae family to multiple hosts and environmental conditions allows it to have a worldwide distribution. As it is a zoonotic agent and causes non-specific clinical symptoms, it is important to know about the different members of the Anisakidae family, as well as the hosts where they have been collected. Abstract Nematodes of the Anisakidae family have the ability to infest a wide variety of aquatic hosts during the development of their larval stages, mainly marine mammals, aquatic birds, such as pelicans, and freshwater fish, such crucian carp, these being the hosts where the life cycle is completed. The participation of intermediate hosts such as cephalopods, shrimp, crustaceans and marine fish, is an important part of this cycle. Due to morphological changes and updates to the genetic information of the different members of the family, the purpose of this review was to carry out a bibliographic search of the genus and species of the Anisakidae family identified by molecular tests, as well as the geographical area in which they were collected. The Anisakidae family is made up of eight different parasitic genera and 46 different species. Those of clinical importance to human health are highlighted: Anisakis pegreffi, A. simplexsensu stricto, Contracaecumosculatum, Pseudoterranova azarazi, P. cattani, P. decipiens and P. krabbei. The geographical distribution of these genera and species is located mainly in the European continent, Asia and South America, as well as in North and Central America and Australia. Based on the information collected from the Anisakidae family, it was determined that the geographical distribution is affected by different environmental factors, the host and the ability of the parasite itself to adapt. Its ability to adapt to the human organism has led to it being considered as a zoonotic agent. The disease in humans manifests nonspecifically, however the consumption of raw or semi-raw seafood is crucial information to link the presentation of the parasite with the disease. The use of morphological and molecular tests is of utmost importance for the correct diagnosis of the genus and species of the Anisakidae family.
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Cipriani P, Palomba M, Giulietti L, Bao M, Mattiucci S, Levsen A. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) larvae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) hidden in the mantle of European flying squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in NE Atlantic Ocean: Food safety implications. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 339:109021. [PMID: 33340941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Few reports exist upon the occurrence and localization of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in T. sagittatus, especially in the mantle of the squid. The occurrence and site of infection of larval anisakids in 98 T. sagittatus caught West off St. Kilda, NE Atlantic Ocean, were investigated. Squids were examined for anisakids using the UV-Press method. In total, 689 nematodes were detected in the viscera and mantle. According to morphology, all the larvae (L3) were assigned to genus Anisakis. Diagnostic allozymes and mtDNA cox2 sequence analysis permitted to genetically identify all larvae as Anisakis simplex (s.s.) (N = 100). Overall prevalence (P = 81%) and mean intensity (mI = 8.6) of infection with A. simplex are provided. Most of the larvae present in the mantle cavity were embedded in the stomach wall or attached in the outer layer of the stomach and caecum (49%). Over a third of squids (37%) hosted A. simplex (s.s.) larvae in the mantle. A novel schematized representation of larvae distribution in the mantle is provided, showing where they were mostly located. According to the results obtained, the risk of anisakiasis associated with consumption of raw or undercooked T. sagittatus should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cipriani
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Giulietti
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel Bao
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Italy
| | - Arne Levsen
- Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
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González-Bertolín B, Hernanz-Ruiz N, Pérez-Tanoira R, Perteguer-Prieto MJ. Colonic anisakiasis, an infrequent case molecularly characterised by PCR-RFLP. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020. [PMID: 33069491 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belén González-Bertolín
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
| | - Nerea Hernanz-Ruiz
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - Ramón Pérez-Tanoira
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
| | - María Jesús Perteguer-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
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