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Zong Q, Qu H, Zheng X, Wang H, Wu S, Yin Z, Bao W. Hypomethylated interferon regulatory factor 8 recruits activating protein-2α to attenuate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in porcine jejunum. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187144. [PMID: 37593742 PMCID: PMC10427914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a key regulator of innate immune receptor signaling that resists pathogen invasion by regulating cell growth and differentiation. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) targets the intestine and damages the mucosal barrier. However, whether IRF8 regulates PEDV replication remains unclear. We revealed that PEDV infection activated IRF8 expression. Moreover, IRF8 deletion drastically promoted PEDV replication and invasion, increasing the virus copies and titers. Hypomethylation enrichment of activating protein (AP)-2α was significantly negatively correlated with high IRF8 expression, and AP-2α directly targeted the IRF8 promoter to regulate PEDV replication. Furthermore, IRF8 overexpression decreased the cellular reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the antioxidant enzyme activities to alleviate PEDV-induced oxidative damage. IRF8 overexpression suppressed apoptotic gene expression, thereby inhibiting apoptosis in response to PEDV stimulation. Taken together, this study demonstrates that AP-2α is involved in PEDV-induced epigenetic modification of IRF8 to reduce cell apoptosis and oxidative stress and facilitate host resistance to PEDV in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Jia X, Chen J, Qiao C, Li C, Yang K, Zhang Y, Li J, Li Z. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus nsp13 Protein Downregulates Neonatal Fc Receptor Expression by Causing Promoter Hypermethylation through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:475-485. [PMID: 36602596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic porcine enteric coronavirus that causes severe watery diarrhea and even death in piglets. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the only transport receptor for IgG. FcRn expressed by intestinal epithelial cells can transport IgG from breast milk to piglets to provide immune protection. Previous studies have shown that viral infection affects FcRn expression. In this study, we showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that FcRn expression can be influenced by methyltransferases. In addition, we found that PEDV inhibited FcRn protein synthesis in porcine small intestinal epithelial cells postinfection. Then, we found that PEDV interfered with the transcription of genes through aberrant methylation modification of the FcRn promoter. DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) has been implicated in this process. Using a series of PEDV structural and nonstructural protein (nsp) expression plasmids, we showed that nsp13 plays an important role in this aberrant methylation modification. PEDV nsp13 can affect the NF-κB canonical pathway and promote DNMT3b protein expression by facilitating p65 protein binding to chromatin. PEDV caused aberrant methylation of the FcRn promoter via DNMT3b. The same phenomenon was found in animal experiments with large white piglets. IgG transcytosis demonstrated that PEDV nsp13 can inhibit bidirectional IgG transport by FcRn. In addition, the core region of nsp13 (230-597 aa) is critical for FcRn inhibition. Taken together, to our knowledge, our findings revealed a novel immune escape mechanism of PEDV and shed new light on the design and development of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; and Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Ma C, Dou D. Semen raphani weakened the action of ginseng under chronic fatigue condition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115352. [PMID: 35598795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a viewpoint that ginseng could not be used with semen raphani and supposed that semen raphani is a kind of qi regulating drug, which will reduce the qi invigorating effect of ginseng. However, the underlying combination mechanism of the two drugs remained unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to explore whether ginseng can be used with semen raphani or not to remedy acute and chronic fatigue conditions. METHODS We used normal and weight-bearing swimming method combined with appetite control animals. The biochemical indexes in energy metabolism, antioxidant, regulating endocrine system and immunity capacities were performed to explore the antagonism effect of semen raphani on ginseng under acute and chronic fatigue conditions. The serum and urine metabolomics were investigated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). Fecal flora was analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on acute fatigue effect compared with ginseng alone. Both can improve the exhausted swimming time, the activity of GSH-Px, LDH and Na+-K+-ATPase. Furthermore, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can increase the urine volume of rats and down-regulate the content of AQP-3, which can alleviate the "fireness" side-effect of ginseng. But the abundance and diversity of bacterial are decreased under acute fatigue experiment. Both the combination of ginseng with semen raphani and ginseng alone can remedy chronic-fatigue. They can also regulate the endocrine system, immune system, citric acid cycle metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, etc. Furthermore, they can promote substance metabolism and energy metabolism in qi deficiency rats, and increase the abundance and diversities of the flora. While with the increased content of semen raphani, the combination of ginseng and semen raphani weaken the capacity of antioxidant, lactic acid metabolism, energy metabolism, flora diversity and regulation of endocrine system. CONCLUSION Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can weaken the qi invigorating ability under chronic fatigue condition. The more ratios of semen raphani is in the combination of the two drugs, the less the power of treating chronic fatigue is. Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on the qi invigorating ability under actue fatigue experiment. But the combination of ginseng with semen raphani will benefit for the "fireness" side-effect of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Inhibition of Lipid Metabolism in 2-D Porcine Enteroids by Infection with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang H, Bi Z, Dai K, Li P, Huang R, Wu S, Bao W. A Functional Variant in the Aquaporin-3 Promoter Modulates Its Expression and Correlates With Resistance to Porcine Epidemic Virus Infection in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877644. [PMID: 35770166 PMCID: PMC9234456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes a highly contagious intestinal disease in neonatal pigs. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) plays important roles in maintenance of intestinal barrier function and regulation of immune responses. However, the roles of AQP3 in mediating PEDV infection to host cells and the regulatory mechanisms of AQP3 expression remain poorly understood. Here, we identified one 16 bp (GGGCGGGGTTGCGGGC) insertion mutation in the AQP3 gene promoter in Large White pigs, with the frequencies of 49.3% of heterozygotes and 31.3% of mutant homozygotes. Functional analysis by luciferase activity assay indicated that the insertion mutation results in significant enhancement in AQP3 transcriptional activity (P < 0.01). Mechanistic analysis showed that the inserted sequence adds binding sites for transcription factor CEBPA, which promotes the expression of AQP3. Downregulation of AQP3 by shRNA silencing in porcine intestinal epithelial cells revealed obvious increases in genome copies and viral titers of PEDV. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18) and interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in AQP3 knockdown cells upon PEDV infection. Furthermore, decreased level of ZO-1 protein was also detected in AQP3 knockdown cells in response to PEDV infection. Our findings suggested a previously unknown mechanism linking the effects of promoter genetic variants on the expression of AQP3, revealed the roles of AQP3 in response to PEDV pathogenesis, and indicated the potential associations of the 16 bp insertion mutation with resistance to PEDV infection in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenbin Bi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Shenglong Wu,
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Bao,
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Wu J, Shi X, Wu L, Wu Z, Wu S, Bao W. Genome-Wide DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Analysis of Porcine Testicular Cells Infected With Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:779323. [PMID: 35097042 PMCID: PMC8794705 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.779323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine pathogen causing highly communicable gastrointestinal infection that are lethal for suckling piglets. In an attempt to delineate the pathogenic mechanism of TGEV-infected porcine testicular cells (ST cells), we conducted a whole genome analysis of DNA methylation and expression in ST cells through reduced bisulfate-seq and RNA-seq. We examined alterations in the methylation patterns and recognized 1764 distinct methylation sites. 385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the viral defense and ribosome biogenesis pathways. Integrative analysis identified two crucial genes (EMILIN2, RIPOR3), these two genes expression were negatively correlated to promoter methylation. In conclusion, alterations in DNA methylation and differential expression of genes reveal that their potential functional interactions in TGEV infection. Our data highlights the epigenetic and transcriptomic landscapes in TGEV-infected ST cells and provides a reliable dataset for screening TGEV resistance genes and genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoru Shi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Bao
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Xiao Y, Zhou Y, Sun S, Wang H, Wu S, Bao W. Effect of Promoter Methylation on the Expression of Porcine MUC2 Gene and Resistance to PEDV Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:646408. [PMID: 33996974 PMCID: PMC8116951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.646408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is closely related to the occurrence of diarrhea. As an important component protein of the intestinal mucosal barrier, Mucin 2 (MUC2) plays a critical role in preventing the invasion of pathogens, toxins, and foreign bodies. In the present study, we preliminary verified the function of the porcine MUC2 gene in resisting porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection and investigated the effect of DNA methylation in the promoter region on MUC2 gene expression. The results showed that after PEDV infection, the intestinal mucosal barrier was damaged. Moreover, MUC2 expression was significantly higher in PEDV-infected piglets than in healthy piglets (P < 0.01). The mRNA expression of MUC2 was significantly higher in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells than in non-infected IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Methylation of the mC-5 site in the MUC2 promoter inhibited the binding of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) to the promoter, down regulated the expression of MUC2 and increased the susceptibility of piglets to PEDV. In conclusion, this study suggests that MUC2 plays an essential regulatory role in PEDV infection. High MUC2 expression improves the resistance of pigs to PEDV infection. The binding of YY1 to the MUC2 promoter is hindered by the methylation of the mC-5 site, which downregulates MUC2 expression and ultimately affects the resistance of pigs to PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shouyong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou, China
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