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Kunchala P, Varberg JM, O'Toole E, Gardner J, Smith SE, McClain M, Jaspersen SL, Hawley RS, Gerton JL. Plasticity of the mitotic spindle in response to karyotype variation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3416-3428.e4. [PMID: 39043187 PMCID: PMC11333012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Karyotypes, composed of chromosomes, must be accurately partitioned by the mitotic spindle for optimal cell health. However, it is unknown how underlying characteristics of karyotypes, such as chromosome number and size, govern the scaling of the mitotic spindle to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and cell proliferation. We utilize budding yeast strains engineered with fewer chromosomes, including just two "mega chromosomes," to study how spindle size and function are responsive to, and scaled by, karyotype. We determined that deletion and overexpression of spindle-related genes are detrimental to the growth of strains with two chromosomes, suggesting that mega chromosomes exert altered demands on the spindle. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that cells with fewer but longer chromosomes have smaller spindle pole bodies, fewer microtubules, and longer spindles. Moreover, using electron tomography and confocal imaging, we observe elongated, bent anaphase spindles with fewer core microtubules in strains with mega chromosomes. Cells harboring mega chromosomes grow more slowly, are delayed in mitosis, and a subset struggle to complete chromosome segregation. We propose that the karyotype of the cell dictates the microtubule number, type, spindle pole body size, and spindle length, subsequently influencing the dynamics of mitosis, such as the rate of spindle elongation and the velocity of pole separation. Taken together, our results suggest that mitotic spindles are highly plastic ultrastructures that can accommodate and adjust to a variety of karyotypes, even within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Kunchala
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Joseph M Varberg
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Eileen O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Jennifer Gardner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - R Scott Hawley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Gutiérrez ML, Rodríguez-González R, Fuentes I, Gálvez-Prada F, Kovařík A, Garcia S. First Update to B-Chrom: A Database on B-Chromosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2703:227-236. [PMID: 37646949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3389-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The supernumerary mostly dispensable B chromosomes are nuclear components of about 15% of eukaryotic phyla. For a long time, B chromosomes have been studied, generating an enormous bulk of knowledge, diluted in the vastness of the scientific literature. In order to provide better access to this information, we created B-chrom ( www.bchrom.csic.es ), an online database with comprehensive information on Bs for plants, animals, and fungi. It was released in 2017 and first updated in 2021, by adding 334 entries and 123 new species. Currently, the resource provides information for 2951 species coming from 3292 sources. During this time, the usefulness of this database has been proven by the number of visits (more than 207,000 since its release) and by the scientific community, having been cited in more than 60 publications until present. This chapter explains the database composition and tips on how to use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Gutiérrez
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roi Rodríguez-González
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Inés Fuentes
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Aleš Kovařík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, IBB (CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Rossi AR. Fish Cytogenetics: Present and Future. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070983. [PMID: 34203124 PMCID: PMC8305243 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Rossi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy
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