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Wren GH, Davies W. Cardiac arrhythmia in individuals with steroid sulfatase deficiency (X-linked ichthyosis): candidate anatomical and biochemical pathways. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230098. [PMID: 38571328 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Circulating steroids, including sex hormones, can affect cardiac development and function. In mammals, steroid sulfatase (STS) is the enzyme solely responsible for cleaving sulfate groups from various steroid molecules, thereby altering their activity and water solubility. Recent studies have indicated that Xp22.31 genetic deletions encompassing STS (associated with the rare dermatological condition X-linked ichthyosis), and common variants within the STS gene, are associated with a markedly elevated risk of cardiac arrhythmias, notably atrial fibrillation/flutter. Here, we consider emerging basic science and clinical findings which implicate structural heart abnormalities (notably septal defects) as a mediator of this heightened risk, and propose candidate cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Finally, we consider how the biological link between STS activity and heart structure/function might be investigated further and the clinical implications of work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Davies
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
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2
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Dong BB, Li YJ, Liu XY, Huang RT, Yang CX, Xu YJ, Lv HT, Yang YQ. Discovery of BMP10 as a new gene underpinning congenital heart defects. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:109-125. [PMID: 38322548 PMCID: PMC10839403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregating evidence convincingly establishes the predominant genetic basis underlying congenital heart defects (CHD), though the heritable determinants contributing to CHD in the majority of cases remain elusive. In the current investigation, BMP10 was selected as a prime candidate gene for human CHD mainly due to cardiovascular developmental abnormalities in Bmp10-knockout animals. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify a new BMP10 mutation responsible for CHD and characterize the functional effect of the identified CHD-causing BMP10 mutation. METHODS Sequencing assay of BMP10 was fulfilled in a cohort of 276 probands with various CHD and a total of 288 non-CHD volunteers. The available family members from the proband harboring an identified BMP10 mutation were also BMP10-genotyped. The effect of the identified CHD-causative BMP10 mutation on the transactivation of TBX20 and NKX2.5 by BMP10 was quantitatively analyzed in maintained HeLa cells utilizing a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS A novel heterozygous BMP10 mutation, NM_014482.3:c.247G>T;p.(Glu83*), was identified in one proband with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which was confirmed to co-segregate with the PDA phenotype in the mutation carrier's family. The nonsense mutation was not observed in 288 non-CHD volunteers. Functional analysis unveiled that Glu83*-mutant BMP10 had no transactivation on its two representative target genes TBX20 and NKX2.5, which were both reported to cause CHD. CONCLUSION These findings provide strong evidence indicating that genetically compromised BMP10 predisposes human beings to CHD, which sheds light on the new molecular mechanism that underlies CHD and allows for antenatal genetic counseling and individualized precise management of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200030, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghai 200065, China
| | - Ri-Tai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200127, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Tao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
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3
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Huth EA, Zhao X, Owen N, Luna PN, Vogel I, Dorf ILH, Joss S, Clayton-Smith J, Parker MJ, Louw JJ, Gewillig M, Breckpot J, Kraus A, Sasaki E, Kini U, Burgess T, Tan TY, Armstrong R, Neas K, Ferrero GB, Brusco A, Kerstjens-Frederikse WS, Rankin J, Helvaty LR, Landis BJ, Geddes GC, McBride KL, Ware SM, Shaw CA, Lalani SR, Rosenfeld JA, Scott DA. Clinical exome sequencing efficacy and phenotypic expansions involving anomalous pulmonary venous return. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1430-1439. [PMID: 37673932 PMCID: PMC10689790 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) frequently occurs with other congenital heart defects (CHDs) or extra-cardiac anomalies. While some genetic causes have been identified, the optimal approach to genetic testing in individuals with APVR remains uncertain, and the etiology of most cases of APVR is unclear. Here, we analyzed molecular data from 49 individuals to determine the diagnostic yield of clinical exome sequencing (ES) for non-isolated APVR. A definitive or probable diagnosis was made for 8 of those individuals yielding a diagnostic efficacy rate of 16.3%. We then analyzed molecular data from 62 individuals with APVR accrued from three databases to identify novel APVR genes. Based on data from this analysis, published case reports, mouse models, and/or similarity to known APVR genes as revealed by a machine learning algorithm, we identified 3 genes-EFTUD2, NAA15, and NKX2-1-for which there is sufficient evidence to support phenotypic expansion to include APVR. We also provide evidence that 3 recurrent copy number variants contribute to the development of APVR: proximal 1q21.1 microdeletions involving RBM8A and PDZK1, recurrent BP1-BP2 15q11.2 deletions, and central 22q11.2 deletions involving CRKL. Our results suggest that ES and chromosomal microarray analysis (or genome sequencing) should be considered for individuals with non-isolated APVR for whom a genetic etiology has not been identified, and that genetic testing to identify an independent genetic etiology of APVR is not warranted in individuals with EFTUD2-, NAA15-, and NKX2-1-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Huth
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nichole Owen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pamela N Luna
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ida Vogel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, C, Denmark
| | - Inger L H Dorf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Genomics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre For Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Michael J Parker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield, Children's Hospital, UK
| | - Jacoba J Louw
- Pediatric Cardiology Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Gewillig
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Pediatric Cardiology University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alison Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Erina Sasaki
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7HE, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Trent Burgess
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tiong Y Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ruth Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Giovanni B Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabrielle C Geddes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kim L McBride
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ware
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Yu X, Tao Y, Liu X, Yu F, Jiang C, Xiao Y, Zhang H, He Y, Ye L, Wang Y, Zhou C, Wang J, Jiang Z, Hong H. The implication of chromosomal abnormalities in the surgical outcomes of Chinese pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1164577. [PMID: 37293289 PMCID: PMC10244782 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1164577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variations (CNVs) have been shown to be overrepresented in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Genetic evaluation of CHD is currently underperformed in China. We sought to determine the occurrence of CNVs in CNV regions with disease-causing potential among a large cohort of Chinese pediatric CHD patients and investigate whether these CNVs could be the important critical modifiers of surgical intervention. Methods CNVs screenings were performed in 1,762 Chinese children who underwent at least one cardiac surgery. CNV status at over 200 CNV locus with disease-causing potential was analyzed with a high-throughput ligation-dependent probe amplification (HLPA) assay. Results We found 378 out of 1,762 samples (21.45%) to have at least one CNV and 2.38% of them were carrying multiple CNVs. The detection rates of ppCNVs (pathogenic and likely pathogenic CNVs) were 9.19% (162/1,762), significantly higher than that of the healthy Han Chinese individuals from The Database of Genomic Variants archive (9.19% vs. 3.63%; P = 0.0012). CHD cases with ppCNVs had a significantly higher proportion of complex surgeries compared to CHD patients with no ppCNVs (62.35% vs. 37.63%, P < 0.001). Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp procedures were significantly longer in CHD cases with ppCNVs (all P < 0.05), while no group differences were identified for complications of surgery and one-month mortality after surgery. The detection rate of ppCNVs in the atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) subgroup was significantly higher than that in other subgroups (23.10% vs. 9.70%, P = 0.002). Conclusions CNV burden is an important contributor to Chinese children with CHD. Our study demonstrated the robustness and diagnostic efficiency of HLPA method in the genetic screening of CNVs in CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafeng Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Genetics, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Xiao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongrui He
- Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lincai Ye
- Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengwen Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Haifa Hong
- Institute of Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Copy number variation-associated lncRNAs may contribute to the etiologies of congenital heart disease. Commun Biol 2023; 6:189. [PMID: 36806749 PMCID: PMC9938258 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) have long been recognized as pathogenic factors for congenital heart disease (CHD). Few CHD associated CNVs could be interpreted as dosage effect due to disruption of coding sequences. Emerging evidences have highlighted the regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac development. Whereas it remains unexplored whether lncRNAs within CNVs (CNV-lncRNAs) could contribute to the etiology of CHD associated CNVs. Here we constructed coexpression networks involving CNV-lncRNAs within CHD associated CNVs and protein coding genes using the human organ developmental transcriptomic data, and showed that CNV-lncRNAs within 10 of the non-syndromic CHD associated CNVs clustered in the most significant heart correlated module, and had highly correlated coexpression with multiple key CHD genes. HSALNG0104472 within 15q11.2 region was identified as a hub CNV-lncRNA with heart-biased expression and validated experimentally. Our results indicated that HSALNG0104472 should be a main effector responsible for cardiac defects of 15q11.2 deletion through regulating cardiomyocytes differentiation. Our findings suggested that CNV-lncRNAs could potentially contribute to the pathologies of a maximum proportion of 68.4% (13/19) of non-syndromic CHD associated CNVs. These results indicated that explaining the pathogenesis of CHD associated CNVs should take account of the noncoding regions.
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Ehrlich L, Prakash SK. Copy-number variation in congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 77:101986. [PMID: 36202051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genomic copy-number variants (CNVs) contribute to as many congenital heart disease (CHD) cases (10-15%) as chromosomal aberrations or single-gene mutations and influence clinical outcomes. CNVs in a few genomic hotspots (1q21.1, 2q13, 8p23.1, 11q24, 15q11.2, 16p11.2, and 22q11.2) are recurrently enriched in CHD cohorts and affect dosage-sensitive transcriptional regulators that are required for cardiac development. Reduced penetrance and pleiotropic effects on brain and heart development are common features of these CNVs. Therefore, additional genetic 'hits,' such as a second CNV or gene mutation, are probably required to cause CHD in most cases. Integrative analysis of CNVs, genome sequence, epigenetic alterations, and gene function will be required to delineate the complete genetic landscape of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siddharth K Prakash
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Shi HY, Xie MS, Yang CX, Huang RT, Xue S, Liu XY, Xu YJ, Yang YQ. Identification of SOX18 as a New Gene Predisposing to Congenital Heart Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081917. [PMID: 36010266 PMCID: PMC9406965 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent kind of birth deformity in human beings and the leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Although genetic etiologies encompassing aneuploidy, copy number variations, and mutations in over 100 genes have been uncovered to be involved in the pathogenesis of CHD, the genetic components predisposing to CHD in most cases remain unclear. We recruited a family with CHD from the Chinese Han population in the present investigation. Through whole-exome sequencing analysis of selected family members, a new SOX18 variation, namely NM_018419.3:c.349A>T; p.(Lys117*), was identified and confirmed to co-segregate with the CHD phenotype in the entire family by Sanger sequencing analysis. The heterozygous variant was absent from the 384 healthy volunteers enlisted as control individuals. Functional exploration via luciferase reporter analysis in cultivated HeLa cells revealed that Lys117*-mutant SOX18 lost transactivation on its target genes NR2F2 and GATA4, two genes responsible for CHD. Moreover, the genetic variation terminated the synergistic activation between SOX18 and NKX2.5, another gene accountable for CHD. The findings strongly indicate SOX18 as a novel gene contributing to CHD, which helps address challenges in the clinical genetic diagnosis and prenatal prophylaxis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai 200940, China
| | - Meng-Shi Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai 200940, China
| | - Chen-Xi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ri-Tai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.X.); (Y.-Q.Y.)
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.X.); (Y.-Q.Y.)
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8
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Abhinav P, Zhang GF, Zhao CM, Xu YJ, Wang J, Yang YQ. A novel KLF13 mutation underlying congenital patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect, as well as bicuspid aortic valve. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:311. [PMID: 35369534 PMCID: PMC8943534 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradhan Abhinav
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Gao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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