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Nelson CH, Pandey UB. Function and dysfunction of GEMIN5: understanding a novel neurodevelopmental disorder. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2377-2386. [PMID: 38526274 PMCID: PMC11090446 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of a neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebellar atrophy and motor dysfunction (NEDCAM) has resulted in an increased interest in GEMIN5, a multifunction RNA-binding protein. As the largest member of the survival motor neuron complex, GEMIN5 plays a key role in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins while also exhibiting translational regulatory functions as an independent protein. Although many questions remain regarding both the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this new disorder, considerable progress has been made in the brief time since its discovery. In this review, we examine GEMIN5 within the context of NEDCAM, focusing on the structure, function, and expression of the protein specifically in regard to the disorder itself. Additionally, we explore the current animal models of NEDCAM, as well as potential molecular pathways for treatment and future directions of study. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in our understanding of this unique member of the survival motor neuron complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udai B. Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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2
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Chavaro-Francisco G, Hernández-Zavala A, Bravo-Cidro CE, Rios-Rodriguez S, Muciño-Sánchez M, López-López M, Castro-Martínez XH, Olarte-Carrillo I, Garcia-Laguna A, Barranco-Lampón G, De la Cruz-Rosas A, Martínez-Tovar A, Córdova EJ. Gene Variants in Components of the microRNA Processing Pathway in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1054. [PMID: 39202414 PMCID: PMC11353722 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Current therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has improved patient life expectancy close to that of healthy individuals. However, molecular alterations other than BCR::ABL1 fusion gene in CML are barely known. MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, and variants in some of the components of microRNA biosynthesis pathways have been associated with genetic susceptibility to different types of cancer. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of variants located in genes involved in the biogenesis of microRNAs with susceptibility to CML. Fifteen variants in eight genes involved in the biogenesis of miRNAs were genotyped in 296 individuals with CML and 485 healthy participants using TaqMan probes. The association of gene variants with CML and clinical variables was evaluated by a Chi-square test, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by logistic regression. The variant rs13078 in DICER1 was significantly higher among CML individuals than in healthy participants. In addition, the variants rs7813 and rs2740349 were significantly associated with worse prognosis, according to their Hasford scores, whereas the rs2740349 variant was also associated with a later age at diagnosis. These findings suggest that variants in components of the microRNA biogenesis pathway could be involved in CML genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Chavaro-Francisco
- Section of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Superior School of Medicine, National Institute Polytechique, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (G.C.-F.); (A.H.-Z.)
- Oncogenomics Consortium Laboratory, Clinic Research Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.E.B.-C.); (S.R.-R.); (M.M.-S.)
| | - Araceli Hernández-Zavala
- Section of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Superior School of Medicine, National Institute Polytechique, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (G.C.-F.); (A.H.-Z.)
| | - Camila E. Bravo-Cidro
- Oncogenomics Consortium Laboratory, Clinic Research Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.E.B.-C.); (S.R.-R.); (M.M.-S.)
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Sandybel Rios-Rodriguez
- Oncogenomics Consortium Laboratory, Clinic Research Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.E.B.-C.); (S.R.-R.); (M.M.-S.)
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Mabel Muciño-Sánchez
- Oncogenomics Consortium Laboratory, Clinic Research Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.E.B.-C.); (S.R.-R.); (M.M.-S.)
- School of Biology, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Marisol López-López
- Department of Biological Systems, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Campus Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Xóchitl H. Castro-Martínez
- Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurogenerative Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico;
| | - Irma Olarte-Carrillo
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Hematology, Hospital General de Mexico, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.O.-C.); (A.G.-L.); (G.B.-L.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Anel Garcia-Laguna
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Hematology, Hospital General de Mexico, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.O.-C.); (A.G.-L.); (G.B.-L.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Gilberto Barranco-Lampón
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Hematology, Hospital General de Mexico, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.O.-C.); (A.G.-L.); (G.B.-L.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Adrián De la Cruz-Rosas
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Hematology, Hospital General de Mexico, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.O.-C.); (A.G.-L.); (G.B.-L.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Adolfo Martínez-Tovar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Hematology, Hospital General de Mexico, “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.O.-C.); (A.G.-L.); (G.B.-L.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Emilio J. Córdova
- Oncogenomics Consortium Laboratory, Clinic Research Department, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (C.E.B.-C.); (S.R.-R.); (M.M.-S.)
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3
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AlBakheet A, AlQudairy H, Alkhalifah J, Almoaily S, Kaya N, Rahbeeni Z. Detailed genetic and clinical analysis of a novel de novo variant in HPRT1: Case report of a female patient from Saudi Arabia with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Front Genet 2023; 13:1044936. [PMID: 36778911 PMCID: PMC9908584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1044936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) deficiency is an inborn error of purine metabolism responsible for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS). The disease is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and predominantly affects male individuals. Female individuals can carry a mutation as heterozygotes, but typically, they are asymptomatic because of the random inactivation of the affected allele. Nevertheless, although rare, heterozygote female individuals may manifest LNS with full characteristics. Herein, we describe a female patient from Saudi Arabia with LNS. Results: The patient (a 4-year-old girl) presented with typical characteristics of the disease, which include global developmental delay, self-mutilation, hyperuricemia, hypotonia, speech delay, spasticity, and seizures. Her general biochemical laboratory results were normal except for high levels of uric acid. The abdominal MRI\MRS, mostly unremarkable, showed bilateral echogenic foci within the renal collecting system. Genetic testing (whole-exome sequencing, iterative variant filtering, segregation analysis, and Sanger sequencing) pointed a novel de novo frameshift variant in HPRT1. X-inactivation assay using HpaII showed the presence of a 100% skewed X chromosome carrying the affected allele. RT-PCR of the cDNA indicated complete loss of the expression of the normal allele. Conclusion: Our study presents a female patient who has a severe case of LNSand found to be the 15th female patient with the disease in the world. The study emphasizethe need for a streamlined protocol that will help an early and accurate diagnosis of female LNS patients to avoid unnecessary interventions that lead to costly patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albandary AlBakheet
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan AlQudairy
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joud Alkhalifah
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Namik Kaya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Namik Kaya, ; Zuhair Rahbeeni,
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Namik Kaya, ; Zuhair Rahbeeni,
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Let Time Teach You: A Case Report of a Double Diagnosis of 17P Duplication and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122197. [PMID: 36553464 PMCID: PMC9778043 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyphoscoliotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and 17p13.3 microduplication share multiple clinical features such as muscle hypotonia, cleft palate, and growth impairment. This paper describes a patient who was first diagnosed with the duplication and a decade later also with FKBP14-kEDS. The latter was initially overlooked due to the pathogenic significance attributed to the duplication and to the fact that, at the time of the first diagnosis, this specific form of kEDS had yet to be discovered. The patient's progressive kyphoscoliosis and severe joint laxity were the clinical features that prompted the patient's physiatrist to reassess the genetic work-up. This extreme latency caused inaccurate management in the patient's follow-up program, which ultimately may have resulted in preventable clinical complications. This report underlines the importance of remaining up-to-date with patient status, reviewing old cases, and relying on specialist advice to reach a correct diagnosis.
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Aldosary M, Alsagob M, AlQudairy H, González-Álvarez AC, Arold ST, Dababo MA, Alharbi OA, Almass R, AlBakheet A, AlSarar D, Qari A, Al-Ansari MM, Oláhová M, Al-Shahrani SA, AlSayed M, Colak D, Taylor RW, AlOwain M, Kaya N. A Novel Homozygous Founder Variant of RTN4IP1 in Two Consanguineous Saudi Families. Cells 2022; 11:3154. [PMID: 36231115 PMCID: PMC9563936 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of mitochondrial disease continues to expand and currently exceeds more than 350 disease-causing genes. Bi-allelic variants in RTN4IP1, also known as Optic Atrophy-10 (OPA10), lead to early-onset recessive optic neuropathy, atrophy, and encephalopathy in the afflicted patients. The gene is known to encode a mitochondrial ubiquinol oxidoreductase that interacts with reticulon 4 and is thought to be a mitochondrial antioxidant NADPH oxidoreductase. Here, we describe two unrelated consanguineous families from the northern region of Saudi Arabia harboring a missense variant (RTN4IP1:NM_032730.5; c.475G
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhor Aldosary
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers for Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan AlQudairy
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana C. González-Álvarez
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Biology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Biology Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Anas Dababo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Alharbi
- Radiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - AlBandary AlBakheet
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia AlSarar
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alya Qari
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mysoon M. Al-Ansari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monika Oláhová
- Welcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Saif A. Al-Shahrani
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeenaldeen AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Welcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- NHS Highly Specialized Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Mohammed AlOwain
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Altassan R, Qudair A, Alokaili R, Alhasan K, Faqeih EA, Alhashem A, Alowain M, Alsayed M, Rahbeeni Z, Albadi L, Alkuraya FS, Anderson EN, Rajan D, Pandey UB. Further delineation of GEMIN4 related neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cataract, and renal abnormalities syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2932-2940. [PMID: 35861185 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in GEMIN4 have recently been linked to an inherited autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized with microcephaly, cataracts, and renal abnormalities (NEDMCR syndrome). This report provides a retrospective review of 16 patients from 11 unrelated Saudi consanguineous families with GEMIN4 mutations. The cohort comprises 11 new and unpublished clinical details from five previously described patients. Only two missense, homozygous, pathogenic variants were found in all affected patients, suggesting a founder effect. All patients shared global developmental delay with variable ophthalmological, renal, and skeletal manifestations. In addition, we knocked down endogenous Drosophila GEMIN4 in neurons to further investigate the mechanism of the functional defects in affected patients. Our fly model findings demonstrated developmental defects and motor dysfunction suggesting that loss of GEMIN4 function is detrimental in vivo; likely similar to human patients. To date, this study presents the largest cohort of patients affected with GEMIN4 mutations. Considering that identifying GEMIN4 defects in patients presenting with neurodevelopmental delay and congenital cataract will help in early diagnosis, appropriate management and prevention plans that can be made for affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiah Altassan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Qudair
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh Alokaili
- Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhasan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa A Faqeih
- Medical Genetics Section, King Fahad Medical City, Children's Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Alowain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeanaldeen Alsayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair Rahbeeni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama Albadi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepa Rajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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AlQudairy H, AlDhalaan H, AlRuways S, AlMutairi N, AlNakiyah M, AlGhofaili R, AlBakheet A, Alomrani A, Alharbi OA, Tous E, AlSayed M, AlZaidan H, AlRasheed MM, AlOdaib A, Kaya N. Clinical, radiological, and genetic characterization of SLC13A5 variants in Saudi families: Genotype phenotype correlation and brief review of the literature. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1051534. [PMID: 36923948 PMCID: PMC10008858 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1051534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SLC13A5 (solute carrier family 13, member 5) encodes sodium/citrate cotransporter, which mainly localizes in cellular plasma membranes in the frontal cortex, retina, and liver. Pathogenic variants of the gene cause an autosomal recessive syndrome known as "developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 25 with amelogenesis imperfecta." Results Here, we have investigated six patients from three different consanguineous Saudi families. The affected individuals presented with neonatal seizures, developmental delay, and significant defects in tooth development. Some patients showed other clinical features such as muscle weakness, motor difficulties, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and speech problems in addition to additional abnormalities revealed by electroencephalography (EEGs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). One of the MRI findings was related to cortical thickening in the frontal lobe. To diagnose and study the genetic defects of the patients, whole exome sequencing (WES) coupled with confirmatory Sanger sequencing was utilized. Iterative filtering identified two variants of SLC13A5, one of which is novel, in the families. Families 1 and 2 had the same insertion (a previously reported mutation), leading to a frameshift and premature stop codon. The third family had a novel splice site variant. Confirmatory Sanger sequencing corroborated WES results and indicated full segregation of the variants in the corresponding families. The patients' conditions were poorly controlled by multiple antiepileptics as they needed constant care. Conclusion Considering that recessive mutations are common in the Arab population, SLC13A5 screening should be prioritized in future patients harboring similar symptoms including defects in molar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan AlQudairy
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sarah AlRuways
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf AlMutairi
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha AlNakiyah
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema AlGhofaili
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Omar A Alharbi
- Department of Neurosciences, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Tous
- Department of Neurosciences, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moeen AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad AlZaidan
- Department of Medical Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha M AlRasheed
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali AlOdaib
- Training and Education Department, Research Centre, KFSHRC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Translational Genomic Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and Research Centre (KFSHRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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