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Chen J, Sun T, Lin B, Wu B, Wu J. The Essential Role of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Odontogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:345-358. [PMID: 38407002 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231224228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth development and regeneration are regulated through a complex signaling network. Previous studies have focused on the exploration of intracellular signaling regulatory networks, but the regulatory roles of extracellular networks have only been revealed recently. Proteoglycans, which are essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and pivotal signaling molecules, are extensively involved in the process of odontogenesis. Proteoglycans are composed of core proteins and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs). The core proteins exhibit spatiotemporal expression patterns during odontogenesis and are pivotal for dental tissue formation and periodontium development. Knockout of core protein genes Biglycan, Decorin, Perlecan, and Fibromodulin has been shown to result in structural defects in enamel and dentin mineralization. They are also closely involved in the development and homeostasis of periodontium by regulating signaling transduction. As the functional component of proteoglycans, GAGs are negatively charged unbranched polysaccharides that consist of repeating disaccharides with various sulfation groups; they provide binding sites for cytokines and growth factors in regulating various cellular processes. In mice, GAG deficiency in dental epithelium leads to the reinitiation of tooth germ development and the formation of supernumerary incisors. Furthermore, GAGs are critical for the differentiation of dental stem cells. Inhibition of GAGs assembly hinders the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. In summary, core proteins and GAGs are expressed distinctly and exert different functions at various stages of odontogenesis. Given their unique contributions in odontogenesis, this review summarizes the roles of proteoglycans and GAGs throughout the process of odontogenesis to provide a comprehensive understanding of tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - T Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University-Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), ShenZhen, China
| | - J Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Kim HJ, Kim DJ, Kim SM, Jang YJ. Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 15-Mediated Cell Adhesion Is Essential for Integrin Signaling in TGF-β1-Induced PDL Fibroblastic Differentiation. Stem Cells 2024; 42:251-265. [PMID: 38051601 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) cultured from periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue contain postnatal stem cells that can be differentiated into PDL fibroblasts. We obtained PDL fibroblasts from hPDLCs by treatment with low concentrations of TGF-β1. Since the extracellular matrix and cell surface molecules play an important role in differentiation, we had previously developed a series of monoclonal antibodies against PDL fibroblast-specific cell surface molecules. One of these, the anti-PDL51 antibody, recognized a protein that was significantly upregulated in TGF-β1-induced PDL fibroblasts and highly accumulated in the PDL region of the tooth root. Mass spectrometry revealed that the antigen recognized by the anti-PDL51 antibody was leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), and this antibody specifically recognized the extracellular glycosylated moiety of LRRC15. Experiments presented here show that as fibroblastic differentiation progresses, increased amounts of LRRC15 localized at the cell surface and membrane. Inhibition of LRRC15 by siRNA-mediated depletion and by antibody blocking resulted in downregulation of the representative PDL fibroblastic markers. Moreover, following LRRC15 inhibition, the directed and elongated cell phenotypes disappeared, and the long processes of the end of the cell body were no longer found. Through a specific interaction between integrin β1 and LRRC15, the focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway was activated in PDL fibroblasts. Furthermore, it was shown that increased LRRC15 was important for the activation of the integrin-mediated cell adhesion signal pathway for regulation of cellular functions, including fibroblastic differentiation, proliferation, and cell migration arising from the expression of PDL-related genes in TGF-β1-induced PDL fibroblastic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Miguez PA, Bash E, Musskopf ML, Tuin SA, Rivera-Concepcion A, Chapple ILC, Liu J. Control of tissue homeostasis by the extracellular matrix: Synthetic heparan sulfate as a promising therapeutic for periodontal health and bone regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:510-531. [PMID: 37614159 PMCID: PMC10891305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are core proteins associated with carbohydrate/sugar moieties that are highly variable in disaccharide composition, which dictates their function. These carbohydrates are named glycosaminoglycans, and they can be attached to proteoglycans or found free in tissues or on cell surfaces. Glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin/heparan sulfate have multiple functions including involvement in inflammation, immunity and connective tissue structure, and integrity. Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that is abundant in the periodontium including alveolar bone. Recent evidence supports the contention that heparan sulfate is an important player in modulating interactions between damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory receptors expressed by various cell types. The structure of heparan sulfate is reported to dictate its function, thus, the utilization of a homogenous and structurally defined heparan sulfate polysaccharide for modulation of cell function offers therapeutic potential. Recently, a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to allow production of many structurally defined heparan sulfate carbohydrates. These oligosaccharides have been studied in various pathological inflammatory conditions to better understand their function and their potential application in promoting tissue homeostasis. We have observed that specific size and sulfation patterns can modulate inflammation and promote tissue maintenance including an anabolic effect in alveolar bone. Thus, new evidence provides a strong impetus to explore heparan sulfate as a potential novel therapeutic agent to treat periodontitis, support alveolar bone maintenance, and promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Miguez
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Bash
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ML Musskopf
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - SA Tuin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Rivera-Concepcion
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ILC Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham’s NIHR BRC in Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham UK Iain Chapple
| | - J Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ma Y, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Li J. Morphological characteristics of beak-like tooth in spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus) and mechanisms of dental development regulation by the Wnt, BMP, FGF and SHH signalling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126188. [PMID: 37562479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Oplegnathus punctatus is a fish species with beak-like tooth that feeds on algae, oysters, sea urchins, and other organisms attached to rocks. Currently, there are no research reports on the development and regulatory mechanisms of O. punctatus beak-like tooth. This present study firstly elucidated the nesting structure pattern of the beak-like tooth with dental formula (4, 15-16, 10-1) for O. punctatus. Four critical periods during early beak-like tooth development (28dph, 40dph, 50dph, 60dph) were also identified. In addition, 11 key genes (bmp2, bmpr2, smad1, wnt5a, msx, axin2, fgfr1a, fgfr2, pitx2, ptch1, cyp27a1) closely related to the development of beak-like tooth were discovered, with the highest expression levels in the initial stages of functional teeth and replacement teeth development, and expression in the mesenchymal and epithelial tissues of the teeth. Further research found that the cyp27a1 gene, related to vitamin D metabolism and calcium accumulation, was expressed in the maxilla and base of the tooth in O. punctatus. This study provides support for the biological theory of tooth development and healing and provides a reference for the adaptive evolution of tooth healing in special habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yongshuang Xiao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhizhong Xiao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Choi MJ, You TM, Jang YJ. Galectin-3 Plays an Important Role in BMP7-Induced Cementoblastic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells by Interacting with Extracellular Components. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:5924286. [PMID: 37396953 PMCID: PMC10313471 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5924286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) contain multipotent postnatal stem cells that differentiate into PDL progenitors, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts. Previously, we obtained cementoblast-like cells from hPDLSCs using bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment. Differentiation into appropriate progenitor cells requires interactions and changes between stem or progenitor cells and their so-called environment niches, and cell surface markers play an important role. However, cementoblast-specific cell surface markers have not yet been fully studied. Through decoy immunization with intact cementoblasts, we developed a series of monoclonal antibodies against cementoblast-specific membrane/extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. One of these antibodies, the anti-CM3 antibody, recognized an approximate 30 kDa protein in a mouse cementoblast cell line, and the CM3 antigenic molecule accumulated in the cementum region of human tooth roots. Using mass spectrometric analysis, we found that the antigenic molecules recognized by the anti-CM3 antibody were galectin-3. As cementoblastic differentiation progressed, the expression of galectin-3 increased, and it localized at the cell surface. Inhibition of galectin-3 via siRNA and a specific inhibitor showed the complete blockage of cementoblastic differentiation and mineralization. In contrast, ectopic expression of galectin-3 induced cementoblastic differentiation. Galectin-3 interacted with laminin α2 and BMP7, and these interactions were diminished by galectin-3 inhibitors. These results suggested that galectin-3 participates in binding to the ECM component and trapping BMP7 to induce, in a sustained fashion, the upregulation of cementoblastic differentiation. Finally, galectin-3 could be a potential cementoblast-specific cell surface marker, with functional importance in cell-to-ECM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Choi
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min You
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Iwayama T, Iwashita M, Miyashita K, Sakashita H, Matsumoto S, Tomita K, Bhongsatiern P, Kitayama T, Ikegami K, Shimbo T, Tamai K, Murayama MA, Ogawa S, Iwakura Y, Yamada S, Olson LE, Takedachi M, Murakami S. Plap-1 lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptomics reveal cellular dynamics in the periodontal ligament. Development 2022; 149:277273. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Periodontal tissue supports teeth in the alveolar bone socket via fibrous attachment of the periodontal ligament (PDL). The PDL contains periodontal fibroblasts and stem/progenitor cells, collectively known as PDL cells (PDLCs), on top of osteoblasts and cementoblasts on the surface of alveolar bone and cementum, respectively. However, the characteristics and lineage hierarchy of each cell type remain poorly defined. This study identified periodontal ligament associated protein-1 (Plap-1) as a PDL-specific extracellular matrix protein. We generated knock-in mice expressing CreERT2 and GFP specifically in Plap-1-positive PDLCs. Genetic lineage tracing confirmed the long-standing hypothesis that PDLCs differentiate into osteoblasts and cementoblasts. A PDL single-cell atlas defined cementoblasts and osteoblasts as Plap-1−Ibsp+Sparcl1+ and Plap-1−Ibsp+Col11a2+, respectively. Other populations, such as Nes+ mural cells, S100B+ Schwann cells, and other non-stromal cells, were also identified. RNA velocity analysis suggested that a Plap-1highLy6a+ cell population was the source of PDLCs. Lineage tracing of Plap-1+ PDLCs during periodontal injury showed periodontal tissue regeneration by PDLCs. Our study defines diverse cell populations in PDL and clarifies the role of PDLCs in periodontal tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Iwayama
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Mizuho Iwashita
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | | | - Hiromi Sakashita
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- StemRIM Institute of Regeneration-Inducing Medicine, Osaka University 3 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Kiwako Tomita
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Phan Bhongsatiern
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Kitayama
- StemRIM Inc. 2 , Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085 , Japan
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science , , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | | | - Takashi Shimbo
- StemRIM Institute of Regeneration-Inducing Medicine, Osaka University 3 , Suita 565-0871 , Japan
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science , , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Katsuto Tamai
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Department of Stem Cell Therapy Science , , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Masanori A. Murayama
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 5 , Noda, Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 5 , Noda, Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 5 , Noda, Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry 6 Department of Periodontology and Endodontology , , Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 , Japan
| | - Lorin E. Olson
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation 7 , Oklahoma City, OK 73104 , USA
| | - Masahide Takedachi
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry 1 Department of Periodontology , , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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Golgin Subfamily A Member 5 Is Essential for Production of Extracellular Matrix Proteins during TGF-β1-Induced Periodontal Ligament-Fibroblastic Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3273779. [PMID: 35879965 PMCID: PMC9308542 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3273779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) can be differentiated into periodontal ligament- (PDL-) fibroblastic progenitors by treatment with low concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Although much is known about the profibrotic effects of TGF-β1, the molecular mechanisms mediating the activation of fibroblasts in periodontal ligament-fibroblastic differentiation are not well known. Our study was to investigate the mechanism of the fibroblastic process in the periodontal ligament differentiation of hPDLSCs through the discovery of novel markers. One of the monoclonal antibodies previously established through decoy immunization was the anti-LG11 antibody, which recognized Golgi subfamily A member 5 (GOLGA5) as a PDL-fibroblastic progenitor-specific antigen. GOLGA5/LG11 was significantly upregulated in TGF-β1-induced PDL-fibroblastic progenitors and accumulated in the PDL region of the tooth root. GOLGA5 plays a role in vesicle tethering and docking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. siRNA-mediated depletion of endogenous GOLGA5 upregulated in TGF-β1-induced PDL-fibroblastic progenitors resulted in downregulation of representative PDL-fibroblastic markers and upregulation of osteoblast markers. When the TGF-β1 signaling pathway was blocked or GOLGA5 was depleted by siRNA, the levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as type I collagen and fibronectin, decreased in PDL-fibroblastic progenitors. In addition, Golgi structures in the perinuclear region underwent fragmentation under these conditions. These results suggest that GOLGA5/LG11 is a PDL-fibroblastic marker with functional importance in ECM protein production and secretion, which are important processes in PDL-fibroblastic differentiation.
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