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Chotiner JY, Leu NA, Yang F, Cossu IG, Guan Y, Lin H, Wang PJ. TRIP13 localizes to synapsed chromosomes and functions as a dosage-sensitive regulator of meiosis. eLife 2024; 12:RP92195. [PMID: 39207914 PMCID: PMC11361706 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Meiotic progression requires coordinated assembly and disassembly of protein complexes involved in chromosome synapsis and meiotic recombination. Mouse TRIP13 and its ortholog Pch2 are instrumental in remodeling HORMA domain proteins. HORMAD proteins are associated with unsynapsed chromosome axes but depleted from the synaptonemal complex (SC) of synapsed homologs. Here we report that TRIP13 localizes to the synapsed SC in early pachytene spermatocytes and to telomeres throughout meiotic prophase I. Loss of TRIP13 leads to meiotic arrest and thus sterility in both sexes. Trip13-null meiocytes exhibit abnormal persistence of HORMAD1 and HOMRAD2 on synapsed SC and chromosome asynapsis that preferentially affects XY and centromeric ends. These major phenotypes are consistent with reported phenotypes of Trip13 hypomorph alleles. Trip13 heterozygous mice exhibit meiotic defects that are less severe than the Trip13-null mice, showing that TRIP13 is a dosage-sensitive regulator of meiosis. Localization of TRIP13 to the synapsed SC is independent of SC axial element proteins such as REC8 and SYCP2/SYCP3. Terminal FLAG-tagged TRIP13 proteins are functional and recapitulate the localization of native TRIP13 to SC and telomeres. Therefore, the evolutionarily conserved localization of TRIP13/Pch2 to the synapsed chromosomes provides an explanation for dissociation of HORMA domain proteins upon synapsis in diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Chotiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Isabella G Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - P Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
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2
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Kogo H, Kikuchi-Kokubo Y, Tajika Y, Iizuka-Kogo A, Yamamoto H, Ikezawa M, Kurahashi H, Matsuzaki T. Differential phosphorylation of two serine clusters in mouse HORMAD1 during meiotic prophase I progression. Exp Cell Res 2024; 440:114133. [PMID: 38897409 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mouse HORMAD1 is a phospho-protein involved in multiple functions during meiotic prophase I. To obtain insight into the significance of its phosphorylation, we generated phospho-specific antibodies against two serine residues, Ser307 and Ser378, representing each of two serine clusters in mouse HORMAD1. The Ser307 phosphorylation is detectable from early leptotene substage in both wild-type and Spo11-/- spermatocytes, indicating that Ser307 is a primary and SPO11-independent phosphorylation site. In contrast, the Ser378 phosphorylation is negligible at earlier substages in wild-type and Spo11-/- spermatocytes. After mid-zygotene substage, the Ser378 phosphorylation is abundant on unsynapsed chromosome axes in wild-type spermatocytes and is detected only in a part of unsynapsed chromosome axes in Spo11-/- spermatocytes. We also generated a non-phosphorylated Ser307-specific antibody and found that Ser307 is phosphorylated on sex chromosome axes but is almost entirely unphosphorylated on desynapsed chromosome axes in diplotene spermatocytes. These results demonstrated a substage-specific phosphorylation status of mouse HORMAD1, which might be associated with multiple substage-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuka Kikuchi-Kokubo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tajika
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akiko Iizuka-Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hanako Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Maiko Ikezawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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3
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Cossu IG, Leu NA, Guan Y, Wang PJ. The N-terminal modification of HORMAD2 causes its ectopic persistence on synapsed chromosomes without meiotic blockade. Reproduction 2024; 167:e230330. [PMID: 38401263 PMCID: PMC10993814 DOI: 10.1530/rep-23-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In brief The dissociation of HORMA domain protein 2 (HORMAD2) from the synaptonemal complex is tightly regulated. This study reveals that the N-terminal region of HORMAD2 is critical for its dissociation from synapsed meiotic chromosomes. Abstract During meiosis, homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis and recombination. HORMA domain proteins regulate key processes in meiosis. Mammalian HORMAD1 and HORMAD2 localize to unsynapsed chromosome axes but are removed upon synapsis by the TRIP13 AAA+ ATPase. TRIP13 engages the N-terminal region of HORMA domain proteins to induce an open conformation, resulting in the disassembly of protein complexes. Here, we report introduction of a 3×FLAG-HA tag to the N-terminus of HORMAD2 in mice. Coimmunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry identified HORMAD1 and SYCP2 as HORMAD2-associated proteins in the testis. Unexpectedly, the N-terminal tagging of HORMAD2 resulted in its abnormal persistence along synapsed regions in pachynema and ectopic localization to telomeres in diplonema. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that 3×FLAG-HA-HORMAD2 was distributed along the central region of the synaptonemal complex, whereas wild-type HORMAD1 persisted along the lateral elements in 3×FLAG-HA-HORMAD2 meiocytes. Although homozygous mice completed meiosis and were fertile, homozygous males exhibited a significant reduction in sperm count. Collectively, these results suggest that the N-terminus of HORMAD2 is important for its timely removal from meiotic chromosome axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G. Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N. Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Lisachov A, Dedukh D, Simanovsky S, Panthum T, Singchat W, Srikulnath K. Spaghetti Connections: Synaptonemal Complexes as a Tool to Explore Chromosome Structure, Evolution, and Meiotic Behavior in Fish. Cytogenet Genome Res 2024; 164:1-15. [PMID: 38452741 DOI: 10.1159/000538238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein axis formed along chromosomes during meiotic prophase to ensure proper pairing and crossing over. SC analysis has been widely used to study the chromosomes of mammals and less frequently of birds, reptiles, and fish. It is a promising method to investigate the evolution of fish genomes and chromosomes as a part of complex approach. SUMMARY Compared with conventional metaphase chromosomes, pachytene chromosomes are less condensed and exhibit pairing between homologous chromosomes. These features of SCs facilitate the study of the small chromosomes that are typical in fish. Moreover, it allows the study of heteromorphisms in sex chromosomes and supernumerary chromosomes. In addition, it enables the investigation of the pairing between orthologous chromosomes in hybrids, which is crucial for uncovering the causes of hybrid sterility and asexual reproduction, such as gynogenesis or hybridogenesis. However, the application of SC analysis to fish chromosomes is limited by the associated complications. First, in most fish, meiosis does not occur during every season and life stage. Second, different SC preparation methods are optimal for different fish species. Third, commercial antibodies targeting meiotic proteins have been primarily developed against mammalian antigens, and not all of them are suitable for fish chromosomes. KEY MESSAGES In the present review, we provide an overview of the methods for preparing fish SCs and highlight important studies using SC analysis in fish. This study will be valuable for planning and designing research that applies SC analysis to fish cytogenetics and genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Lisachov
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Laboratory of Non-Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czechia
| | - Sergey Simanovsky
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Milano CR, Ur SN, Gu Y, Zhang J, Allison R, Brown G, Neale MJ, Tromer EC, Corbett KD, Hochwagen A. Chromatin binding by HORMAD proteins regulates meiotic recombination initiation. EMBO J 2024; 43:836-867. [PMID: 38332377 PMCID: PMC10907721 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The meiotic chromosome axis coordinates chromosome organization and interhomolog recombination in meiotic prophase and is essential for fertility. In S. cerevisiae, the HORMAD protein Hop1 mediates the enrichment of axis proteins at nucleosome-rich islands through a central chromatin-binding region (CBR). Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to show that the Hop1 CBR directly recognizes bent nucleosomal DNA through a composite interface in its PHD and winged helix-turn-helix domains. Targeted disruption of the Hop1 CBR-nucleosome interface causes a localized reduction of axis protein binding and meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in axis islands and leads to defects in chromosome synapsis. Synthetic effects with mutants of the Hop1 regulator Pch2 suggest that nucleosome binding delays a conformational switch in Hop1 from a DSB-promoting, Pch2-inaccessible state to a DSB-inactive, Pch2-accessible state to regulate the extent of meiotic DSB formation. Phylogenetic analyses of meiotic HORMADs reveal an ancient origin of the CBR, suggesting that the mechanisms we uncover are broadly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Milano
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Sarah N Ur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Vividion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yajie Gu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jessie Zhang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rachal Allison
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - George Brown
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Neale
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Eelco C Tromer
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Andreas Hochwagen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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6
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Jain S, Sekhar A. Transient excited states of the metamorphic protein Mad2 and their implications for function. Proteins 2024. [PMID: 38221646 PMCID: PMC7616478 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint complex is a key surveillance mechanism in cell division that prevents premature separation of sister chromatids. Mad2 is an integral component of this spindle checkpoint complex that recognizes cognate substrates such as Mad1 and Cdc20 in its closed (C-Mad2) conformation by fastening a "seatbelt" around short peptide regions that bind to the substrate recognition site. Mad2 is also a metamorphic protein that adopts not only the fold found in C-Mad2, but also a structurally distinct open conformation (O-Mad2) which is incapable of binding substrates. Here, we show using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and relaxation dispersion (CPMG) NMR experiments that Mad2 transiently populates three other higher free energy states with millisecond lifetimes, two in equilibrium with C-Mad2 (E1 and E2) and one with O-Mad2 (E3). E1 is a mimic of substrate-bound C-Mad2 in which the N-terminus of one C-Mad2 molecule inserts into the seatbelt region of a second molecule of C-Mad2, providing a potential pathway for autoinhibition of C-Mad2. E2 is the "unbuckled" conformation of C-Mad2 that facilitates the triage of molecules along competing fold-switching and substrate binding pathways. The E3 conformation that coexists with O-Mad2 shows fluctuations at a hydrophobic lock that is required for stabilizing the O-Mad2 fold and we hypothesize that E3 represents an early intermediate on-pathway towards conversion to C-Mad2. Collectively, the NMR data highlight the rugged free energy landscape of Mad2 with multiple low-lying intermediates that interlink substrate-binding and fold-switching, and also emphasize the role of molecular dynamics in its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Jain
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok Sekhar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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7
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Chotiner JY, Leu NA, Yang F, Cossu IG, Guan Y, Lin H, Wang PJ. TRIP13 localizes to synapsed chromosomes and functions as a dosage-sensitive regulator of meiosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559355. [PMID: 37808842 PMCID: PMC10557606 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic progression requires coordinated assembly and disassembly of protein complexes involved in chromosome synapsis and meiotic recombination. The AAA+ ATPase TRIP13 and its orthologue Pch2 are instrumental in remodeling HORMA domain proteins. Meiosis-specific HORMAD proteins are associated with unsynapsed chromosome axes but depleted from the synaptonemal complex (SC) of synapsed chromosome homologues. Here we report that TRIP13 localizes to the synapsed SC in early pachytene spermatocytes and to telomeres throughout meiotic prophase I. Loss of TRIP13 leads to meiotic arrest and thus sterility in both sexes. Trip13-null meiocytes exhibit abnormal persistence of HORMAD1 and HOMRAD2 on synapsed SC and chromosome asynapsis that preferentially affects XY and centromeric ends. These findings confirm the previously reported phenotypes of the Trip13 hypomorph alleles. Trip13 heterozygous (Trip13+/-) mice also exhibit meiotic defects that are less severe than the Trip13-null mice, showing that TRIP13 is a dosage-sensitive regulator of meiosis. Localization of TRIP13 to the synapsed SC is independent of SC axial element proteins such as REC8 and SYCP2/SYCP3. The N- or C-terminal FLAG-tagged TRIP13 proteins are functional and recapitulate the localization of native TRIP13 to SC and telomeres in knockin mice. Therefore, the evolutionarily conserved localization of TRIP13/Pch2 to the synapsed chromosomes provides an explanation for dissociation of HORMA domain proteins upon chromosome synapsis in diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y. Chotiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N. Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Isabella G. Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Abstract
The raison d'être of meiosis is shuffling of genetic information via Mendelian segregation and, within individual chromosomes, by DNA crossing-over. These outcomes are enabled by a complex cellular program in which interactions between homologous chromosomes play a central role. We first provide a background regarding the basic principles of this program. We then summarize the current understanding of the DNA events of recombination and of three processes that involve whole chromosomes: homolog pairing, crossover interference, and chiasma maturation. All of these processes are implemented by direct physical interaction of recombination complexes with underlying chromosome structures. Finally, we present convergent lines of evidence that the meiotic program may have evolved by coupling of this interaction to late-stage mitotic chromosome morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Zickler
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
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9
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Herruzo E, Sánchez-Díaz E, González-Arranz S, Santos B, Carballo JA, San-Segundo PA. Exportin-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transport maintains Pch2 homeostasis during meiosis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011026. [PMID: 37948444 PMCID: PMC10688877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The meiotic recombination checkpoint reinforces the order of events during meiotic prophase I, ensuring the accurate distribution of chromosomes to the gametes. The AAA+ ATPase Pch2 remodels the Hop1 axial protein enabling adequate levels of Hop1-T318 phosphorylation to support the ensuing checkpoint response. While these events are localized at chromosome axes, the checkpoint activating function of Pch2 relies on its cytoplasmic population. In contrast, forced nuclear accumulation of Pch2 leads to checkpoint inactivation. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which Pch2 travels from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm to maintain Pch2 cellular homeostasis. Leptomycin B treatment provokes the nuclear accumulation of Pch2, indicating that its nucleocytoplasmic transport is mediated by the Crm1 exportin recognizing proteins containing Nuclear Export Signals (NESs). Consistently, leptomycin B leads to checkpoint inactivation and impaired Hop1 axial localization. Pch2 nucleocytoplasmic traffic is independent of its association with Zip1 and Orc1. We also identify a functional NES in the non-catalytic N-terminal domain of Pch2 that is required for its nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and proper checkpoint activity. In sum, we unveil another layer of control of Pch2 function during meiosis involving nuclear export via the exportin pathway that is crucial to maintain the critical balance of Pch2 distribution among different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Herruzo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Beatriz Santos
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética. University of Salamanca. Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Carballo
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC-USAL, Salamanca, Spain
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10
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Gordon SG, Rog O. Building the synaptonemal complex: Molecular interactions between the axis and the central region. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010822. [PMID: 37471284 PMCID: PMC10359014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful delivery of genetic material to gametes requires tightly regulated interactions between the parental chromosomes. Central to this regulation is a conserved chromosomal interface called the synaptonemal complex (SC), which brings the parental chromosomes in close proximity along their length. While many of its components are known, the interfaces that mediate the assembly of the SC remain a mystery. Here, we survey findings from different model systems while focusing on insight gained in the nematode C. elegans. We synthesize our current understanding of the structure, dynamics, and biophysical properties of the SC and propose mechanisms for SC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer G. Gordon
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ofer Rog
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Cell and Genome Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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11
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Llano E, Pendás AM. Synaptonemal Complex in Human Biology and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1718. [PMID: 37443752 PMCID: PMC10341275 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a meiosis-specific multiprotein complex that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I. Upon assembly, the SC mediates the synapses of the homologous chromosomes, leading to the formation of bivalents, and physically supports the formation of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their subsequent repair and maturation into crossovers (COs), which are essential for genome haploidization. Defects in the assembly of the SC or in the function of the associated meiotic recombination machinery can lead to meiotic arrest and human infertility. The majority of proteins and complexes involved in these processes are exclusively expressed during meiosis or harbor meiosis-specific subunits, although some have dual functions in somatic DNA repair and meiosis. Consistent with their functions, aberrant expression and malfunctioning of these genes have been associated with cancer development. In this review, we focus on the significance of the SC and their meiotic-associated proteins in human fertility, as well as how human genetic variants encoding for these proteins affect the meiotic process and contribute to infertility and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Llano
- Departamento Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Alberto M. Pendás
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biologıía Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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12
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REV7 in Cancer Biology and Management. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061721. [PMID: 36980607 PMCID: PMC10046837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair and cell cycle regulation are potential biological fields to develop molecular targeting therapies for cancer. Human REV7 was originally discovered as a homologous molecule to yeast Rev7, which is involved in DNA damage response and mutagenesis, and as the second homolog of yeast Mad2, involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint. Although REV7 principally functions in the fields of DNA repair and cell cycle regulation, many binding partners of REV7 have been identified using comprehensive analyses in the past decade, and the significance of REV7 is expanding in various other biological fields, such as gene transcription, epigenetics, primordial germ cell survival, neurogenesis, intracellular signaling, and microbial infection. In addition, the clinical significance of REV7 has been demonstrated in studies using human cancer tissues, and investigations in cancer cell lines and animal models have revealed the greater impacts of REV7 in cancer biology, which makes it an attractive target molecule for cancer management. This review focuses on the functions of REV7 in human cancer and discusses the utility of REV7 for cancer management with a summary of the recent development of inhibitors targeting REV7.
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