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Jiang Y, Chen P, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Association of Cadherin-Related Family Member 1 with Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:41. [PMID: 38656449 PMCID: PMC11043179 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The cadherin family plays a pivotal role in orchestrating synapse formation in the central nervous system. Cadherin-related family member 1 (CDHR1) is a photoreceptor-specific calmodulin belonging to the expansive cadherin superfamily. However, its role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains largely unknown. CDHR1 expression across various brain tissue sites was analyzed using the GSE104687 dataset. Employing a summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) approach, integrated analyses were performed by amalgamating genome-wide association study abstracts from TBI with public data on expressed quantitative trait loci and DNA methylation QTL from both blood and diverse brain tissues. CDHR1 expression and localization in different brain tissues were meticulously delineated using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CDHR1 expression was consistently elevated in the TBI group compared to that in the sham group across multiple tissues. The inflammatory response emerged as a crucial biological mechanism, and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors were not expressed in either group. Integrated SMR analyses encompassing both blood and brain tissues substantiated the heightened CDHR1 expression profiles, with methylation modifications emerging as potential contributing factors for increased TBI risk. This was corroborated by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, confirming augmented CDHR1 expression following TBI. This multi-omics-based genetic association study highlights the elevated TBI risk associated with CDHR1 expression coupled with putative methylation modifications. These findings provide compelling evidence for future targeted investigations and offer promising avenues for developing interventional therapies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong'An Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - YangYang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Farag S, Yusuf IH, Kaukonen M, Taylor LJ, Charbel Issa P, MacLaren RE. Hypomorphic CDHR1 variants may result in retinitis pigmentosa with relative preservation of cone function. Ophthalmic Genet 2024; 45:201-206. [PMID: 37728066 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2255265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) associated with biallelic variants in CDHR1 has rarely been reported, and detailed phenotyping data are not available. RP implies relative preservation of foveal cones, when compared to cone-rod dystrophy associated with biallelic null variants in CDHR1. We hypothesize that RP may occur in association with one or more hypomorphic CDHR1 alleles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective report of a 48-year-old patient with CDHR1-associated RP with a hypomorphic missense variant c.562 G>A, p. (Gly188Ser) and a novel, unreported variant affecting a canonical splice acceptor site (c.784-1 G>C). Clinical examination, multimodal retinal imaging, electroretinography, visual field testing, and mesopic microperimetry were undertaken 8 years apart. Scotopic microperimetry was also performed. The DNA sequence context of the variants was examined to identify theoretical CRISPR-Cas9 base-editing strategies. RESULTS The patient presented at 35 years with a 12-year history of nyctalopia. His best corrected visual acuity was 20/20. Clinical presentation, multimodal retinal imaging studies, electroretinography, and mesopic microperimetry were typical of a progressive rod-cone dystrophy (i.e. classic RP). There were no scotomas within the central field as would be expected at this age in CDHR1-associated cone-rod dystrophy. Scotopic microperimetry suggested some preservation of macular cone over rod function, although both were severely impaired. A suitable CRISPR adenine base editor was identified that could theoretically correct the missense variant c.562 G>A, p. (Gly188Ser). CONCLUSIONS CDHR1-associated RP shows a relative preservation of cone function in the presence of a presumed hypomorphic allele and may be considered a hypomorphic disease phenotype. Further work is required to identify modifying factors that determine disease phenotype since macular dystrophy, with relative sparing of rods, may also occur with hypomorphic CDHR1 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Farag
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Imran H Yusuf
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Kaukonen
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura J Taylor
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Masek M, Bachmann-Gagescu R. Control of protein and lipid composition of photoreceptor outer segments-Implications for retinal disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:165-225. [PMID: 38043951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Vision is arguably our most important sense, and its loss brings substantial limitations to daily life for affected individuals. Light is perceived in retinal photoreceptors (PRs), which are highly specialized neurons subdivided into several compartments with distinct functions. The outer segments (OSs) of photoreceptors represent highly specialized primary ciliary compartments hosting the phototransduction cascade, which transforms incoming light into a neuronal signal. Retinal disease can result from various pathomechanisms originating in distinct subcompartments of the PR cell, or in the retinal pigment epithelium which supports the PRs. Dysfunction of primary cilia causes human disorders known as "ciliopathies", in which retinal disease is a common feature. This chapter focuses on PR OSs, discussing the mechanisms controlling their complex structure and composition. A sequence of tightly regulated sorting and trafficking events, both upstream of and within this ciliary compartment, ensures the establishment and maintenance of the adequate proteome and lipidome required for signaling in response to light. We discuss in particular our current understanding of the role of ciliopathy proteins involved in multi-protein complexes at the ciliary transition zone (CC2D2A) or BBSome (BBS1) and how their dysfunction causes retinal disease. While the loss of CC2D2A prevents the fusion of vesicles and delivery of the photopigment rhodopsin to the ciliary base, leading to early OS ultrastructural defects, BBS1 deficiency results in precocious accumulation of cholesterol in mutant OSs and decreased visual function preceding morphological changes. These distinct pathomechanisms underscore the central role of ciliary proteins involved in multiple processes controlling OS protein and lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Masek
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program AdaBD, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cusumano A, Falsini B, D’Apolito F, D’Ambrosio M, Sebastiani J, Cascella R, Barati S, Giardina E. Longitudinal Structure-Function Evaluation in a Patient with CDHR1-Associated Retinal Dystrophy: Progressive Visual Function Loss with Retinal Remodeling. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030392. [PMID: 36766497 PMCID: PMC9914892 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal dystrophies related to damaging variants in the cadherin-related family member 1 (CDHR1) gene are rare and phenotypically heterogeneous. Here, we report a longitudinal (three-year) structure-function evaluation of a patient with a CDHR1-related retinal dystrophy. METHODS A 14-year-old girl was evaluated between 2019 and 2022. An ophthalmological assessment, including color vision, perimetry, electroretinography, and multimodal imaging of the retina, was performed periodically every six months. Next-generation sequencing disclosed two likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in the CDHR1 gene, in compound heterozygosity, confirmed by segregation analysis. RESULTS At first examination, the patient showed a cone-rod pattern retinal dystrophy. Over follow-up, there was a decline of visual acuity and perimetric sensitivity (by ≥0.3 and 0.6 log units, respectively). Visual loss was associated with a progressive increase in inner retinal thickness (by 30%). Outer retina showed no detectable changes over the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that, in this patient with a CDHR1-related cone-rod dystrophy, the progression to severe visual loss was paralleled by a progressive inner retinal thickening, likely a reflection of remodeling. Inner retinal changes over time may be functionally relevant in view of the therapeutic attempts based on gene therapy or stem cells to mitigate photoreceptor loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cusumano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Macula & Genoma Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Macula & Genoma Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS/Catholic University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Cascella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory-UILDM, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Shila Barati
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory-UILDM, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Macula & Genoma Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory-UILDM, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
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