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Shen C, Jiang K, Zhang W, Su B, Wang Z, Chen X, Zheng B, He T. LASSO regression and WGCNA-based telomerase-associated lncRNA signaling predicts clear cell renal cell carcinoma prognosis and immunotherapy response. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:9386-9409. [PMID: 38819232 PMCID: PMC11210217 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether telomerase-associated lncRNA expression affects the prognosis and anti-tumor immunity of patients with renal clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS A series of analyses were performed to establish a prognostic risk model and validate its accuracy. Immune-related analyses were performed to assess further the association between immune status, tumor microenvironment, and prognostic risk models. RESULTS Eight telomerase-associated lncRNAs associated with prognosis were identified and applied to establish a prognostic risk model. Overall survival was higher in the low-risk group. CONCLUSION The established prognostic risk model has a good predictive ability for the prognosis of ccRCC patients and provides a new possible therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/therapy
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Male
- Female
- Gene Regulatory Networks
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Kaiyao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Baohui Su
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Tao He
- Party Committe and Hospital Administration Office, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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Furnari FB, Anastasaki C, Bian S, Fine HA, Koga T, Le LQ, Rodriguez FJ, Gutmann DH. Stem cell modeling of nervous system tumors. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050533. [PMID: 38353122 PMCID: PMC10886724 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous system tumors, particularly brain tumors, represent the most common tumors in children and one of the most lethal tumors in adults. Despite decades of research, there are few effective therapies for these cancers. Although human nervous system tumor cells and genetically engineered mouse models have served as excellent platforms for drug discovery and preclinical testing, they have limitations with respect to accurately recapitulating important aspects of the pathobiology of spontaneously arising human tumors. For this reason, attention has turned to the deployment of human stem cell engineering involving human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, in which genetic alterations associated with nervous system cancers can be introduced. These stem cells can be used to create self-assembling three-dimensional cerebral organoids that preserve key features of the developing human brain. Moreover, stem cell-engineered lines are amenable to xenotransplantation into mice as a platform to investigate the tumor cell of origin, discover cancer evolutionary trajectories and identify therapeutic vulnerabilities. In this article, we review the current state of human stem cell models of nervous system tumors, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and provide consensus recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank B Furnari
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200070 Shanghai, China
| | - Howard A Fine
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Koga
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Division of Neuropathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Liu S, Nong W, Ji L, Zhuge X, Wei H, Luo M, Zhou L, Chen S, Zhang S, Lei X, Huang H. The regulatory feedback of inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112132. [PMID: 36849001 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is believed to play a role in the progression of numerous human diseases. Research has shown that inflammation and telomeres are involved in a feedback regulatory loop: inflammation increases the rate of telomere attrition, leading to telomere dysfunction, while telomere components also participate in regulating the inflammatory response. However, the specific mechanism behind this feedback loop between inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction has yet to be fully understood. This review presents the latest findings on this topic, with a particular focus on the detailed regulation and molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of aging, various chronic inflammatory diseases, cancers, and different stressors. Several feedback loops between inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction, including NF-κB-TERT feedback, NF-κB-RAP1 feedback, NF-κB-TERC feedback, STAT3-TERT feedback, and p38 MAPK-shelterin complex-related gene feedback, are summarized. Understanding the latest discoveries of this feedback regulatory loop can help identify novel potential drug targets for the suppression of various inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Weihua Nong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533300, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021 Nanning, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhuge
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Huimei Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Min Luo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Leguang Zhou
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China.
| | - Xiaocan Lei
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Hua Huang
- Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021 Nanning, China.
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4
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Buch S, Innes H, Lutz PL, Nischalke HD, Marquardt JU, Fischer J, Weiss KH, Rosendahl J, Marot A, Krawczyk M, Casper M, Lammert F, Eyer F, Vogel A, Marhenke S, von Felden J, Sharma R, Atkinson SR, McQuillin A, Nattermann J, Schafmayer C, Franke A, Strassburg C, Rietschel M, Altmann H, Sulk S, Thangapandi VR, Brosch M, Lackner C, Stauber RE, Canbay A, Link A, Reiberger T, Mandorfer M, Semmler G, Scheiner B, Datz C, Romeo S, Ginanni Corradini S, Irving WL, Morling JR, Guha IN, Barnes E, Ansari MA, Quistrebert J, Valenti L, Müller SA, Morgan MY, Dufour JF, Trebicka J, Berg T, Deltenre P, Mueller S, Hampe J, Stickel F. Genetic variation in TERT modifies the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcohol-related cirrhosis: results from a genome-wide case-control study. Gut 2023; 72:381-391. [PMID: 35788059 PMCID: PMC9872243 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often develops in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis at an annual risk of up to 2.5%. Some host genetic risk factors have been identified but do not account for the majority of the variance in occurrence. This study aimed to identify novel susceptibility loci for the development of HCC in people with alcohol related cirrhosis. DESIGN Patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and HCC (cases: n=1214) and controls without HCC (n=1866), recruited from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the UK, were included in a two-stage genome-wide association study using a case-control design. A validation cohort of 1520 people misusing alcohol but with no evidence of liver disease was included to control for possible association effects with alcohol misuse. Genotyping was performed using the InfiniumGlobal Screening Array (V.24v2, Illumina) and the OmniExpress Array (V.24v1-0a, Illumina). RESULTS Associations with variants rs738409 in PNPLA3 and rs58542926 in TM6SF2 previously associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis were confirmed at genome-wide significance. A novel locus rs2242652(A) in TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) was also associated with a decreased risk of HCC, in the combined meta-analysis, at genome-wide significance (p=6.41×10-9, OR=0.61 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.70). This protective association remained significant after correction for sex, age, body mass index and type 2 diabetes (p=7.94×10-5, OR=0.63 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.79). Carriage of rs2242652(A) in TERT was associated with an increased leucocyte telomere length (p=2.12×10-44). CONCLUSION This study identifies rs2242652 in TERT as a novel protective factor for HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Buch
- Department of Medicine I, Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
| | - Hamish Innes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Medicine I, University of Luebeck Human Medicine, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section Hepatology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karl Heinz Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Salem, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Astrid Marot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, CHU UCL Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Markus Casper
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Arndt Vogel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Marhenke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann von Felden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rohini Sharma
- Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heidi Altmann
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Sulk
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veera Raghavan Thangapandi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Brosch
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf E Stauber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke Universitat Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Georg Semmler
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheiner
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Oberndorf, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ginanni Corradini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joanne R Morling
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Indra Neil Guha
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine and the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jocelyn Quistrebert
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine and the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sascha A Müller
- Department of Surgery, Hirslanden Klinik Beau-Site, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marsha Yvonne Morgan
- Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | | | - Jonel Trebicka
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Clinical Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Deltenre
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, CHU UCL Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Salem Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gatroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Hirslanden Klinik Beau-Site, Bern, Switzerland
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Miki S, Koga T, Mckinney AM, Parisian AD, Tadokoro T, Vadla R, Marsala M, Hevner RF, Costello JF, Furnari F. TERT promoter C228T mutation in neural progenitors confers growth advantage following telomere shortening in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2022; 24:2063-2075. [PMID: 35325218 PMCID: PMC9713509 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations (TPMs) facilitate TERT expression and are the most frequent mutation in glioblastoma (GBM). A recent analysis revealed this mutation is one of the earliest events in gliomagenesis. However, no appropriate human models have been engineered to study the role of this mutation in the initiation of these tumors. METHOD We established GBM models by introducing the heterozygous TPM in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a two-step targeting approach in the context of GBM genetic alterations, CDKN2A/B and PTEN deletion, and EGFRvIII overexpression. The impact of the mutation was evaluated through the in vivo passage and in vitro experiment and analysis. RESULTS Orthotopic injection of neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) derived from hiPSCs with the TPM into immunodeficient mice did not enhance tumorigenesis compared to TERT promoter wild type NPCs at initial in vivo passage presumably due to relatively long telomeres. However, the mutation recruited GA-Binding Protein and engendered low-level TERT expression resulting in enhanced tumorigenesis and maintenance of short telomeres upon secondary passage as observed in human GBM. These results provide the first insights regarding increased tumorigenesis upon introducing a TPM compared to isogenic controls without TPMs. CONCLUSION Our novel GBM models presented the growth advantage of heterozygous TPMs for the first time in the context of GBM driver mutations relative to isogenic controls, thereby allowing for the identification and validation of TERT promoter-specific vulnerabilities in a genetically accurate background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Miki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Alison D Parisian
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Takahiro Tadokoro
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raghavendra Vadla
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Martin Marsala
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Frank Furnari
- Corresponding Authors: Frank Furnari, PhD, Ludwig Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3053, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA ()
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Construction of Molecular Subtype and Prognosis Prediction Model of Osteosarcoma Based on Aging-Related Genes. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8177948. [PMID: 36157228 PMCID: PMC9507679 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8177948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare form of malignant bone cancer that is usually detected in young adults and adolescents. This disease shows a poor prognosis owing to its metastatic status and resistance to chemotherapy. Hence, it is necessary to design a risk model that can successfully forecast the OS prognosis in patients. Methods The researchers retrieved the RNA sequencing data and follow-up clinical data related to OS patients from the TARGET and GEO databases, respectively. The coxph function in R software was used for carrying out the Univariate Cox regression analysis for deriving the aging-based genes related sto the OS prognosis. The researchers conducted consistency clustering using the ConcensusClusterPlus R package. The R software package ESTIMATE, MCPcounter, and GSVA packages were used for assessing the immune scores of various subtypes using the ssGSEA technique, respectively. The Univariate Cox and Lasso regression analyses were used for screening and developing a risk model. The ROC curves were constructed, using the pROC package. The performance of their developed risk model and designed survival curve was conducted, with the help of the Survminer package. Results The OS patients were classified into 2 categories, as per the aging-related genes. The results revealed that the Cluster 1 patients showed a better prognosis than the Cluster 2 patients. Both clusters showed different immune microenvironments. Additional screening of the prognosis-associated genes revealed the presence of 5 genes, i.e., ERCC4, GPX4, EPS8, TERT, and STAT5A, and these data were used for developing the risk model. This risk model categorized the training set samples into the high- and low-risk groups. The patients classified into the high-risk group showed a poor OS prognosis compared to the low-risk patients. The researchers verified the reliability and robustness of the designed 5-gene signature using the internal and external datasets. This risk model was able to effectively predict the prognosis even in the samples having differing clinical features. Compared with other models, the 5- gene model performs better in predicting the risk of osteosarcoma. Conclusion The 5-gene signature developed by the researchers in this study could be effectively used for forecasting the OS prognosis in patients.
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Gao J, Pickett HA. Targeting telomeres: advances in telomere maintenance mechanism-specific cancer therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:515-532. [PMID: 35790854 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells establish replicative immortality by activating a telomere-maintenance mechanism (TMM), be it telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Targeting telomere maintenance represents an intriguing opportunity to treat the vast majority of all cancer types. Whilst telomerase inhibitors have historically been heralded as promising anticancer agents, the reality has been more challenging, and there are currently no therapeutic options for cancer types that use ALT despite their aggressive nature and poor prognosis. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic differences between telomere maintenance by telomerase and ALT, the current methods used to detect each mechanism, the utility of these tests for clinical diagnosis, and recent developments in the therapeutic strategies being employed to target both telomerase and ALT. We present notable developments in repurposing established therapeutic agents and new avenues that are emerging to target cancer types according to which TMM they employ. These opportunities extend beyond inhibition of telomere maintenance, by finding and exploiting inherent weaknesses in the telomeres themselves to trigger rapid cellular effects that lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Gao
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Zhou Z, Li Y, Xu H, Xie X, He Z, Lin S, Li R, Jin S, Cui J, Hu H, Liu F, Wu S, Ma W, Songyang Z. An inducible CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies DTX2 as a transcriptional regulator of human telomerase. iScience 2022; 25:103813. [PMID: 35198878 PMCID: PMC8844827 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most tumor cells reactivate telomerase to ensure unlimited proliferation, whereas the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is tightly regulated and rate-limiting for telomerase activity maintenance. Several general transcription factors (TFs) have been found in regulating hTERT transcription; however, a systematic study is lacking. Here we performed an inducible CRISPR/Cas9 KO screen using an hTERT core promoter-driven reporter. We identified numerous positive regulators including an E3 ligase DTX2. In telomerase-positive cancer cells, DTX2 depletion downregulated hTERT transcription and telomerase activity, contributing to progressive telomere shortening, growth arrest, and increased apoptosis. Utilizing BioID, we characterized multiple TFs as DTX2 proximal proteins, among which NFIC functioned corporately with DTX2 in promoting hTERT transcription. Further analysis demonstrated that DTX2 mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of NFIC, which facilitated NFIC binding to the hTERT promoter and enhanced hTERT expression. These findings highlight a new hTERT regulatory pathway that may be exploited for potential cancer therapeutics. An inducible CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies regulators for hTERT transcription DTX2 deficiency leads to telomere shortening and cell growth arrest DTX2 mediates ubiquitination on NFIC, stabilizing NFIC binding on hTERT promoter DTX2-NFIC functions corporately to promote hTERT transcription and tumorigenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yujing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaowei Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zibin He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Song Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruofei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Feng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Su Wu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Wenbin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China
- Corresponding author
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9
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Xu T, Cheng D, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang F, Chen G, Wang Y, Yan X, Robertson GP, Gaddameedhi S, Lazarus P, Wang S, Zhu J. Polymorphic tandem DNA repeats activate the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019043118. [PMID: 34155099 PMCID: PMC8256013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019043118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple independent sequence variants of the hTERT locus have been associated with telomere length and cancer risks in genome-wide association studies. Here, we identified an intronic variable number tandem repeat, VNTR2-1, as an enhancer-like element, which activated hTERT transcription in a cell in a chromatin-dependent manner. VNTR2-1, consisting of 42-bp repeats with an array of enhancer boxes, cooperated with the proximal promoter in the regulation of hTERT transcription by basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and maintained hTERT expression during embryonic stem-cell differentiation. Genomic deletion of VNTR2-1 in MelJuSo melanoma cells markedly reduced hTERT transcription, leading to telomere shortening, cellular senescence, and impairment of xenograft tumor growth. Interestingly, VNTR2-1 lengths varied widely in human populations; hTERT alleles with shorter VNTR2-1 were underrepresented in African American centenarians, indicating its role in human aging. Therefore, this polymorphic element is likely a missing link in the telomerase regulatory network and a molecular basis for genetic diversities of telomere homeostasis and age-related disease susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - De Cheng
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Philip Lazarus
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Shuwen Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210;
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10
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Vedelek B, Maddali AK, Davenova N, Vedelek V, Boros IM. TERT promoter alterations could provide a solution for Peto's paradox in rodents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20815. [PMID: 33257697 PMCID: PMC7704627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by changes in gene expression resulting from somatic mutations and epigenetic changes. Although the probability of mutations is proportional with cell number and replication cycles, large bodied species do not develop cancer more frequently than smaller ones. This notion is known as Peto's paradox, and assumes stronger tumor suppression in larger animals. One of the possible tumor suppressor mechanisms involved could be replicative senescence caused by telomere shortening in the absence of telomerase activity. We analysed telomerase promoter activity and transcription factor binding in mammals to identify the key element of telomerase gene inactivation. We found that the GABPA transcription factor plays a key role in TERT regulation in somatic cells of small rodents, but its binding site is absent in larger beavers. Protein binding and reporter gene assays verify different use of this site in different species. The presence or absence of the GABPA TF site in TERT promoters of rodents correlates with TERT promoter activity; thus it could determine whether replicative senescence plays a tumor suppressor role in these species, which could be in direct relation with body mass. The GABPA TF binding sites that contribute to TERT activity in somatic cells of rodents are analogous to those mutated in human tumors, which activate telomerase by a non-ALT mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Vedelek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Asha Kiran Maddali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nurgul Davenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktor Vedelek
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre M Boros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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11
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Dratwa M, Wysoczańska B, Łacina P, Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K. TERT-Regulation and Roles in Cancer Formation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589929. [PMID: 33329574 PMCID: PMC7717964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase. Telomerase complex plays a key role in cancer formation by telomere dependent or independent mechanisms. Telomere maintenance mechanisms include complex TERT changes such as gene amplifications, TERT structural variants, TERT promoter germline and somatic mutations, TERT epigenetic changes, and alternative lengthening of telomere. All of them are cancer specific at tissue histotype and at single cell level. TERT expression is regulated in tumors via multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect telomerase activity. Telomerase activity via TERT expression has an impact on telomere length and can be a useful marker in diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers and a new therapy approach. In this review we want to highlight the main roles of TERT in different mechanisms of cancer development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dratwa
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wysoczańska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kubik
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Zhang F, Wang S, Zhu J. ETS variant transcription factor 5 and c-Myc cooperate in derepressing the human telomerase gene promoter via composite ETS/E-box motifs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10062-10075. [PMID: 32518154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human telomerase gene (hTERT) is repressed in most somatic cells. How transcription factors activate the hTERT promoter in its repressive chromatin environment is unknown. Here, we report that the ETS family protein ETS variant transcription factor 5 (ETV5) mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hTERT expression in MCF10A cells. This activation required MYC proto-oncogene bHLH transcription factor (c-Myc) and depended on the chromatin state of the hTERT promoter. Using chromatinized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporters in human fibroblasts, we found that ETV5 and c-Myc/MYC-associated factor X (MAX) synergistically activate the hTERT promoter via two identical, but inverted, composite Ets/E-box motifs enclosing the core promoter. Mutations of Ets or E-box sites in either DNA motif abolished the activation and reduced or eliminated the synergism. ETV5 and c-Myc facilitated each other's binding to the hTERT promoter. ETV5 bound to the hTERT promoter in both telomerase-negative and -positive cells, but it activated the repressed hTERT promoter and altered histone modifications only in telomerase-negative cells. The synergistic ETV5/c-Myc activation disappeared when hTERT promoter repression became relieved because of the loss of distal regulatory elements in chimeric human/mouse BAC reporters. Our results suggest that the binding of c-Myc and ETS family proteins to the Ets/E-box motifs derepresses the hTERT promoter by inducing an active promoter configuration, providing a mechanistic insight into hTERT activation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, Washington, USA
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13
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Kaur A, Macip S, Stover CM. An Appraisal on the Value of Using Nutraceutical Based Senolytics and Senostatics in Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:218. [PMID: 32309282 PMCID: PMC7145958 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The average human life expectancy has increased globally, and continues to rise, owing to the substantive progress made in healthcare, medicine, sanitation, housing and education. This ultimately enriches society with a greater proportion of elderly people. Sustaining a healthy aged population is key to diminish the societal and economic impact of age-related infirmities. This is especially challenging because tissue function, and thus wellbeing, naturally progressively decline as humans age. With age increasing the risk of developing diseases, one of the therapeutic options is to interfere with the molecular and cellular pathways involved in age-related tissue dysfunction, which is in part caused by the accumulation of senescent cells. One strategy to prevent this could be using drugs that selectively kill these cells (senolytics). In parallel, some compounds have been identified that prevent or slow down the progression of senescence or some of its features (senostatics). Senolytic and senostatic therapies have been shown to be efficient in vivo, but they also have unwanted dose-dependent side effects, including toxicity. Important advances might be made using bioactive compounds from plants and foods (nutraceuticals) if, as is proposed, they offer similar effectiveness with fewer side effects. The focus of this review is on the use of nutraceuticals in interfering with cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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14
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Detection of mRNA of Telomerase Protein in Benign Naevi and Melanomas Using RNAscope. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 28:36-41. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Poos AM, Kordaß T, Kolte A, Ast V, Oswald M, Rippe K, König R. Modelling TERT regulation across 19 different cancer types based on the MIPRIP 2.0 gene regulatory network approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:737. [PMID: 31888467 PMCID: PMC6937852 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene TERT is a central feature for unlimited proliferation of the majority of cancers. However, the underlying regulatory processes are only partly understood. Results We assembled regulator binding information from serveral sources to construct a generic human and mouse gene regulatory network. Advancing our “Mixed Integer linear Programming based Regulatory Interaction Predictor” (MIPRIP) approach, we identified the most common and cancer-type specific regulators of TERT across 19 different human cancers. The results were validated by using the well-known TERT regulation by the ETS1 transcription factor in a subset of melanomas with mutations in the TERT promoter. Our improved MIPRIP2 R-package and the associated generic regulatory networks are freely available at https://github.com/KoenigLabNM/MIPRIP. Conclusion MIPRIP 2.0 identified common as well as tumor type specific regulators of TERT. The software can be easily applied to transcriptome datasets to predict gene regulation for any gene and disease/condition under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Poos
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Kordaß
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amol Kolte
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Oswald
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Rippe
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Bioquant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Yuan T, Zhao W, Niu Y, Fu Y, Lu L, Niu D. Exploration of the temporal-spatial expression pattern and DNA methylation-related regulation of the duck telomerase reverse transcriptase gene. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3257-3267. [PMID: 31064004 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is a catalytic subunit of telomerase that adds TTAGGG repeats to the 3'-overhang of telomeres. In the present study, we detected that the duck TERT (dTERT) gene was highly expressed in small intestine and kidney, followed by heart, leg muscle, spleen, pancreas, gonad, and liver at neonatal stage. From embryonic to neonatal stage, the highest dTERT mRNA in liver appeared at stage E19 (19 days at embryonic stage), while for the leg muscle the maximum expression occurred at E26. We also measured the relative telomerase activity (RTA) and relative telomere length (RTL) in the examined tissues and found that the changed tendency of RTA and RTL was not very consistent with that of TERT. In silico analysis revealed that there were three CpG islands (S1, S2, and S3) within the 5' regulatory region of the dTERT gene. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) assay showed that liver (D7, 7 days after birth) which expressed significantly lower dTERT mRNA had an obviously higher methylation level of S1 compared with small intestine (D7) or liver (E19). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in liver (D7) was significantly higher than that in small intestine (D7) or in liver (E19). In vitro, dTERT expression was upregulated and the methylation status of S1 decreased in both duck embryonic fibroblasts and small intestinal epithelial cells following treatment with the demethylation reagent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), further suggesting that dTERT is epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation. This work lays a solid foundation for further study of TERT function and regulation in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyan Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wanqiu Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yifan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 145 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China.,Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University
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17
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Burbulla LF, Krainc D. The role of dopamine in the pathogenesis of GBA1-linked Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104545. [PMID: 31351996 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying differential vulnerability of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains limited, and previous therapeutic efforts targeting rodent nigral neurons have not been successfully translated to humans. However, recent emergence of induced pluripotent stem cell technology has highlighted some fundamental differences between human and rodent midbrain dopamine neurons that may at least in part explain relative resistance of rodent neurons to degeneration in genetic models of PD. Using GBA1-linked PD as an example, we discuss cellular pathways that may predispose human neurons to degeneration in PD, including mitochondrial oxidant stress, elevated intracellular calcium, altered synaptic vesicle endocytosis, accumulation of oxidized dopamine and neuromelanin. Recent studies have suggested that a combination of mitochondrial oxidant stress and accumulation of oxidized dopamine contribute to dysfunction of nigral neurons in various genetic and sporadic forms of PD. We also briefly summarize the development of targeted therapies for GBA1-associated synucleinopathies and highlight that modulation of wild-type GCase activity serves as an important target for the treatment of genetic and idiopathic forms of PD and dementia with Lewy bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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18
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Correlation of hTERT Expression with Cervical Cytological Abnormalities and Human Papillomavirus Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 38:143-151. [PMID: 29668478 DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) is the main catalytic sub-unit of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Telomerase expression is regulated at many levels, with numerous studies suggesting that up-regulation of human TERT gene (hTERT) at transcriptional level results in immortal cell phenotype associated with cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between hTERT expression and different cervical precursor lesions, as well as with cervical cancer in patients with confirmed Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The study included molecular analyzes on cervical samples from 214 women and matched Papanicolaou (Pap) test results. HPV detection and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using TaqMan probes and were calculated relative to the reference gene. Results showed significantly increased hTERT mRNA expression levels in high-grade and low-grade lesions compared to normal control samples (p<0.01) associated with 6.31 fold higher risk for developing ASC-US and 9.20 for LSIL. Strong correlation between HPV infection and hTERT expression in the high-grade lesions and cervical cancer was also observed. hTERT relative expression values showed 98% specificity and 100 % sensitivity as indicator of cervical lesions particularly for the ACS-H, HSIL and cervical cancer. In conclusion, hTERT expression correlate with the cytological grade of the cervical lesions and HPV infection and has a potential to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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19
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Engineering a humanized telomerase reverse transcriptase gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9683. [PMID: 31273310 PMCID: PMC6609615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is expressed in adult mouse, but not in most human, tissues and mouse telomeres are much longer than those in humans. This interspecies difference of telomere homeostasis poses a challenge in modeling human diseases using laboratory mice. Using chromatinized bacterial artificial chromosome reporters, we discovered that the 5′ intergenic region, introns 2 and 6 of human telomerase gene (hTERT) were critical for regulating its promoter in somatic cells. Accordingly, we engineered a humanized gene, hmTert, by knocking-in a 47-kilobase hybrid fragment containing these human non-coding sequences into the mTert locus in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The hmTert gene, encoding the wildtype mTert protein, was fully functional, as a mESC line with homozygous hmTert alleles proliferated for over 400 population doublings without exhibiting chromosomal abnormalities. Like human ESCs, the engineered mESCs contained high telomerase activity, which was repressed upon their differentiation into fibroblast-like cells in a histone deacetylase-dependent manner. Fibroblast-like cells differentiated from these mESCs contained little telomerase activity. Thus, telomerase in mESCs with the hmTert alleles was subjected to human-like regulation. Our study revealed a novel approach to engineer a humanized telomerase gene in mice, achieving a milestone in creating a mouse model with humanized telomere homeostasis.
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20
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Abstract
Telomeres are specialised structures at the end of linear chromosomes. They consist of tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG, as well as a protein complex called shelterin. Together, they form a protective loop structure against chromosome fusion and degradation. Shortening or damage to telomeres and opening of the loop induce an uncapped state that triggers a DNA damage response resulting in senescence or apoptosis.Average telomere length, usually measured in human blood lymphocytes, was thought to be a biomarker for ageing, survival and mortality. However, it becomes obvious that regulation of telomere length is very complex and involves multiple processes. For example, the "end replication problem" during DNA replication as well as oxidative stress are responsible for the shortening of telomeres. In contrast, telomerase activity can potentially counteract telomere shortening when it is able to access and interact with telomeres. However, while highly active during development and in cancer cells, the enzyme is down-regulated in most human somatic cells with a few exceptions such as human lymphocytes. In addition, telomeres can be transcribed, and the transcription products called TERRA are involved in telomere length regulation.Thus, telomere length and their integrity are regulated at many different levels, and we only start to understand this process under conditions of increased oxidative stress, inflammation and during diseases as well as the ageing process.This chapter aims to describe our current state of knowledge on telomeres and telomerase and their regulation in order to better understand their role for the ageing process.
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21
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Physical Activity and Nutrition: Two Promising Strategies for Telomere Maintenance? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121942. [PMID: 30544511 PMCID: PMC6316700 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world demographic structure is getting older, highlighting strategies to counteract age-related diseases is a major public health concern. Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that serve as guardians of genome stability by ensuring protection against both cell death and senescence. A hallmark of biological aging, telomere health is determined throughout the lifespan by a combination of both genetic and non-genetic influences. This review summarizes data from recently published studies looking at the effect of lifestyle variables such as nutrition and physical activity on telomere dynamics.
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22
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Chen B, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen S, Xu A, Wu L, Xu S. Involvement of telomerase activity inhibition and telomere dysfunction in silver nanoparticles anticancer effects. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2067-2082. [PMID: 30203702 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the possible mechanisms of telomerase and telomere underlying the anticancer effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). MATERIALS & METHODS 25nm polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs were used. The telomerase activity and telomere function were evaluated. The anticancer effects of AgNPs were gauged with cell viability assay under different statement of telomerase and telomere. RESULTS & CONCLUSION AgNPs could inhibit telomerase activity and lead to telomere shortening and dysfunction. Overexpression of telomerase attenuated the anticancer activity of AgNPs, whereas downregulation of telomerase activity or dysfunction of the telomere enhanced the cytotoxicity of AgNPs in HeLa cells. Our findings provided strong evidence that the anticancer effects of AgNPs were mediated via interference with the telomerase/telomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Yaning Yang
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - An Xu
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.,Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Institute of Physical & Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field & Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology & Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
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23
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Elias A, Gritsenko N, Gorovits R, Spector I, Prag G, Yagil E, Kolot M. Anti-cancer binary system activated by bacteriophage HK022 integrase. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27487-27501. [PMID: 29938000 PMCID: PMC6007955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The binary system presented in this work is based on the bacteriophage HK022 integrase recombinase that activates the expression of a silenced Diphtheria toxin gene, both controlled by the cancer specific hTERT promoter. Using a lung cancer mice model, assays of different apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors have demonstrated that the Integrase based binary system is highly specific towards cancer cells and more efficient compared to the conventional mono system whose toxin is directly expressed under hTERT. In a mice survival test, this binary system demonstrated longer persistence compared to the untreated and the mono treated ones. The reason underlying the advantage of this binary system over the mono system seems to be an overexpression of various hTERT suppressing factors induced by the mono system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Elias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Natasha Gritsenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Itay Spector
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ezra Yagil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mikhail Kolot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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24
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Su Y, Chen C, Guo L, Du J, Li X, Liu Y. Ecological Balance of Oral Microbiota Is Required to Maintain Oral Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Stem Cells 2018; 36:551-561. [PMID: 29266799 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral microbiome is essential for maintenance of oral cavity health. Imbalanced oral microbiome causes periodontal and other diseases. It is unknown whether oral microbiome affect oral stem cells function. This study used a common clinical antibiotic treatment approach to alter oral microbiome ecology and examine whether oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are affected. We found that altered oral microbiome resulted gingival MSCs deficiency, leading to a delayed wound healing in male mice. Mechanistically, oral microbiome release lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that stimulates the expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and then impair the normal function of gingival MSCs and wound healing process through miR-21/Sp1/telomerase reverse transcriptase pathway. This is the first study indicate that interplay between oral microbiome and MSCs homeostasis in male mice. Stem Cells 2018;36:551-561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Su
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Regulation of human and mouse telomerase genes by genomic contexts and transcription factors during embryonic stem cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16444. [PMID: 29180668 PMCID: PMC5703907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) genes contribute to distinct aging and tumorigenic processes in humans and mice. To study TERT regulation, we generated mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines containing single-copy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporters, covering hTERT and mTERT genes and their neighboring loci, via recombinase-mediated BAC targeting. ESC lines with chimeric BACs, in which two TERT promoters were swapped, were also generated. Using these chromatinized BACs, we showed that hTERT silencing during differentiation to embryoid bodies (EBs) and to fibroblast-like cells was driven by the human-specific genomic context and accompanied by increases of repressive epigenetic marks, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, near its promoter. Conversely, the mouse genomic context did not repress TERT transcription until late during differentiation. The hTERT promoter was more active than its mouse counterpart when compared in the same genomic contexts. Mutations of E-box and E2F consensus sites at the promoter had little effect on hTERT transcription in ESCs. However, the mutant promoters were rapidly silenced upon EB differentiation, indicating that transcription factors (TFs) bound to these sites were critical in maintaining hTERT transcription during differentiation. Together, our study revealed a dynamic hTERT regulation by chromatin environment and promoter-bound TFs during ESC differentiation.
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26
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Differential decrease in soluble and DNA-bound telomerase in senescent human fibroblasts. Biogerontology 2017; 18:525-533. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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The Telomere/Telomerase System in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cause or Effect? Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090060. [PMID: 27598205 PMCID: PMC5042391 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures located at the end of linear chromosomes and telomerase is the enzyme responsible for telomere elongation. Telomerase activity is a key component of many cancer cells responsible for rapid cell division but it has also been found by many laboratories around the world that telomere/telomerase biology is dysfunctional in many other chronic conditions as well. These conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation, a situation mostly overlooked by physicians regarding patient treatment. Among others, these conditions include diabetes, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc. Since researchers have in many cases identified the association between telomerase and inflammation but there are still many missing links regarding this correlation, the latest findings about this phenomenon will be discussed by reviewing the literature. Our focus will be describing telomere/telomerase status in chronic diseases under the prism of inflammation, reporting molecular findings where available and proposing possible future approaches.
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