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Xu L, Ren Y, Wu J, Cui T, Dong R, Huang C, Feng Z, Zhang T, Yang P, Yuan J, Xu X, Liu J, Wang J, Chen W, Mi D, Irwin DM, Yan Y, Xu L, Yu X, Li G. Evolution and expression patterns of the neo-sex chromosomes of the crested ibis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1670. [PMID: 38395916 PMCID: PMC10891136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bird sex chromosomes play a unique role in sex-determination, and affect the sexual morphology and behavior of bird species. Core waterbirds, a major clade of birds, share the common characteristics of being sexually monomorphic and having lower levels of inter-sexual conflict, yet their sex chromosome evolution remains poorly understood. Here, by we analyse of a chromosome-level assembly of a female crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), a typical core waterbird. We identify neo-sex chromosomes resulting from fusion of microchromosomes with ancient sex chromosomes. These fusion events likely occurred following the divergence of Threskiornithidae and Ardeidae. The neo-W chromosome of the crested ibis exhibits the characteristics of slow degradation, which is reflected in its retention of abundant gametologous genes. Neo-W chromosome genes display an apparent ovary-biased gene expression, which is largely driven by genes that are retained on the crested ibis W chromosome but lost in other bird species. These results provide new insights into the evolutionary history and expression patterns for the sex chromosomes of bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yandong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Dong
- Research Center for Qinling Giant Panda, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianmin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaqing Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Mi
- Xi'an Haorui Genomics Technology Co., LTD, Xi'an, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yaping Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Luohao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
- Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Sigeman H, Strandh M, Proux-Wéra E, Kutschera VE, Ponnikas S, Zhang H, Lundberg M, Soler L, Bunikis I, Tarka M, Hasselquist D, Nystedt B, Westerdahl H, Hansson B. Avian Neo-Sex Chromosomes Reveal Dynamics of Recombination Suppression and W Degeneration. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:5275-5291. [PMID: 34542640 PMCID: PMC8662655 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
How the avian sex chromosomes first evolved from autosomes remains elusive as 100 million years (My) of divergence and degeneration obscure their evolutionary history. The Sylvioidea group of songbirds is interesting for understanding avian sex chromosome evolution because a chromosome fusion event ∼24 Ma formed "neo-sex chromosomes" consisting of an added (new) and an ancestral (old) part. Here, we report the complete female genome (ZW) of one Sylvioidea species, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). Our long-read assembly shows that the added region has been translocated to both Z and W, and whereas the added-Z has retained its gene order the added-W part has been heavily rearranged. Phylogenetic analyses show that recombination between the homologous added-Z and -W regions continued after the fusion event, and that recombination suppression across this region took several million years to be completed. Moreover, recombination suppression was initiated across multiple positions over the added-Z, which is not consistent with a simple linear progression starting from the fusion point. As expected following recombination suppression, the added-W show signs of degeneration including repeat accumulation and gene loss. Finally, we present evidence for nonrandom maintenance of slowly evolving and dosage-sensitive genes on both ancestral- and added-W, a process causing correlated evolution among orthologous genes across broad taxonomic groups, regardless of sex linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sigeman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Strandh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Estelle Proux-Wéra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Verena E Kutschera
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Suvi Ponnikas
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Max Lundberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lucile Soler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala Genome Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maja Tarka
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Nystedt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Jiang H, Lin JQ, Sun L, Xu YC, Fang SG. Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Evolution in the Cerebrum and Syrinx of Chinese Hwamei ( Garrulax canorus). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040569. [PMID: 33919806 PMCID: PMC8070764 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common that males and females display sexual dimorphisms, which usually result from sex-biased gene expression. Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus) is a good model for studying sex-biased gene expression because the song between the sexes is quite different. In this study, we analyze cerebrum and syrinx sex-biased gene expression and evolution using the de novo assembled Chinese hwamei transcriptome. In both the cerebrum and syrinx, our study revealed that most female-biased genes were actively expressed in females only, while most male-biased genes were actively expressed in both sexes. In addition, both male- and female-biased genes were enriched on the putative Z chromosome, suggesting the existence of sexually antagonistic genes and the insufficient dosage compensation of the Z-linked genes. We also identified a 9 Mb sex linkage region on the putative 4A chromosome which enriched more than 20% of female-biased genes. Resultantly, male-biased genes in both tissues had significantly higher Ka/Ks and effective number of codons (ENCs) than unbiased genes, and this suggested that male-biased genes which exhibit accelerated divergence may have resulted from positive selection. Taken together, our results initially revealed the reasons for the differences in singing behavior between males and females of Chinese hwamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Jian-Qing Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Yan-Chun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, State Conservation Centre for Gene Resources of Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.J.); (J.-Q.L.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88206472
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4
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Feron R, Pan Q, Wen M, Imarazene B, Jouanno E, Anderson J, Herpin A, Journot L, Parrinello H, Klopp C, Kottler VA, Roco AS, Du K, Kneitz S, Adolfi M, Wilson CA, McCluskey B, Amores A, Desvignes T, Goetz FW, Takanashi A, Kawaguchi M, Detrich HW, Oliveira MA, Nóbrega RH, Sakamoto T, Nakamoto M, Wargelius A, Karlsen Ø, Wang Z, Stöck M, Waterhouse RM, Braasch I, Postlethwait JH, Schartl M, Guiguen Y. RADSex: A computational workflow to study sex determination using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1715-1731. [PMID: 33590960 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of sex determination and sex chromosome organization in nonmodel species has long been technically challenging, but new sequencing methodologies now enable precise and high-throughput identification of sex-specific genomic sequences. In particular, restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) is being extensively applied to explore sex determination systems in many plant and animal species. However, software specifically designed to search for and visualize sex-biased markers using RAD-Seq data is lacking. Here, we present RADSex, a computational analysis workflow designed to study the genetic basis of sex determination using RAD-Seq data. RADSex is simple to use, requires few computational resources, makes no prior assumptions about the type of sex-determination system or structure of the sex locus, and offers convenient visualization through a dedicated R package. To demonstrate the functionality of RADSex, we re-analysed a published data set of Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, where we uncovered a previously unknown Y chromosome polymorphism. We then used RADSex to analyse new RAD-Seq data sets from 15 fish species spanning multiple taxonomic orders. We identified the sex determination system and sex-specific markers in six of these species, five of which had no known sex-markers prior to this study. We show that RADSex greatly facilitates the study of sex determination systems in nonmodel species thanks to its speed of analyses, low resource usage, ease of application and visualization options. Furthermore, our analysis of new data sets from 15 species provides new insights on sex determination in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Feron
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qiaowei Pan
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ming Wen
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Jennifer Anderson
- INRAE, LPGP, Rennes, France.,Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Laurent Journot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, IGF, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- SIGENAE, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRAE, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Verena A Kottler
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro S Roco
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.,Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mateus Adolfi
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Angel Amores
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Frederick W Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ato Takanashi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Kawaguchi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harry William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - Marcos A Oliveira
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamoto
- Department of Aquatic Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Zhongwei Wang
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.,Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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5
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Sigeman H, Ponnikas S, Hansson B. Whole-genome analysis across 10 songbird families within Sylvioidea reveals a novel autosome-sex chromosome fusion. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200082. [PMID: 32315592 PMCID: PMC7211462 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in birds have long been considered to be extremely stable. However, this notion has lately been challenged by findings of independent autosome-sex chromosome fusions within songbirds, several of which occur within a single clade, the superfamily Sylvioidea. To understand what ecological and evolutionary processes drive changes in sex chromosome systems, we need complete descriptions of sex chromosome diversity across taxonomic groups. Here, we characterize the sex chromosome systems across Sylvioidea using whole-genome data of species representatives of 10 different families, including two published and eight new genomes. We describe a novel fusion in the family Cisticolidae (represented by Cisticola juncidis) involving a part of chromosome 4. We also confirm the previously identified fusion between chromosome Z and a part of chromosome 4A in all 10 families and show that fusions involving parts of chromosomes 3 and 5 are not found outside the families where they were first discovered (Alaudidae and Panuridae). These findings add to the complexity of the sex chromosome system in Sylvioidea, where four independent autosome-sex chromosome fusions have now been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sigeman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Sigeman H, Ponnikas S, Chauhan P, Dierickx E, Brooke MDL, Hansson B. Repeated sex chromosome evolution in vertebrates supported by expanded avian sex chromosomes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192051. [PMID: 31771477 PMCID: PMC6939255 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes have evolved from the same autosomes multiple times across vertebrates, suggesting that selection for recombination suppression has acted repeatedly and independently on certain genetic backgrounds. Here, we perform comparative genomics of a bird clade (larks and their sister lineage; Alaudidae and Panuridae) where multiple autosome-sex chromosome fusions appear to have formed expanded sex chromosomes. We detected the largest known avian sex chromosome (195.3 Mbp) and show that it originates from fusions between parts of four avian chromosomes: Z, 3, 4A and 5. Within these four chromosomes, we found evidence of five evolutionary strata where recombination had been suppressed at different time points, and show that stratum age explained the divergence rate of Z-W gametologs. Next, we analysed chromosome content and found that chromosome 3 was significantly enriched for genes with predicted sex-related functions. Finally, we demonstrate extensive homology to sex chromosomes in other vertebrate lineages: chromosomes Z, 3, 4A and 5 have independently evolved into sex chromosomes in fish (Z), turtles (Z, 5), lizards (Z, 4A), mammals (Z, 4A) and frogs (Z, 3, 4A, 5). Our results provide insights into and support for repeated evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sigeman
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suvi Ponnikas
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pallavi Chauhan
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisa Dierickx
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB23EJ, UK
| | - M. de L. Brooke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB23EJ, UK
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Gan HM, Falk S, Morales HE, Austin CM, Sunnucks P, Pavlova A. Genomic evidence of neo-sex chromosomes in the eastern yellow robin. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz111. [PMID: 31494668 PMCID: PMC6736294 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding sex-biased natural selection can be enhanced by access to well-annotated chromosomes including ones inherited in sex-specific fashion. The eastern yellow robin (EYR) is an endemic Australian songbird inferred to have experienced climate-driven sex-biased selection and is a prominent model for studying mitochondrial-nuclear interactions in the wild. However, the lack of an EYR reference genome containing both sex chromosomes (in birds, a female bearing Z and W chromosomes) limits efforts to understand the mechanisms of these processes. Here, we assemble the genome for a female EYR and use low-depth (10×) genome resequencing data from 19 individuals of known sex to identify chromosome fragments with sex-specific inheritance. FINDINGS MaSuRCA hybrid assembly using Nanopore and Illumina reads generated a 1.22-Gb EYR genome in 20,702 scaffolds (94.2% BUSCO completeness). Scaffolds were tested for W-linked (female-only) inheritance using a k-mer approach, and for Z-linked inheritance using median read-depth test in male and female reads (read-depths must indicate haploid female and diploid male representation). This resulted in 2,372 W-linked scaffolds (total length: 97,872,282 bp, N50: 81,931 bp) and 586 Z-linked scaffolds (total length: 121,817,358 bp, N50: 551,641 bp). Anchoring of the sex-linked EYR scaffolds to the reference genome of a female zebra finch revealed 2 categories of sex-linked genomic regions. First, 653 W-linked scaffolds (25.7 Mb) were anchored to the W sex chromosome and 215 Z-linked scaffolds (74.4 Mb) to the Z. Second, 1,138 W-linked scaffolds (70.9 Mb) and 179 Z-linked scaffolds (51.0 Mb) were anchored to a large section (coordinates ∼5 to ∼60 Mb) of zebra finch chromosome 1A. The first ∼5 Mb and last ∼14 Mb of the reference chromosome 1A had only autosomally behaving EYR scaffolds mapping to them. CONCLUSIONS We report a female (W chromosome-containing) EYR genome and provide genomic evidence for a neo-sex (neo-W and neo-Z) chromosome system in the EYR, involving most of a large chromosome (1A) previously only reported to be autosomal in passerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ming Gan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Deakin Genomics Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephanie Falk
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hernán E Morales
- Centre for Marine Evolutionary Biology, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Austin
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Deakin Genomics Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul Sunnucks
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alexandra Pavlova
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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