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Wong HY, Zhong H, Zhong M, Zhou X, Chan PY, Kwok TC, Mok K, Hardy J, Ip FC, Fu AK, Ip NY. Demographics and Medication Use of Patients with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Hong Kong. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1205-1213. [PMID: 35466936 PMCID: PMC9198724 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. However, epidemiological studies on the demographics of AD in Hong Kong population are lacking. OBJECTIVE We investigated the demographics, comorbidities, mortality rates, and medication use of patients with AD in Hong Kong to understand how the disease has been managed locally. METHODS This was a collaborative study of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and the Hospital Authority Data Collaboration Lab. We analyzed the demographic data, clinical records, diagnoses, and medication records of patients with AD under the care of the Hospital Authority between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2017. RESULTS We identified 23,467 patients diagnosed with AD. The median age at diagnosis was 84 years old, and 71% of patients were female. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (52.6%). 39.9% of patients received medications for dementia; of those, 68.4% had taken those medications for > 1 year. Compared to nonusers, long-term AD medication users had a significantly younger age of AD onset and were taking more lipid-regulating medication, diabetes medication, or antidepressants. Surprisingly, the use of antipsychotics in patients with AD was quite common; 50.7% of patients had received any type of antipsychotic during disease progression. CONCLUSION This study provides detailed information on the demographics and medication use of patients with AD in Hong Kong. The data from this AD cohort will aid our future research aiming to identify potential AD risk factors and associations between AD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yi Wong
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingqian Zhong
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaopu Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Phillip Y.C. Chan
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy C.Y. Kwok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin Mok
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Fanny C.F. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Amy K.Y. Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Correspondence to: Nancy Y. Ip, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China. Tel.: +852 2358 6161; E-mail:
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Ren J, Wei D, An H, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Shenqi Yizhi granules protect hippocampus of AD transgenic mice by modulating on multiple pathological processes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 263:112869. [PMID: 32315734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) draws more attention to explore effective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). CHM usually uses combinations of herbs or herbal ingredients to treat diseases, with the components targeting different disease processes. CHM might improve cognition in AD and MCI patients by optimizing network activity, promoting neural plasticity and repairing damaged neurons. Shenqi Yizhi granules (SQYG), a CHM prescription, are mainly consists of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey, Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and have been used to ameliorate cognitive impairment in mild-to-moderate dementia patients. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the neuroprotection effect and pharmacological mechanism of SQYG in the hippocampus of 5XFAD transgenic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The immunofluorescence detection, 2DE-gels, mass spectrum identification, biological information analysis and Western blot were performed after SQYG treatment. RESULTS SQYG treatment significantly decreased the fluorescence intensities of anti-GFAP and anti-Iba1 in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. The expression levels of 31 proteins in the hippocampus were significantly influenced by SQYG, approximately 65% of these proteins are related to energy metabolism, stress response and cytoskeleton, whereas others are related to synaptic transmission, signal transduction, antioxidation, amino acid metabolism, and DNA repair. The expression of these proteins were increased. The changes in the expression levels of malate dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic) and pyruvate kinase M were confirmed by Western blot. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacological mechanism of SQYG on the hippocampus may be related to modulation of multiple pathological processes, including energy metabolism, stress response, cytoskeleton, synaptic transmission, signal transduction, and amino acid metabolism in 5XFAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Haiting An
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Espinoza LC, Silva-Abreu M, Clares B, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Halbaut L, Cañas MA, Calpena AC. Formulation Strategies to Improve Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Donepezil. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E64. [PMID: 30717264 PMCID: PMC6410084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil (DPZ) is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in tablet form for oral administration. The pharmacological efficacy of this drug can be enhanced by the use of intranasal administration because this route makes bypassing the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB) possible. The aim of this study was to develop a nanoemulsion (NE) as well as a nanoemulsion with a combination of bioadhesion and penetration enhancing properties (PNE) in order to facilitate the transport of DPZ from nose-to-brain. Composition of NE was established using three pseudo-ternary diagrams and PNE was developed by incorporating Pluronic F-127 to the aqueous phase. Parameters such as physical properties, stability, in vitro release profile, and ex vivo permeation were determined for both formulations. The tolerability was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo models. DPZ-NE and DPZ-PNE were transparent, monophasic, homogeneous, and physically stable with droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape. DPZ-NE showed Newtonian behavior whereas a shear thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior was observed for DPZ-PNE. The release profile of both formulations followed a hyperbolic kinetic. The permeation and prediction parameters were significantly higher for DPZ-PNE, suggesting the use of polymers to be an effective strategy to improve the bioadhesion and penetration of the drug through nasal mucosa, which consequently increase its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe Carolina Espinoza
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador.
| | - Marcelle Silva-Abreu
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - María José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María-Alexandra Cañas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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May BH, Feng M, Hyde AJ, Hügel H, Chang SY, Dong L, Guo X, Zhang AL, Lu C, Xue CC. Comparisons between traditional medicines and pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive outcomes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:449-458. [PMID: 29239495 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical evidence for traditional medicines (TMs) used in East Asia on measures of cognition in Alzheimer disease, determine the effect sizes at different time points for the TMs and pharmacotherapies, and assess the tolerability of the TMs. METHODS We searched 12 databases in English, Chinese, and Japanese for eligible randomised controlled trials that compared orally administered TMs with pharmacotherapy and reported cognitive outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate treatment effects. RESULTS Thirty randomised controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine compared TMs with donepezil. Single studies provided comparisons with galantamine, rivastigmine, or memantine. There were no significant differences between the TM and donepezil groups at 12 or 24 weeks for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale or MMSE. Improvements over baseline were significant for MMSE at 12 and 24 weeks within the TM and donepezil groups and remained significant at 1 year. Effect sizes were reduced in the 3 double-blind studies. At 24 weeks, donepezil 10 mg/d generally produced greater improvements in MMSE than 5 mg/d. Tolerability reporting was incomplete and inconsistent between studies. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the clinical benefits of the TMs were not less than donepezil at comparable time points, with both groups showing improvements. However, lack of blinding in most studies and other design and measurement issues are likely to have resulted in overestimation of effect sizes in both groups. Further well-designed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H May
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mei Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anna J Hyde
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Hügel
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Su-Yueh Chang
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin Dong
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Xinfeng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anthony L Zhang
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charlie C Xue
- The China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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