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Marya A, Inglam S, Chantarapanich N, Wanchat S, Rithvitou H, Naronglerdrit P. Development and validation of predictive models for skeletal malocclusion classification using airway and cephalometric landmarks. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1064. [PMID: 39261793 PMCID: PMC11391799 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a deep learning model to predict skeletal malocclusions with an acceptable level of accuracy using airway and cephalometric landmark values obtained from analyzing different CBCT images. BACKGROUND In orthodontics, multitudinous studies have reported the correlation between orthodontic treatment and changes in the anatomy as well as the functioning of the airway. Typically, the values obtained from various measurements of cephalometric landmarks are used to determine skeletal class based on the interpretation an orthodontist experiences, which sometimes may not be accurate. METHODS Samples of skeletal anatomical data were retrospectively obtained and recorded in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) file format. The DICOM files were used to reconstruct 3D models using 3DSlicer (slicer.org) by thresholding airway regions to build up 3D polygon models of airway regions for each sample. The 3D models were measured for different landmarks that included measurements across the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the hypopharynx. Male and female subjects were combined as one data set to develop supervised learning models. These measurements were utilized to build 7 artificial intelligence-based supervised learning models. RESULTS The supervised learning model with the best accuracy was Random Forest, with a value of 0.74. All the other models were lower in terms of their accuracy. The recall scores for Class I, II, and III malocclusions were 0.71, 0.69, and 0.77, respectively, which represented the total number of actual positive cases predicted correctly, making the sensitivity of the model high. CONCLUSION In this study, it is observed that the Random Forest model was the most accurate model for predicting the skeletal malocclusion based on various airway and cephalometric landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Marya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Samroeng Inglam
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Chantarapanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand
| | - Sujin Wanchat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand
| | - Horn Rithvitou
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Phen, 12211, Cambodia
| | - Prasitthichai Naronglerdrit
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand.
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Polizzi A, Leonardi R. Automatic cephalometric landmark identification with artificial intelligence: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. J Dent 2024; 146:105056. [PMID: 38729291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The transition from manual to automatic cephalometric landmark identification has not yet reached a consensus for clinical application in orthodontic diagnosis. The present umbrella review aimed to assess artificial intelligence (AI) performance in automatic 2D and 3D cephalometric landmark identification. DATA A combination of free text words and MeSH keywords pooled by boolean operators: Automa* AND cephalo* AND ("artificial intelligence" OR "machine learning" OR "deep learning" OR "learning"). SOURCES A search strategy without a timeframe setting was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and LILACS. STUDY SELECTION The study protocol followed the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO question was formulated according to the aim of the article. The database search led to the selection of 15 articles that were assessed for eligibility in full-text. Finally, 11 systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed according to the risk of bias in systematic reviews (ROBIS) tool. CONCLUSIONS AI was not able to identify the various cephalometric landmarks with the same accuracy. Since most of the included studies' conclusions were based on a wrong 2 mm cut-off difference between the AI automatic landmark location and that allocated by human operators, future research should focus on refining the most powerful architectures to improve the clinical relevance of AI-driven automatic cephalometric analysis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite a progressively improved performance, AI has exceeded the recommended magnitude of error for most cephalometric landmarks. Moreover, AI automatic landmarking on 3D CBCT appeared to be less accurate compared to that on 2D X-rays. To date, AI-driven cephalometric landmarking still requires the final supervision of an experienced orthodontist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario "Gaspare Rodolico - San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Section of Orthodontics, University of Catania, Policlinico Universitario "Gaspare Rodolico - San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Kazimierczak W, Gawin G, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Nowicki P, Kazimierczak N, Serafin Z, Orhan K. Comparison of Three Commercially Available, AI-Driven Cephalometric Analysis Tools in Orthodontics. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3733. [PMID: 38999299 PMCID: PMC11242750 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cephalometric analysis (CA) is an indispensable diagnostic tool in orthodontics for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Manual CA is time-consuming and prone to variability. Methods: This study aims to compare the accuracy and repeatability of CA results among three commercial AI-driven programs: CephX, WebCeph, and AudaxCeph. This study involved a retrospective analysis of lateral cephalograms from a single orthodontic center. Automated CA was performed using the AI programs, focusing on common parameters defined by Downs, Ricketts, and Steiner. Repeatability was tested through 50 randomly reanalyzed cases by each software. Statistical analyses included intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3) for agreement and the Friedman test for concordance. Results: One hundred twenty-four cephalograms were analyzed. High agreement between the AI systems was noted for most parameters (ICC3 > 0.9). Notable differences were found in the measurements of angle convexity and the occlusal plane, where discrepancies suggested different methodologies among the programs. Some analyses presented high variability in the results, indicating errors. Repeatability analysis revealed perfect agreement within each program. Conclusions: AI-driven cephalometric analysis tools demonstrate a high potential for reliable and efficient orthodontic assessments, with substantial agreement in repeated analyses. Despite this, the observed discrepancies and high variability in part of analyses underscore the need for standardization across AI platforms and the critical evaluation of automated results by clinicians, particularly in parameters with significant treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kazimierczak
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gawin
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | | | - Paweł Nowicki
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of DentoMaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
- Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara University, Ankara 06500, Turkey
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Lee HT, Chiu PY, Yen CW, Chou ST, Tseng YC. Application of artificial intelligence in lateral cephalometric analysis. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1157-1164. [PMID: 38618076 PMCID: PMC11010784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ting Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chiu
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wen Yen
- Department of Mechanical and Electromechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Chou
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Tseng
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Kazimierczak N, Kazimierczak W, Serafin Z, Nowicki P, Nożewski J, Janiszewska-Olszowska J. AI in Orthodontics: Revolutionizing Diagnostics and Treatment Planning-A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:344. [PMID: 38256478 PMCID: PMC10816993 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has transformed various medical specialties, including orthodontics. AI has shown promising results in enhancing the accuracy of diagnoses, treatment planning, and predicting treatment outcomes. Its usage in orthodontic practices worldwide has increased with the availability of various AI applications and tools. This review explores the principles of AI, its applications in orthodontics, and its implementation in clinical practice. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on AI applications in dental diagnostics, cephalometric evaluation, skeletal age determination, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) evaluation, decision making, and patient telemonitoring. Due to study heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was possible. AI has demonstrated high efficacy in all these areas, but variations in performance and the need for manual supervision suggest caution in clinical settings. The complexity and unpredictability of AI algorithms call for cautious implementation and regular manual validation. Continuous AI learning, proper governance, and addressing privacy and ethical concerns are crucial for successful integration into orthodontic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kazimierczak
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Serafin
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jagiellońska 13-15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Nowicki
- Kazimierczak Private Medical Practice, Dworcowa 13/u6a, 85-009 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub Nożewski
- Department of Emeregncy Medicine, University Hospital No 2 in Bydgoszcz, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Jeon SM, Kim S, Lee KC. Deep Learning-based Assessment of Facial Asymmetry Using U-Net Deep Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:133-136. [PMID: 37973054 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN)-based computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) system to detect facial asymmetry on posteroanterior (PA) cephalograms and compare the results of the DCNN with those made by the orthodontist. MATERIALS AND METHODS PA cephalograms of 1020 patients with orthodontics were used to train the DCNN-based CAD systems for autoassessment of facial asymmetry, the degree of menton deviation, and the coordinates of its regarding landmarks. Twenty-five PA cephalograms were used to test the performance of the DCNN in analyzing facial asymmetry. The diagnostic performance of the DCNN-based CAD system was assessed using independent t -tests and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Comparison between the DCNN-based CAD system and conventional analysis confirmed no significant differences. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement for all the measurements. CONCLUSIONS The DCNN-based CAD system might offer a clinically acceptable diagnostic evaluation of facial asymmetry on PA cephalograms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seojeong Kim
- Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Clara Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Guo R, Tian Y, Li X, Li W, He D, Sun Y. Facial profile evaluation and prediction of skeletal class II patients during camouflage extraction treatment: a pilot study. Head Face Med 2023; 19:51. [PMID: 38044428 PMCID: PMC10694895 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-023-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evaluation of the facial profile of skeletal Class II patients with camouflage treatment is of great importance for patients and orthodontists. The aim of this study is to explore the key factors in evaluating the facial profile esthetics and to predict the posttreatment facial profile esthetics of skeletal Class II extraction patients. METHODS 124 skeletal Class II extraction patients were included. The pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms were analyzed by a trained expert orthodontist. The facial profile esthetics of pretreatment and posttreatment lateral photographs were evaluated by 10 expert orthodontists using the visual analog scale (VAS). The correlation between subjective facial profile esthetics and objective cephalometric measurements was assessed. Three machine-learning methods were used to predict posttreatment facial profile esthetics. RESULTS The distances from lower and upper lip to the E plane and U1-APo showed the stronger correlation with profile esthetics. The changes in lower lip to the E plane and U1-APo during extraction exhibited the stronger correlation with changes in VAS score (r = - 0.551 and r = - 0.469). The random forest prediction model had the lowest mean absolute error and root mean square error, demonstrating a better prediction accuracy and fitting effect. In this model, pretreatment upper lip to E plane, pretreatment Pog-NB and the change of U1-GAll were the most important variables in predicting the posttreatment score of facial profile esthetics. CONCLUSIONS The maxillary incisor protrusion and lower lip protrusion are key objective indicators for evaluating and predicting facial profile esthetics of skeletal Class II extraction patients. An artificial intelligence prediction model could be a new method for predicting the posttreatment esthetics of facial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Operational and Development Office, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Danqing He
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Yannan Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
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Lin Y, Ronde EM, Butt HA, van Etten-Jamaludin F, Breugem CC. Objective evaluation of nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears: A systematic review. JPRAS Open 2023; 38:14-24. [PMID: 37694192 PMCID: PMC10491642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpra.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prominent ear is a type of congenital ear deformity that can be corrected by a variety of nonsurgical treatments, such as splinting and the taping method. However, there is no objective evaluation method that is universally accepted. The aim of this review is to evaluate objective measurement methods that are used in the available literature to analyze nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears. Methods A systematic review was performed in the MEDLINE and Embase databases in December 2022 and updated on April 2023 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Any study using objective measurements (continuous variables such as distance and angle) to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears was included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal for case series was used for quality assessment. Results A total of 286 studies were screened for eligibility, of which five articles were eligible for inclusion. All of the included studies were case series. The helix mastoid distance (HMD) is the most commonly used parameter to measure treatment outcome. Pinna and cartilage stiffness, length, and width were also used, but without clear statistical relevance. HMD was classified into grading groups (i.e. good, moderate, and poor) to evaluate the treatment's effect. Conclusion Based on the included studies, objective measurements are rarely used, and when used, they are largely heterogeneous. Although HMD was the most frequent measurement used, all studies used different definitions for the measurement and grouped subsequent outcomes differently. Automated algorithms, based on three-dimensional imaging, could be used for object measurements in the nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Lin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa M. Ronde
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hashir A. Butt
- Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F.S. van Etten-Jamaludin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Research Support, Medical Library Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corstiaan C. Breugem
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rashmi S, Srinath S, Patil K, Murthy PS, Deshmukh S. Lateral Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Using Histogram Oriented Gradients Extracted from Region of Interest Patches. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:806-812. [PMID: 38105853 PMCID: PMC10719201 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-02025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Two-dimensional cephalometric image analysis plays a crucial role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. While deep learning-based algorithms have emerged to automate the laborious task of anatomical landmark annotation, their effectiveness is hampered by the challenges of acquiring and labelling clinical data. In this study, we propose a model that leverages conventional machine learning techniques to enhance the accuracy of landmark detection using limited dataset. Materials and methods Our methodology involves coarse localization through region of interest (ROI) extraction and fine localization utilizing histogram-oriented gradient (HOG) feature. The image patch containing landmark pixels is classified using the light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) algorithm. To evaluate our model's performance, we conducted rigorous tests on the ISBI Cephalometric dataset and Dental Cepha dataset, aiming to achieve accuracy within a 2 mm radial precision range. We also employed cross-validation to assess our approach, providing a robust evaluation. Results Our model's performance on the ISBI Cephalometric dataset showed an accuracy rate of 77.11% within the desired 2 mm radial precision range. The cross-validation results further confirmed the effectiveness of our approach, yielding a mean accuracy of 78.17%. Additionally, we applied our model to the Dental Cepha dataset, where we achieved a remarkable landmark detection accuracy of 84%. Conclusion The results demonstrate that traditional machine learning techniques can be effective for accurate landmark detection in cephalometric images, even with limited data. Our findings highlight the potential of these techniques for clinical applications, where large datasets of labelled images may not be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rashmi
- Deptartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, India
| | - S. Srinath
- Deptartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru, India
| | - Karthikeya Patil
- Deptartment of Oral Medicine and Radiology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Prashanth Sadashiva Murthy
- Deptartment of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Seema Deshmukh
- Deptartment of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
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Ahmed ZH, Almuharib AM, Abdulkarim AA, Alhassoon AH, Alanazi AF, Alhaqbani MA, Alshalawi MS, Almuqayrin AK, Almahmoud MI. Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Endodontics: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:912-917. [PMID: 38238281 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
AIM AND BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) since it was introduced into dentistry, has become an important and valuable tool in many fields. It was applied in different specialties with different uses, for example, in diagnosis of oral cancer, periodontal disease and dental caries, and in the treatment planning and predicting the outcome of orthognathic surgeries. The aim of this comprehensive review is to report on the application and performance of AI models designed for application in the field of endodontics. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched to collect the most relevant articles using terms, such as AI, endodontics, and dentistry. This review included 56 papers related to AI and its application in endodontics. RESULT The applications of AI were in detecting and diagnosing periapical lesions, assessing root fractures, working length determination, prediction for postoperative pain, studying root canal anatomy and decision-making in endodontics for retreatment. The accuracy of AI in performing these tasks can reach up to 90%. CONCLUSION Artificial intelligence has valuable applications in the field of modern endodontics with promising results. Larger and multicenter data sets can give external validity to the AI models. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the field of dentistry, AI models are specifically crafted to contribute to the diagnosis of oral diseases, ranging from common issues such as dental caries to more complex conditions like periodontal diseases and oral cancer. AI models can help in diagnosis, treatment planning, and in patient management in endodontics. Along with the modern tools like cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), AI can be a valuable aid to the clinician. How to cite this article: Ahmed ZH, Almuharib AM, Abdulkarim AA, et al. Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Endodontics: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023;24(11):912-917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Heera Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Phone: +966502318766, e-mail:
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Vodanović M, Subašić M, Milošević DP, Galić I, Brkić H. Artificial intelligence in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry. THE JOURNAL OF FORENSIC ODONTO-STOMATOLOGY 2023; 41:30-41. [PMID: 37634174 PMCID: PMC10473456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims to highlight the current possibilities for applying Artificial Intelligence in modern forensic medicine and forensic dentistry and present the advantages and disadvantages of its use. For this purpose, the relevant academic literature was searched using PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The application of Artificial Intelligence in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry is still in its early stages. However, the possibilities are great, and the future will show what is applicable in daily practice. Artificial Intelligence will improve the accuracy and efficiency of work in forensic medicine and forensic dentistry; it can automate some tasks; and enhance the quality of evidence. Disadvantages of the application of Artificial Intelligence may be related to discrimination, transparency, accountability, privacy, security, ethics and others. Artificial Intelligence systems should be used as a support tool, not as a replacement for forensic experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vodanović
- Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Subašić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D P Milošević
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Galić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - H Brkić
- Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Stafie CS, Sufaru IG, Ghiciuc CM, Stafie II, Sufaru EC, Solomon SM, Hancianu M. Exploring the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Clinical Healthcare: A Multidisciplinary Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1995. [PMID: 37370890 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a more and more important role in our everyday life due to the advantages that it brings when used, such as 24/7 availability, a very low percentage of errors, ability to provide real time insights, or performing a fast analysis. AI is increasingly being used in clinical medical and dental healthcare analyses, with valuable applications, which include disease diagnosis, risk assessment, treatment planning, and drug discovery. This paper presents a narrative literature review of AI use in healthcare from a multi-disciplinary perspective, specifically in the cardiology, allergology, endocrinology, and dental fields. The paper highlights data from recent research and development efforts in AI for healthcare, as well as challenges and limitations associated with AI implementation, such as data privacy and security considerations, along with ethical and legal concerns. The regulation of responsible design, development, and use of AI in healthcare is still in early stages due to the rapid evolution of the field. However, it is our duty to carefully consider the ethical implications of implementing AI and to respond appropriately. With the potential to reshape healthcare delivery and enhance patient outcomes, AI systems continue to reveal their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Silvia Stafie
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Georgeta Sufaru
- Department of Periodontology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II-Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ingrid-Ioana Stafie
- Endocrinology Residency Program, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, Independentei 1, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Sorina Mihaela Solomon
- Department of Periodontology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Pharmacognosy-Phytotherapy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Universitatii Street 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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13
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Zhao C, Yuan Z, Luo S, Wang W, Ren Z, Yao X, Wu T. Automatic recognition of cephalometric landmarks via multi-scale sampling strategy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17459. [PMID: 37416642 PMCID: PMC10320076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of head landmarks in cephalometric analysis significantly contributes in the anatomical localization of maxillofacial tissues for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery. However, the existing methods face the limitations of low accuracy and cumbersome identification process. In this pursuit, the present study proposed an automatic target recognition algorithm called Multi-Scale YOLOV3 (MS-YOLOV3) for the detection of cephalometric landmarks. It was characterized by multi-scale sampling strategies for shallow and deep features at varied resolutions, and especially contained the module of spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) for highest resolution. The proposed method was quantitatively and qualitatively compared with the classical YOLOV3 algorithm on the two data sets of public lateral cephalograms, undisclosed anterior-posterior (AP) cephalograms, respectively, for evaluating the performance. The proposed MS-YOLOV3 algorithm showed better robustness with successful detection rates (SDR) of 80.84% within 2 mm, 93.75% within 3 mm, and 98.14% within 4 mm for lateral cephalograms, and 85.75% within 2 mm, 92.87% within 3 mm, and 96.66% within 4 mm for AP cephalograms, respectively. It was concluded that the proposed model could be robustly used to label the cephalometric landmarks on both lateral and AP cephalograms for the clinical application in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyi Zhao
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zengbei Yuan
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shichang Luo
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- College of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xufeng Yao
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Medical Imaging, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
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14
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Nishimoto S, Saito T, Ishise H, Fujiwara T, Kawai K, Kakibuchi M. Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Landmark Detection in Series of CT Slices Using Multi-Phased Regression Networks. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111930. [PMID: 37296782 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometrical assessments of human skulls have been conducted based on anatomical landmarks. If developed, the automatic detection of these landmarks will yield both medical and anthropological benefits. In this study, an automated system with multi-phased deep learning networks was developed to predict the three-dimensional coordinate values of craniofacial landmarks. Computed tomography images of the craniofacial area were obtained from a publicly available database. They were digitally reconstructed into three-dimensional objects. Sixteen anatomical landmarks were plotted on each of the objects, and their coordinate values were recorded. Three-phased regression deep learning networks were trained using ninety training datasets. For the evaluation, 30 testing datasets were employed. The 3D error for the first phase, which tested 30 data, was 11.60 px on average (1 px = 500/512 mm). For the second phase, it was significantly improved to 4.66 px. For the third phase, it was further significantly reduced to 2.88. This was comparable to the gaps between the landmarks, as plotted by two experienced practitioners. Our proposed method of multi-phased prediction, which conducts coarse detection first and narrows down the detection area, may be a possible solution to prediction problems, taking into account the physical limitations of memory and computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Nishimoto
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Saito
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hisako Ishise
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kawai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masao Kakibuchi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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15
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Dhopte A, Bagde H. Smart Smile: Revolutionizing Dentistry With Artificial Intelligence. Cureus 2023; 15:e41227. [PMID: 37529520 PMCID: PMC10387377 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in various industries, and its potential in dentistry is gaining significant attention. This abstract explores the future prospects of AI in dentistry, highlighting its potential to revolutionize clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the overall efficiency of dental care. The application of AI in dentistry encompasses several key areas, including diagnosis, treatment planning, image analysis, patient management, and personalized care. AI algorithms have shown promising results in the automated detection and diagnosis of dental conditions, such as caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers, aiding clinicians in early intervention and improving treatment outcomes. Furthermore, AI-powered treatment planning systems leverage machine learning techniques to analyze vast amounts of patient data, considering factors like medical history, anatomical variations, and treatment success rates. These systems provide dentists with valuable insights and support in making evidence-based treatment decisions, ultimately leading to more predictable and tailored treatment approaches. While the potential of AI in dentistry is immense, it is essential to address certain challenges, including data privacy, algorithm bias, and regulatory considerations. Collaborative efforts between dental professionals, AI experts, and policymakers are crucial to developing robust frameworks that ensure the responsible and ethical implementation of AI in dentistry. Moreover, AI-driven robotics has introduced innovative approaches to dental surgery, enabling precise and minimally invasive procedures, and ultimately reducing patient discomfort and recovery time. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications further enhance dental education and training, allowing dental professionals to refine their skills in a realistic and immersive environment. AI holds tremendous promise in shaping the future of dentistry. Through its ability to analyze vast amounts of data, provide accurate diagnoses, facilitate treatment planning, improve image analysis, streamline patient management, and enable personalized care, AI has the potential to enhance dental practice and significantly improve patient outcomes. Embracing this technology and its future development will undoubtedly revolutionize the field of dentistry, fostering a more efficient, precise, and patient-centric approach to oral healthcare. Overall, AI represents a powerful tool that has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of society, from improving healthcare outcomes to optimizing business operations. Continued research, development, and responsible implementation of AI technologies will shape our future, unlocking new possibilities and transforming the way we live and work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Dhopte
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rama Dental College and Research Centre, Kanpur, IND
| | - Hiroj Bagde
- Department of Periodontology, Rama Dental College and Research Centre, Kanpur, IND
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16
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Venugopal A, Bunthouen N, Hasan HS, Agani K, Butera A, Vaid NR. Alveolar bone exostoses following orthodontic treatment. Diagnostic considerations and clinical management. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7000. [PMID: 36911629 PMCID: PMC9992487 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar bone exostoses (ABE) are benign localized convex outgrowths of buccal or lingual bone, which could be delineated from the surrounding cortical plate, also known as a buttress bone formation. Our review and case series demonstrate the development of alveolar bone exostoses during orthodontic therapy. It is crucial to keep in mind that every case presented had a history of palatal tori. In our clinical observations, higher precedence of ABE development was seen in participants during incisor retraction, especially with preexisting palatal tori. Additionally, we have successfully demonstrated surgical techniques to eliminate ABE in the event that self-remission does not occur once orthodontic forces are discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adith Venugopal
- Department of OrthodonticsUniversity of PuthisastraPhnom PenhCambodia
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesSaveetha UniversityChennaiIndia
| | | | - Hasan Sabah Hasan
- Orthodontic Department, Khanzad Teaching CenterGeneral Directorate of Hawler‐Ministry of HealthErbilIraq
| | | | - Andrea Butera
- Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Nikhilesh R. Vaid
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesSaveetha UniversityChennaiIndia
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17
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Ding H, Wu J, Zhao W, Matinlinna JP, Burrow MF, Tsoi JKH. Artificial intelligence in dentistry—A review. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1085251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. AI is not a new term, the concept of AI can be dated back to 1950. However, it has not become a practical tool until two decades ago. Owing to the rapid development of three cornerstones of current AI technology—big data (coming through digital devices), computational power, and AI algorithm—in the past two decades, AI applications have been started to provide convenience to people's lives. In dentistry, AI has been adopted in all dental disciplines, i.e., operative dentistry, periodontics, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and prosthodontics. The majority of the AI applications in dentistry go to the diagnosis based on radiographic or optical images, while other tasks are not as applicable as image-based tasks mainly due to the constraints of data availability, data uniformity, and computational power for handling 3D data. Evidence-based dentistry (EBD) is regarded as the gold standard for the decision-making of dental professionals, while AI machine learning (ML) models learn from human expertise. ML can be seen as another valuable tool to assist dental professionals in multiple stages of clinical cases. This review narrated the history and classification of AI, summarised AI applications in dentistry, discussed the relationship between EBD and ML, and aimed to help dental professionals to understand AI as a tool better to assist their routine work with improved efficiency.
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18
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Khanagar SB, Alfadley A, Alfouzan K, Awawdeh M, Alaqla A, Jamleh A. Developments and Performance of Artificial Intelligence Models Designed for Application in Endodontics: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:414. [PMID: 36766519 PMCID: PMC9913920 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements in health sciences have led to enormous developments in artificial intelligence (AI) models designed for application in health sectors. This article aimed at reporting on the application and performances of AI models that have been designed for application in endodontics. Renowned online databases, primarily PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane and secondarily Google Scholar and the Saudi Digital Library, were accessed for articles relevant to the research question that were published from 1 January 2000 to 30 November 2022. In the last 5 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of articles reporting on AI models applied for endodontics. AI models have been developed for determining working length, vertical root fractures, root canal failures, root morphology, and thrust force and torque in canal preparation; detecting pulpal diseases; detecting and diagnosing periapical lesions; predicting postoperative pain, curative effect after treatment, and case difficulty; and segmenting pulp cavities. Most of the included studies (n = 21) were developed using convolutional neural networks. Among the included studies. datasets that were used were mostly cone-beam computed tomography images, followed by periapical radiographs and panoramic radiographs. Thirty-seven original research articles that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were critically assessed in accordance with QUADAS-2 guidelines, which revealed a low risk of bias in the patient selection domain in most of the studies (risk of bias: 90%; applicability: 70%). The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. These models can be used as supplementary tools in clinical practice in order to expedite the clinical decision-making process and enhance the treatment modality and clinical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev B. Khanagar
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Alfadley
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alfouzan
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Awawdeh
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alaqla
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Jamleh
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
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