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Jackson DB, Racz R, Kim S, Brock S, Burkhart K. Rewiring Drug Research and Development through Human Data-Driven Discovery (HD 3). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1673. [PMID: 37376121 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an era of unparalleled technical advancement, the pharmaceutical industry is struggling to transform data into increased research and development efficiency, and, as a corollary, new drugs for patients. Here, we briefly review some of the commonly discussed issues around this counterintuitive innovation crisis. Looking at both industry- and science-related factors, we posit that traditional preclinical research is front-loading the development pipeline with data and drug candidates that are unlikely to succeed in patients. Applying a first principles analysis, we highlight the critical culprits and provide suggestions as to how these issues can be rectified through the pursuit of a Human Data-driven Discovery (HD3) paradigm. Consistent with other examples of disruptive innovation, we propose that new levels of success are not dependent on new inventions, but rather on the strategic integration of existing data and technology assets. In support of these suggestions, we highlight the power of HD3, through recently published proof-of-concept applications in the areas of drug safety analysis and prediction, drug repositioning, the rational design of combination therapies and the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that innovators must play a key role in expediting the path to a largely human-focused, systems-based approach to drug discovery and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Racz
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | | | - Keith Burkhart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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2
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Alshakka M, Hatem NAH, Badullah W, Alsakaf R, Rageh A, Yousef SA, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Detection of Short-Term Side Effects of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Study in a War-Torn Country. Pragmat Obs Res 2022; 13:85-91. [PMID: 36046709 PMCID: PMC9423103 DOI: 10.2147/por.s381836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The chAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is the first COVID-19 vaccine available in Yemen. Hence, this local-based study was used to identify the type and frequency of short-term side effects following 48 hours of the first shot of the vaccine. Methods A cross-section of vaccinated participants in Aden were surveyed by telephone. Descriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 500 participants were included through convenient sampling. 27% of them were health care providers. Nearly 70% of the respondent experienced side effects. The top three side effects reported were fever (n=276, 55.2%), myalgia (n=270, 54%) and fatigue (n=247, 49.4%). Generally, most participants stated that they experienced the side effects after the first 24 hours of vaccination. Conclusion Side effects that participants experienced were not different from the literature, indicating a safe profile for the vaccine. Further studies are needed to identify the side effects after the second and third dose of the vaccine. In addition, more studies are required to assess the efficacy of the existing vaccines against new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshakka
- Section of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
| | - Najmaddin A H Hatem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Hodeidah University, Alhodeidah, Yemen
| | - Wafa Badullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
| | - Rabab Alsakaf
- Department of Post-Marketing Surveillance, National Pharmacovigilance Center, Supreme Board of Drugs and Medical Appliances, Aden, Yemen
| | - Ali Rageh
- Section of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
| | - Seena Abdulla Yousef
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Aden University, Aden, Yemen
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3
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Soldatos TG, Kim S, Schmidt S, Lesko LJ, Jackson DB. Advancing drug safety science by integrating molecular knowledge with post-marketing adverse event reports. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:540-555. [PMID: 35143713 PMCID: PMC9124355 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising drug development efforts may frequently fail due to unintended adverse reactions. Several methods have been developed to analyze such data, aiming to improve pharmacovigilance and drug safety. In this work, we provide a brief review of key directions to quantitatively analyzing adverse events and explore the potential of augmenting these methods using additional molecular data descriptors. We argue that molecular expansion of adverse event data may provide a path to improving the insights gained through more traditional pharmacovigilance approaches. Examples include the ability to assess statistical relevance with respect to underlying biomolecular mechanisms, the ability to generate plausible causative hypotheses and/or confirmation where possible, the ability to computationally study potential clinical trial designs and/or results, as well as the further provision of advanced features incorporated in innovative methods, such as machine learning. In summary, molecular data expansion provides an elegant way to extend mechanistic modeling, systems pharmacology, and patient‐centered approaches for the assessment of drug safety. We anticipate that such advances in real‐world data informatics and outcome analytics will help to better inform public health, via the improved ability to prospectively understand and predict various types of drug‐induced molecular perturbations and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of PharmaceuticsCenter for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of PharmaceuticsCenter for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Lawrence J. Lesko
- Department of PharmaceuticsCenter for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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4
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Kim S, Lahu G, Vakilynejad M, Soldatos TG, Jackson DB, Lesko LJ, Trame MN. Application of a patient-centered reverse translational systems-based approach to understand mechanisms of an adverse drug reaction of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1430-1438. [PMID: 35191192 PMCID: PMC9199880 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy became a key pillar of cancer therapeutics with the approvals of ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab, which inhibit either cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) or programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) that are negative regulators of T‐cell activation. However, boosting T‐cell activation is often accompanied by autoimmunity, leading to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including high grade 3–4 colitis and its severe complications whose prevalence may reach 14% for combination checkpoint inhibitors. In this research, we investigated how mechanistic differences between anti‐CTLA‐4 (ipilimumab) and anti‐PD‐1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) affect colitis, a general class toxicity. The data analytical platform Molecular Health Effect was utilized to map population ADR data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System to chemical and biological databases for hypothesis generation regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms causing colitis. Disproportionality analysis was used to assess the statistical relevance between adverse events of interest and molecular causation. We verified that the anti‐CTLA‐4 drug is associated with an approximately three‐fold higher proportional reporting ratio associated with colitis than those of the anti‐PD‐1 drugs. The signal of the molecular mechanisms, including signaling pathways of inflammatory cytokines, was statistically insignificant to test the hypothesis that the severer rate of colitis associated with ipilimumab would be due to a greater magnitude of T‐cell activation as a result of earlier response of the anti‐CTLA‐4 drug in the immune response. This patient‐centered systems‐based approach provides an exploratory process to better understand drug pair adverse events at pathway and target levels through reverse translation from postmarket surveillance safety reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence J Lesko
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mirjam N Trame
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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5
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Kim S, Lahu G, Vakilynejad M, Soldatos TG, Jackson DB, Lesko LJ, Trame MN. A case study of a patient-centered reverse translational systems-based approach to understand adverse event profiles in drug development. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1003-1013. [PMID: 35014203 PMCID: PMC9010262 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of targeted therapy drugs (TTDs) are frequently unexpected and long‐term toxicities detract from exceptional efficacy of new TTDs. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we explored how molecular causation involved in trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity changes when trastuzumab was given in combination with doxorubicin, tamoxifen, paroxetine, or lapatinib. The data analytical platform Molecular Health Effect was utilized to map population ADR data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System to chemical and biological databases (such as UniProt and Reactome), for hypothesis generation regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms causing cardiotoxicity. Disproportionality analysis was used to assess the statistical relevance between adverse events of interest and molecular causation. Literature search was performed to compare the established hypotheses to published experimental findings. We found that the combination therapy of trastuzumab and doxorubicin may affect mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes through different molecular pathways such as BCL‐X and PGC‐1α proteins, leading to a synergistic effect of cardiotoxicity. We found, on the other hand, that trastuzumab‐induced cardiotoxicity would be diminished by concomitant use of tamoxifen, paroxetine, and/or lapatinib. Tamoxifen and paroxetine may cause less cardiotoxicity through an increase in antioxidant activities, such as glutathione conjugation. Lapatinib may decrease the apoptotic effects in cardiomyocytes by altering the effects of trastuzumab on BCL‐X proteins. This patient‐centered systems‐based approach provides, based on the trastuzumab‐induced ADR cardiotoxicity, an example of how to apply reverse translation to investigate ADRs at the molecular pathway and target level to understand the causality and prevalence during drug development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence J Lesko
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mirjam N Trame
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Shrestha S, Khatri J, Shakya S, Danekhu K, Khatiwada AP, Sah R, KC B, Paudyal V, Khanal S, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Adverse events related to COVID-19 vaccines: the need to strengthen pharmacovigilance monitoring systems. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2021; 37:376-382. [PMID: 34366660 PMCID: PMC8327058 DOI: 10.1007/s40267-021-00852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new species of β-coronavirus genus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in late 2019 and continues as at mid-2021, has caused enormous damage to health and lives globally. The urgent public health need has led to the development of vaccines against COVID-19 in record-breaking time. The COVID-19 vaccines have been widely rolled out for the masses by many countries following approval for emergency use by the World Health Organization and regulatory agencies in many countries. In addition, several COVID-19 vaccine candidates are undergoing clinical trials. However, myths, fears, rumors, and misconceptions persist, particularly in regard to adverse events. In this commentary, we describe the adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccines and discuss why it is essential to have a functional adverse event monitoring system in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Januka Khatri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre Nepal
| | - Sujyoti Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Department of Pharmacy, Nobel College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krisha Danekhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Asmita Priyadarshini Khatiwada
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bhuvan KC
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saval Khanal
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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7
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Schotland P, Racz R, Jackson DB, Soldatos TG, Levin R, Strauss DG, Burkhart K. Target Adverse Event Profiles for Predictive Safety in the Postmarket Setting. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 109:1232-1243. [PMID: 33090463 PMCID: PMC8246740 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We improved a previous pharmacological target adverse-event (TAE) profile model to predict adverse events (AEs) on US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug labels at the time of approval. The new model uses more drugs and features for learning as well as a new algorithm. Comparator drugs sharing similar target activities to a drug of interest were evaluated by aggregating AEs from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), FDA drug labels, and medical literature. An ensemble machine learning model was used to evaluate FAERS case count, disproportionality scores, percent of comparator drug labels with a specific AE, and percent of comparator drugs with the reports of the event in the literature. Overall classifier performance was F1 of 0.71, area under the precision-recall curve of 0.78, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. TAE analysis continues to show promise as a method to predict adverse events at the time of approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schotland
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
Office of Oncologic DiseasesOffice of New DrugsCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Rebecca Racz
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Robert Levin
- Office of Surveillance and EpidemiologyCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - David G. Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Keith Burkhart
- Division of Applied Regulatory ScienceOffice of Clinical PharmacologyCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMarylandUSA
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8
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Giangreco NP, Elias JE, Tatonetti NP. No population left behind: Improving paediatric drug safety using informatics and systems biology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 88:1464-1470. [PMID: 33332641 PMCID: PMC8209126 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drugs effects (ADEs) in children are common and may result in disability and death. The current paediatric drug safety landscape, including clinical trials, is limited as it rarely includes children and relies on extrapolation from adults. Children are not small adults but go through an evolutionarily conserved and physiologically dynamic process of growth and maturation. Novel quantitative approaches, integrating observations from clinical trials and drug safety databases with dynamic mechanisms, can be used to systematically identify ADEs unique to childhood. In this perspective, we discuss three critical research directions using systems biology methodologies and novel informatics to improve paediatric drug safety, namely child versus adult drug safety profiles, age-dependent drug toxicities and genetic susceptibility of ADEs across childhood. We argue that a data-driven framework that leverages observational data, biomedical knowledge and systems biology modelling will reveal previously unknown mechanisms of pediatric adverse drug events and lead to improved paediatric drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Giangreco
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Elias
- Department of Pediatrics, Instructor in Pediatrics, Assistant Medical Director of Information Services, Weill Cornell Medical & NYP Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas P Tatonetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Schaefer A, Sachpekidis C, Diella F, Doerks A, Kratz AS, Meisel C, Jackson DB, Soldatos TG. Public Adverse Event Data Insights into the Safety of Pembrolizumab in Melanoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1008. [PMID: 32325840 PMCID: PMC7226447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition represents an important therapeutic option for advanced melanoma patients. Results from clinical studies have shown that treatment with the PD-1 inhibitors Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab provides improved response and survival rates. Moreover, combining Nivolumab with the CTLA-4 inhibitor Ipilimumab is superior to the respective monotherapies. However, use of these immunotherapies frequently associated with, sometimes life-threatening, immune-related adverse events. Thus, more evidence-based studies are required to characterize the underlying mechanisms, towards more effective clinical management and treatment monitoring. Our study examines two sets of public adverse event data coming from FAERS and VigiBase, each with more than two thousand melanoma patients treated with Pembrolizumab. Standard disproportionality metrics are utilized to characterize the safety of Pembrolizumab and its reaction profile is compared to those of the widely used Ipilimumab and Nivolumab based on melanoma cases that report only one of them. Our results confirm known toxicological considerations for their related and distinct side-effect profiles and highlight specific immune-related adverse reactions. Our retrospective computational analysis includes more patients than examined in other studies and relies on evidence coming from public pharmacovigilance data that contain safety reports from clinical and controlled studies as well as reports of suspected adverse events coming from real-world post-marketing setting. Despite these informative insights, more prospective studies are necessary to fully characterize the efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anja Doerks
- Molecular Health GmbH, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Sachpekidis C, Jackson DB, Soldatos TG. Radioimmunotherapy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Retrospective Adverse Event Profiling of Zevalin and Bexxar. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040141. [PMID: 31546999 PMCID: PMC6958320 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of monoclonal antibodies has dramatically changed the outcome of patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), the most common hematological malignancy. However, despite the satisfying results of monoclonal antibody treatment, only few NHL patients are permanently cured with single-agent therapies. In this context, radioimmunotherapy, the administration of radionuclides conjugated to monoclonal antibodies, is aimed to augment the single-agent efficacy of immunotherapy in order to deliver targeted radiation to tumors, particularly CD20+ B-cell lymphomas. Based on evidence from several trials in NHL, the radiolabeled antibodies 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals) and 131I-tositumomab (Bexxar, GlaxoSmithKline) received FDA approval in 2002 and 2003, respectively. However, none of the two radioimmunotherapeutic agents has been broadly applied in clinical practice. The main reason for the under-utilization of radioimmunotherapy includes economic and logistic considerations. However, concerns about potential side effects have also been raised. Driven by these developments, we performed retrospective analysis of adverse events reporting Zevalin or Bexxar, extracted from the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the World Health Organization’s VigiBase repository. Our results indicate that the two radioimmunotherapeutic agents have both related and distinct side effect profiles and confirm their known toxicological considerations. Our work also suggests that computational analysis of real-world post-marketing data can provide informative clinical insights. While more prospective studies are necessary to fully characterize the efficacy and safety of radioimmunotherapy, we expect that it has not yet reached its full therapeutic potential in modern hematological oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Sachpekidis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
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11
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Soldatos TG, Iakovou I, Sachpekidis C. Retrospective Toxicological Profiling of Radium-223 Dichloride for the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer Using Adverse Event Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050149. [PMID: 31100964 PMCID: PMC6572036 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Radium-223 dichloride (Xofigo®) is a calcium mimetic agent approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastatic disease. This targeted, α-particle-emitting therapy has demonstrated significant survival benefit accompanied by a favorable safety profile. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that its combined use with abiraterone and prednisone/prednisolone may be associated with increased risk of death and fractures. While the precise pathophysiologic mechanisms of these events are not yet clear, collecting evidence from more clinical trials and translational studies is necessary. The aim of our present study is to assess whether accessible sources of patient outcome data can help gain additional clinical insights to radium-223 dichloride’s safety profile. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of cases extracted from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and characterized side effect occurrence by using reporting ratios. Results: A total of ~1500 prostate cancer patients treated with radium-223 dichloride was identified, and side effects reported with the use of radium-223 dichloride alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents were extracted. Our analysis demonstrates that radium-223 dichloride may often come with hematological-related reactions, and that, when administered together with other drugs, its safety profile may differ. Conclusions: While more prospective studies are needed to fully characterize the toxicological profile of radium-223 dichloride, the present work constitutes perhaps the first effort to examine its safety when administered alone and in combination with other agents based on computational evidence from public real-world post marketing data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Iakovou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Adverse Event Circumstances and the Case of Drug Interactions. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7010045. [PMID: 30893930 PMCID: PMC6473808 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse events are a common and for the most part unavoidable consequence of therapeutic intervention. Nevertheless, available tomes of such data now provide us with an invaluable opportunity to study the relationship between human phenotype and drug-induced protein perturbations within a patient system. Deciphering the molecular basis of such adverse responses is not only paramount to the development of safer drugs but also presents a unique opportunity to dissect disease systems in search of novel response biomarkers, drug targets, and efficacious combination therapies. Inspired by the potential applications of this approach, we first examined adverse event circumstances reported in FAERS and then performed a molecular level interrogation of cancer patient adverse events to investigate the prevalence of drug-drug interactions in the context of patient responses. We discuss avoidable and/or preventable cases and how molecular analytics can help optimize therapeutic use of co-medications. While up to one out of three adverse events in this dataset might be explicable by iatrogenic, patient, and product/device related factors, almost half of the patients in FAERS received multiple drugs and one in four may have experienced effects attributable to drug interactions.
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Soldatou V, Soldatos A, Soldatos T. Examining Socioeconomic and Computational Aspects of Vaccine Pharmacovigilance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6576483. [PMID: 30911546 PMCID: PMC6399563 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6576483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine pharmacovigilance relates to the detection of adverse events, their assessment, understanding, and prevention, and communication of their risk to the public. These activities can be tedious and long lasting for regulatory authority scientists and may be affected by community practices and public health policies. To better understand underlying challenges, we examined vaccine adverse event reports, assessed whether data-driven techniques can provide additional insight in safety characterization, and wondered on the impact of socioeconomic parameters. METHODS First, we integrated VAERS content with additional sources of drug and molecular data and examined reaction and outcome occurrence by using disproportionality metrics and enrichment analysis. Second, we reviewed social and behavioral determinants that may affect vaccine pharmacovigilance aspects. RESULTS We describe our experience in processing more than 607000 vaccine adverse event reports and report on the challenges to integrate more than 95500 VAERS medication narratives with structured information about drugs and other therapeutics or supplements. We found that only 12.6% of events were serious, while 8.97% referred to polypharmacy cases. Exacerbation of serious clinical patient outcomes was observed in 8.88% VAERS cases in which drugs may interact with vaccinations or with each other, regardless of vaccine activity interference. Furthermore, we characterized the symptoms reported in those cases and summarized reaction occurrence among vaccine-types. Last, we examine socioeconomic parameters and cost-management features, explore adverse event reporting trends, and highlight perspectives relating to the use and development of digital services, especially in the context of personalized and collaborative health-care. CONCLUSIONS This work provides an informative review of VAERS, identifies challenges and limitations in the processing of vaccine adverse event data, and calls for the better understanding of the socioeconomic landscape pertaining vaccine safety concerns. We expect that adoption of computational techniques for integrated safety assessment and interpretation is key not only to pharmacovigilance practice but also to stakeholders from the entire healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Soldatou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Anastasios Soldatos
- Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece
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