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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Reactivation in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Brief Narrative Review. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:1779-1791. [PMID: 35913679 PMCID: PMC9340740 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic or pulmonary reactivations of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have been reported in critically ill patients with COVID-19, posing a dilemma for clinicians in terms of their diagnostic and clinical relevance. Prevalence of HSV-1 reactivation may be as high as > 40% in this population, but with large heterogeneity across studies, likely reflecting the different samples and/or cut-offs for defining reactivation. There is frequently agreement on the clinical significance of HSV-1 reactivation in the presence of severe manifestations clearly attributable to the virus. However, the clinical implications of HSV-1 reactivations in the absence of manifest signs and symptoms remain controversial. Our review aims at providing immunological background and at reviewing clinical findings on HSV-1 reactivations in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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Ragnoli B, Pochetti P, Pignatti P, Barbieri M, Mondini L, Ruggero L, Trotta L, Montuschi P, Malerba M. Sleep Deprivation, Immune Suppression and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:904. [PMID: 35055726 PMCID: PMC8775678 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep health and its adaptation to individual and environmental factors are crucial to promote physical and mental well-being across animal species. In recent years, increasing evidence has been reported regarding the relationship between sleep and the immune system and how sleep disturbances may perturb the delicate balance with severe repercussions on health outcomes. For instance, experimental sleep deprivation studies in vivo have reported several major detrimental effects on immune health, including induced failure of host defense in rats and increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and immune suppression in humans. In addition, two novel risk factors for dysregulated metabolic physiology have recently been identified: sleep disruption and circadian misalignment. In light of these recent findings about the interplay between sleep and the immune system, in this review, we focus on the relationship between sleep deprivation and immunity against viruses, with a special interest in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ragnoli
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Patrizia Pochetti
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Patrizia Pignatti
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Mariangela Barbieri
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Lucrezia Mondini
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Luca Ruggero
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Liliana Trotta
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 20123 Milan, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Hearth and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Airways Disease Section, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Mario Malerba
- Respiratory Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy; (B.R.); (P.P.); (M.B.); (L.M.); (L.R.); (L.T.)
- Department of Traslational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Tonon F, Di Bella S, Giudici F, Zerbato V, Segat L, Koncan R, Misin A, Toffoli B, D'Agaro P, Luzzati R, Fabris B, Bernardi S. Discriminatory Value of Adiponectin to Leptin Ratio for COVID-19 Pneumonia. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:9908450. [PMID: 35529082 PMCID: PMC9072020 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9908450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Circulating adipokines have been associated with inflammatory burden and amplified or dysregulated immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the discriminatory ability of adipokines to identify COVID-19 pneumonia and to assess disease severity. METHODS We conducted an observational case-control study, with a prospective design, and recruited patients with diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia (n = 48) and healthy controls (n = 36), who were matched by age, sex, and BMI. Leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia had higher levels of leptin, lower adiponectin/leptin (Adpn/Lep) ratio, and higher expression of IL-6. Leptin had an acceptable discriminatory accuracy for COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with BMI >30 (AUC 0.74 [0.58, 0.90]) with a cutoff of 7852 pg/mL and it was associated with maximum respiratory support. By contrast, Adpn/Lep had an excellent discriminatory accuracy for COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with BMI <25 (AUC 0.9 [0.74, 1.06]) with a cutoff of 2.23. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that high Adpn/Lep (>2.23) in lean patients is consistent with a state of good health, which decreases in case of inflammatory states, ranging from adipose tissue dysfunction with low-grade inflammation to COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- SC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Gustave-Roussy, Bureau Biostatistique et Epidémiologie - 114, Rue Eduard Vaillant, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Verena Zerbato
- SC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- U.C.O. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Raffaella Koncan
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Andrea Misin
- SC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoli
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- U.C.O. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- SC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34125, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- SS Endocrinologia, UCO Medicina Clinica, Ospedale di Cattinara, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- SS Endocrinologia, UCO Medicina Clinica, Ospedale di Cattinara, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Isontino-Giuliana, Trieste 34149, Italy
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