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Gómez-Cabrera AS, González-Santiago AE, Rodríguez-Mora JF, Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Baptista-Rosas RC, Castañeda-Arellano R, Mercado-Sesma AR, Zúñiga LY, Sánchez-Parada MG. Amelioration of Cytogenotoxic Damage in Drug Abusers Supplemented with Folic Acid. Biomedicines 2024; 12:352. [PMID: 38397954 PMCID: PMC10886587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenotoxic damage caused by the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in drug abusers has been demonstrated, primarily due to alterations in their antioxidant capacity, cellular repair mechanisms, and increased production of free radicals. Folic acid shows antioxidant activity by acting as a reducing agent, neutralizing present free radicals, and reducing genomic damage. METHODS The intervention involved administering 15 mg of folic acid, divided into three doses per day, to a group of 44 drug abusers. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities (NAs) was determined; micronuclei (MNs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), binucleated cells (BNs), abnormally condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KX), pyknotic nuclei (PNs), and karyolysis (KL) were determined at different pre-treatment (baseline) and post-treatment time points at 15 and 30 days. Additionally, a group of 44 healthy individuals was used as the control group. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of NAs in the drug abuser group (28.45 ± 17.74 before supplementation vs. 11.18 ± 7.42 at 15 days and 9.11 ± 10.9 at 30 days of supplementation). Specifically, it decreased the frequency of NBUDs, BNs, CC, KX, and PNs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a clear improvement in cytogenotoxic damage in drug abusers supplemented with folic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Salvador Gómez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.S.G.-C.); (J.F.R.-M.)
| | - Ana Elizabeth González-Santiago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.S.G.-C.); (J.F.R.-M.)
| | - José Francisco Rodríguez-Mora
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.S.G.-C.); (J.F.R.-M.)
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Raúl Cuauhtémoc Baptista-Rosas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud-Enfermedad como Proceso Individual, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico (R.C.-A.); (L.Y.Z.)
- Unidad de Intervención de Medicina Crítica, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan 45170, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rolando Castañeda-Arellano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud-Enfermedad como Proceso Individual, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico (R.C.-A.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Arieh Roldán Mercado-Sesma
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud-Enfermedad como Proceso Individual, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico (R.C.-A.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - Laura Yareni Zúñiga
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud-Enfermedad como Proceso Individual, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico (R.C.-A.); (L.Y.Z.)
| | - María Guadalupe Sánchez-Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.S.G.-C.); (J.F.R.-M.)
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Zhang M, Chen C, Li G, Koric A, Lee YA, Morgenstern H, Schwartz SM, Sturgis EM, Boffetta P, Hashibe M, Zhang Z. Cocaine use and head and neck cancer risk: A pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7019. [PMID: 38400665 PMCID: PMC10891447 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine is an illegal recreational drug used worldwide, yet little is known about whether cocaine inhalation (smoking/snorting) increases the risk of head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS The analyses were conducted by pooling data from three case-control studies with 1639 cases and 2506 controls from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Epidemiologic data, including cocaine use histories, were obtained in face-to-face interviews. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS Controlling for cumulative tobacco and alcohol use, we observed a weak positive association between cocaine use and HNC (ORever vs. never = 1.35, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.90). In stratified analysis, while we did not detect associations among never tobacco or alcohol users due to the limited sample size, the association with cocaine use was observed among tobacco users and alcohol drinkers. ORs for ever and high cumulative use (>18 times) versus never use were 1.40 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.00) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.69) among tobacco users, and 1.34 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.92) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.00, 2.51) among alcohol drinkers, respectively. CONCLUSION In this pooled analysis, we observed a weak positive association between cocaine inhalation and HNC risk. Our findings provide preliminary evidence of the potential carcinogenic effect of cocaine on HNC. Because of study limitations, including limited number of cocaine users, confounding, and heterogeneity across studies, future investigations will require larger studies with more detailed information on cocaine use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyUCLA Fielding School of Public HealthLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of SurgeryUniversity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Alzina Koric
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Yuan‐Chin Amy Lee
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Department of Urology, Medical SchoolUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health SciencesFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Erich M. Sturgis
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Department of Family, Population and Preventive MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive MedicineUniversity of Utah School of Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer InstituteSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Zuo‐Feng Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyUCLA Fielding School of Public HealthLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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González-Santiago AE, Gómez-Cabrera AS, Baptista-Rosas RC, Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Navarro AAS, Sánchez-Parada MG. Cytogenotoxicity effects in addicts with multidrug consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65:84-95. [PMID: 38353119 DOI: 10.1002/em.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Drug abuse is considered a global health problem with serious social impact. In recent decades, changes in drug consumption patterns have shown a clear rising trend in the use of multiple drugs. Although the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay has evaluated cytotoxicity in drug abuse, there has not been an approach that takes into account this pattern of multiple drug use. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate for the first time the cytogenotoxic effects in multidrug users, and its correlation with the amount consumed and years of abuse. This study was conducted on 166 individuals by the BMCyt assay. A total of 83 individuals with a history of multiple licit (alcohol and tobacco) and at least one illicit drug abuse (marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine, and/or inhalants), and 83 healthy individuals, non-drug abusers were analyzed. The results showed that drug abusers had higher frequencies of nuclear abnormalities nuclear buds, binucleated cells, pyknotic nuclei (PNs), karyorrhexis (KX), and abnormally condensed chromatin when compared with healthy controls. Moreover, results suggests that the use of licit and illicit drugs is related to cytogenotoxic damage, as was shown by an upward trend in the frequency of nuclear abnormalities identified in groups 1 (alcohol + tobacco + at least one illicit drug) and 2 (tobacco + at least one illicit drug). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found in the different groups, between the years and the amount of consumption of some drugs (alcohol, methamphetamine, and tobacco) with cytotoxicity markers such as KL, KX, and PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elizabeth González-Santiago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Salvador Gómez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Raúl Cuauhtémoc Baptista-Rosas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud-Enfermedad como Proceso Individual, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
- Unidad de intervención de Medicina Crítica, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Alondra Sobrevilla Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Sánchez-Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Jalisco, Mexico
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Tavella RA, Fernandes CLF, Schimith LE, Volcão LM, Dos Santos M, da Silva Júnior FMR. Factors associated with genetic damage - an analysis integrating human populations from Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74335-74345. [PMID: 35635668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic and demographic factors, lifestyle and cultural characteristics may play an important role in the development of genetic damage. This damage represents a potential health risk to an individual and increases the risk of developing negative outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of a set of factors and genetic damage by gathering data from previously studied populations in southern Brazil. This study analyzed data related to genetic damage and socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle variables of 514 individuals aged 18 to 64 years, residing in 8 cities located in the extreme south of the Brazil. A total of twelve factors were considered in the analysis, and of these seven had some association with the frequency of micronucleus or some parameter of the comet assay. Interestingly, age was a factor weakly associated with genetic damage, while skin color, occupational exposure, drug use, exposure to radiation, and the cultural habit of consuming chimarrão were shown to be associated with genetic damage when analyzed using multivariate regression. Therefore, we suggest that yerba mate consumption is a confounding factor and should be considered in cytogenetic studies in the southern region of South America. These results reinforce the need for human biomonitoring studies to include consideration of a broad range of population and cultural characteristics when seeking to identify relevant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Adler Tavella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos E Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lopes Feijo Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos E Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Lucia Emanueli Schimith
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Martins Volcão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos E Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marina Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos E Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos E Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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Pugsley K, Scherer SW, Bellgrove MA, Hawi Z. Environmental exposures associated with elevated risk for autism spectrum disorder may augment the burden of deleterious de novo mutations among probands. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:710-730. [PMID: 34002022 PMCID: PMC8960415 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the full aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unknown, familial and twin studies demonstrate high heritability of 60-90%, indicating a predominant role of genetics in the development of the disorder. The genetic architecture of ASD consists of a complex array of rare and common variants of all classes of genetic variation usually acting additively to augment individual risk. The relative contribution of heredity in ASD persists despite selective pressures against the classic autistic phenotype; a phenomenon thought to be explained, in part, by the incidence of spontaneous (or de novo) mutations. Notably, environmental exposures attributed as salient risk factors for ASD may play a causal role in the emergence of deleterious de novo variations, with several ASD-associated agents having significant mutagenic potential. To explore this hypothesis, this review article assesses published epidemiological data with evidence derived from assays of mutagenicity, both in vivo and in vitro, to determine the likely role such agents may play in augmenting the genetic liability in ASD. Broadly, these exposures were observed to elicit genomic alterations through one or a combination of: (1) direct interaction with genetic material; (2) impaired DNA repair; or (3) oxidative DNA damage. However, the direct contribution of these factors to the ASD phenotype cannot be determined without further analysis. The development of comprehensive prospective birth cohorts in combination with genome sequencing is essential to forming a causal, mechanistic account of de novo mutations in ASD that links exposure, genotypic alterations, and phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan Pugsley
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- grid.42327.300000 0004 0473 9646The Centre for Applied Genomics and Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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DE Souza DV, Rosario DAB, Mennitti LV, Malacarne IT, Pisani LP, DA Silva RCB, DE Barros Viana M, Ribeiro DA. Inhibition of Toll Like Signaling Pathway Is Associated With Genomic Instability in Rat Liver Exposed to Crack Cocaine. In Vivo 2021; 35:2641-2646. [PMID: 34410951 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the biological effects of subacute crack cocaine exposure in rat liver. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 32 rats were distributed into four groups (n=8): Experimental group 1 (G1) and Experimental group 2 (G2): rats received 18 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine for 5 days, once a day, group G2 remained 72 h without exposure after the experimental period (5 days)(abstinence); Experimental group 3 (G3): rats received 36 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine for 5 days, once a day; Control Group (CTRL): rats received only the vehicle (DMSO) administered by the intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 5 days, once a day. RESULTS All groups exposed to crack cocaine had an increase in the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and binucleated cells only in the highest tested dose (36 mg/kg). Karyolysis had an increase in the 18 mg/kg dose, in the abstinence group (G2), and 36 mg/kg group (G3); whereas pyknotic nuclei had an increase in the G2 group. The group exposed to 18 mg/kg of crack cocaine also showed high 8 OHdG expression. The p-NF-κB p65 protein decreased in the groups exposed to crack cocaine at doses of 18 and 36 mg/kg, as well as in the abstinence group. MyD88 was also found decreased in the group exposed to crack cocaine at 18 mg/kg. CONCLUSION Crack cocaine inhibited toll like signaling pathway whilst being associated with genomic instability in rat liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitor DE Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dos Anjos Barbara Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Vales Mennitti
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Milena DE Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Risk of cancer in individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders: a registry-based study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:270-278. [PMID: 32134400 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims of this population-based cohort study was to compare the overall and site-specific cancer incidence in individuals with alcohol or drug use disorders with incidence of the general population, and to estimate excess cancer risk in a subgroup of individuals who have hepatitis C virus or HIV infection. The study included 4373 residents of Reggio Emilia province diagnosed with alcohol or drug use disorders during the period from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 2014. All newly diagnosed cancers registered from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2014 were taken into account to calculate the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of cancers of any site and of site-specific cancers. SIR of cancer at any site was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-1.9). Anogenital cancers were associated with the highest excess risk (SIR=11.9; 95% CI 4.9-28.5), followed by oesophageal (SIR=9.5; 95% CI 3.6-25.3) and cervical cancer (SIR=8.6; 95% CI 2.8-26.7). Excess risk of all cancer sites, except for breast cancer, was observed among individuals with alcohol use disorders and of all cancer sites, except breast and kidney cancers, among individuals with drug use disorders. Among hepatitis C virus-positive individuals, cancer at any site risk was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.1) and among HIV-infected individuals it was 3.3 (95% CI 1.8-5.7). Individuals with alcohol and drug use disorders face a higher risk of various cancers. Effective interventions to prevent or reduce the harm of substance abuse and risky behaviours in this population are warranted.
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Malacarne IT, De Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MDB, Pereira CDS, Estadella D, Dos Santos JN, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response induced by crack-cocaine: relevance to carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14285-14292. [PMID: 33534101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crack-cocaine is a cocaine by-product widely consumed by general population in developing countries. The drug is low cost and is associated with more intense effects when compared to other illicit drugs. Genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response are considered crucial events in carcinogenesis, since they actively participate in the multistep process. The purpose of this paper was to provide a mini review regarding the relationship between carcinogenesis and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation induced by crack-cocaine. The present study was conducted on search of the scientific literature from the published studies available in PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for all kind of articles (all publications to November 2020) using the following key words: crack-cocaine, DNA damage, genotoxicity, cellular death, cytotoxicity, mutation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mutagenicity. The results showed that published papers available were almost all in vivo test system being conducted in humans or rodents. Crack-cocaine was able to induce genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mammalian cells. However, the role of inflammatory response after exposure to crack-cocaine was not conclusive so far. In summary, this study is consistent with the notion that crack-cocaine is a chemical carcinogen as a result of genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced in mammalian and non-mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Barbara Dos Anjos Rosario
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena De Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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de Moraes Filho AV, Manso JAX, Martins WE, Marinho NA, de Oliveira Santos M, Perim Neto J, Duarte SSM, da Cruz AD, da Silva CC, Barbosa MS, de Jesus Pires D, Carneiro LC. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity research in Quilombola communities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14225. [PMID: 32848182 PMCID: PMC7450063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Quilombola communities are mostly isolated and deprived of sources of treated water, garbage collection and sewage, consuming fresh water from wells, streams, lakes, among others. This lack of basic infrastructure can be a relevant factor in exposing residents to substances and factors that are harmful to the integrity of their genetic material that can lead to carcinogenesis. Based on this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genomic and mutagenic/cytotoxic damage in the adult population of two Quilombola communities (one urban and another rural region), in the state of Goiás, Brazil. For this purpose, the leukocyte of peripheral blood Comet Assay in 68 individuals and Micronucleus Test from exfoliated buccal cells of oral mucosa in 21 volunteers were performed. The results evidenced genomic damage, especially for the community of Aparecida de Goiânia city, which detected significant values (p < 0.05), for the length of the comet's tail and for of the Olive Tail Moment. In the micronucleus test, significant differences were only detected (p < 0.05), when it came to the distribution of nuclear changes among the groups. Therefore, it is essential to perform constant population biomonitoring studies to help guarantee health and, consequently, the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroldo Vieira de Moraes Filho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - João Antonio Xavier Manso
- Replicon Research Center, Master's Program in Genetics, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Wanderléia Eleutério Martins
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Núbia Aguiar Marinho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Mônica de Oliveira Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - José Perim Neto
- Replicon Research Center, Master's Program in Genetics, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Sara Moreira Duarte
- Replicon Research Center, Master's Program in Genetics, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- Replicon Research Center, Master's Program in Genetics, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Carlos da Silva
- Replicon Research Center, Master's Program in Genetics, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Mônica Santiago Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lílian Carla Carneiro
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Biotechnology Laboratory of Microorganisms, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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10
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Oliveira NG, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Drugs of abuse from a different toxicological perspective: an updated review of cocaine genotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2987-3006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Oreščanin V, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay parameters in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population: Contribution of age, sex, seasonal variations and lifestyle factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:561-570. [PMID: 29127818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay was used to evaluate the baseline frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population (average age, 38.28 ± 12.83 years) in relation to age, sex, body mass index, seasonal variations (season of sampling, period of sampling and different meteorological parameters) and lifestyle factors (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, exposure to medications and diagnostic radiation, physical activity, and family history of cancer). The background frequency of micronuclei (MNi) for the 200 subjects assayed was 5.06 ± 3.11 per 1000 binucleated cells, while the mean frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was 1.21 ± 1.46 and of nuclear buds (NBUDs) 3.48 ± 2.14. The background frequency of apoptosis and necrosis was 1.58 ± 1.50 and 1.39 ± 1.56, respectively, while the mean nuclear division index (NDI) was 1.99 ± 0.14. The cut-off value, which corresponds to the 95th percentile of the distribution of 200 individual values, was 11 MNi, 4 NPBs and 7 NBUDs. The study also confirmed an association of the above mentioned parameters with age, sex and several lifestyle factors. Moreover, significant confounders based on our results are also sampling season, sampling period and different meteorological parameters that were dependent on the CBMN Cyt assay parameters. In line with the above mentioned, several factors should be taken into account when it comes to the monitoring of exposed populations using cytogenetic biomarkers. Moreover, the normal and cut-off values obtained in this study present background data for the general population, and can later serve as baseline values for further biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Maranho LA, Fontes MK, Kamimura ASS, Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Pusceddu FH, Cortez FS, Lebre DT, Marques JR, Abessa DMS, Ribeiro DA, Pereira CDS. Exposure to crack cocaine causes adverse effects on marine mussels Perna perna. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:410-414. [PMID: 28844457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate crack cocaine effects in different life stages of the marine mussel Perna perna. For this purpose, fertilization rate, embryo-larval development, lysosomal membrane stability and DNA strand breaks were assessed. Effect concentrations in gametes and in larval development were found after 1h (IC50=23.53mg·L-1) and 48h (IC50=16.31mg·L-1), respectively. The highest tested concentration showing no acute toxicity (NOEC) was 10mg·L-1, while the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 20mg·L-1. NOEC concerning embryo-larval development was 0.625mg·L-1, while the LOEC was 1.25mg·L-1. Cyto-genotoxic effects were evidenced in mussels exposed to crack cocaine concentrations ranging from 5 to 500μg·L-1. Our results report the first data on effects of an illicit drug to marine organisms and should encourage further ecotoxicological studies of these contaminants of emerging concern in coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Maranho
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - M K Fontes
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - A S S Kamimura
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - C R Nobre
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - B B Moreno
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil
| | - F H Pusceddu
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - F S Cortez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - D T Lebre
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J R Marques
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, Salas 112 e 113, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D M S Abessa
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - D A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Ana Costa 95, 11060-001 Santos, Brazil
| | - C D S Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-102 Santos, Brazil; Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil.
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Malkova A, Kohlerova R, Fiala Z, Hamakova K, Selke-Krulichova I, Borska L. Genotoxic changes in peripheral lymphocytes after therapeutic exposure to crude coal tar and ultraviolet radiation. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2016; 160:553-558. [PMID: 27283756 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2016.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Goeckerman therapy is based on combined exposure to UV radiation (UVA, UVB) and crude coal tar (PAHs). Some indicators suggest a genotoxic hazard, however, the level of genotoxic risk of the therapy has not yet been investigated sufficiently. This study aims to assesss the genotoxic risk. METHODS The studied group consisted of patients with chronic stable plaque psoriasis treated by Goeckerman therapy (n = 29). Heparin-treated peripheral blood samples were collected one day before the first treatment and immediately after the last procedure. The lymphocytes were isolated from the blood. The level of genotoxicity was evaluated using an alkaline version of the Comet assay which detects DNA single strand breaks (DNA-SSBs), a neutral version of the Comet assay which detects DNA double strand breaks (DNA-DSBs), and using chromosomal aberrations. RESULTS The level of DNA-SSBs increased insignificantly (median; Q1-Q3): 1.4 (0.4; 0.1-1.4) vs. 2.5 (0.6; 0.3-2.7) %tDNA (P = 0.11) and the level of DNA-DSBs increased significantly: 7.8 (6.5; 3.4-10.5) vs. 20.7 (19.3; 14.2-24.6) % DNA (P < 0.001). The total number of aberrated cells (P < 0.001) and structurally aberrated cells (P < 0.001) increased significantly. CONCLUSION The elevated levels of the DNA-DSBs and the chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes indicated a genotoxic hazard. However, the elevated level of the chromosomal abnormalities was below the upper level of the reference range for healthy Czech adults. While, the genotoxic risk appears to be low, Goeckerman treatment represents a further contribution to the lifetime load of genotoxic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Malkova
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Kohlerova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Fiala
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetoslava Hamakova
- Clinic of Dermal and Venereal Disease, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Selke-Krulichova
- Department of Medical Biophysic, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Borska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Coresponding autor: Lenka Borska, e-mail
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Chromothripsis and epigenomics complete causality criteria for cannabis- and addiction-connected carcinogenicity, congenital toxicity and heritable genotoxicity. Mutat Res 2016; 789:15-25. [PMID: 27208973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent demonstration that massive scale chromosomal shattering or pulverization can occur abruptly due to errors induced by interference with the microtubule machinery of the mitotic spindle followed by haphazard chromosomal annealing, together with sophisticated insights from epigenetics, provide profound mechanistic insights into some of the most perplexing classical observations of addiction medicine, including cancerogenesis, the younger and aggressive onset of addiction-related carcinogenesis, the heritability of addictive neurocircuitry and cancers, and foetal malformations. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other addictive agents have been shown to inhibit tubulin polymerization which perturbs the formation and function of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. This disruption of the mitotic machinery perturbs proper chromosomal segregation during anaphase and causes micronucleus formation which is the primary locus and cause of the chromosomal pulverization of chromothripsis and downstream genotoxic events including oncogene induction and tumour suppressor silencing. Moreover the complementation of multiple positive cannabis-cancer epidemiological studies, and replicated dose-response relationships with established mechanisms fulfils causal criteria. This information is also consistent with data showing acceleration of the aging process by drugs of addiction including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants and opioids. THC shows a non-linear sigmoidal dose-response relationship in multiple pertinent in vitro and preclinical genotoxicity assays, and in this respect is similar to the serious major human mutagen thalidomide. Rising community exposure, tissue storage of cannabinoids, and increasingly potent phytocannabinoid sources, suggests that the threshold mutagenic dose for cancerogenesis will increasingly be crossed beyond the developing world, and raise transgenerational transmission of teratogenicity as an increasing concern.
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Moretti EG, Yujra VQ, Claudio SR, Silva MJD, Vilegas W, Pereira CDS, de Oliveira F, Ribeiro DA. Acute crack cocaine exposure induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8104-8112. [PMID: 26825523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Crack cocaine is a very toxic product derived from cocaine. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic damage in multiple organs of rats following acute exposure to crack cocaine. A total of 20 Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n = 5), as follows: 0, 4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of crack cocaine administered by intraperitoneal route (i.p.). All animals were killed 24 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The results showed that crack cocaine increased the number of micronucleated cells in bone marrow cells exposed to 18 mg/kg crack cocaine (p < 0.05). Peripheral blood and liver cells presented genetic damage as depicted by single cell gel (comet) assay at 9 and 18 mg/kg doses (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry data revealed significant increase in 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunoexpression in hepatocytes of animals exposed to crack cocaine at 9 and 18 mg/kg (p < 0.05) when compared with negative controls. Taken together, our results demonstrate that crack cocaine is able to induce genomic damage in multiple organs of Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gregolin Moretti
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Av. Ana Costa 95, Zip Code 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Veronica Quispe Yujra
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel Rangel Claudio
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Av. Ana Costa 95, Zip Code 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Campus Litoral Paulista, Sao Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Av. Ana Costa 95, Zip Code 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, Av. Ana Costa 95, Zip Code 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Yujra VQ, Moretti EG, Claudio SR, Silva MJD, Oliveira FD, Oshima CTF, Ribeiro DA. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity induced by acute crack cocaine exposure in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:388-91. [PMID: 26712310 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1126843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Crack cocaine is an illicit drug derived from cocaine, in which use and abuse have increased around the world, especially in developing countries. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic damage in multiple organs of mice following acute exposure to crack cocaine. For this purpose, single cell gel (comet) assay in peripheral blood, liver, kidney, and brain cells was performed and micronucleus test for bone narrow and liver cells was also made in this setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 20 C57BL/10 male mice were distributed into four groups, as follows: 0, 4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg b.w. of crack cocaine dissolved to 1% dimethyl sulfoxide by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after i.p. injection. RESULTS The results showed that crack cocaine induced DNA damage in peripheral blood, and brain cells for higher doses used as depicted by single cell gel (comet) assay data. Analysis of kidney cells showed no genetic damage for all groups tested. The number of micronucleated cells did not increase after crack cocaine exposure in bone narrow or liver cells. CONCLUSION In summary, crack cocaine is a genotoxic agent in peripheral blood, liver, and brain cells but not mutagenic in multiple organs of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Flavia de Oliveira
- a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- a Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil .,b Department of Biosciences , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , SP , Brazil , and
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