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Stevenson RJ, Martin-Rivera D, Dixon G, Francis HM. Parent-offspring similarity in hunger and thirst sensations. Appetite 2024; 195:107208. [PMID: 38218415 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The internal (i.e., interoceptive) sensations that characterise hunger vary between people, and this may also be the case for thirst, although it has not been so well explored. There are probably both heritable and learning-based causes for this interoceptive variability. Consequently, it would seem plausible that parents and their offspring would have more similar patterns of hunger and thirst than pairs of strangers. We tested this idea, in addition to exploring its potential moderating variables, by studying the similarity of self-reported hunger and thirst sensations in 170 students and their primary caregivers from childhood. Both students and caregivers completed the same online-survey, covering hunger and thirst sensations, beliefs about the causes of hunger and thirst, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (revised) and demographic data. We find evidence of robust student-caregiver similarity in interoceptive hunger and thirst sensations (medium effect sizes), with these being moderated by caregiver beliefs about the homeostatic nature of each state (medium effect sizes). This suggests a potential role for caregivers in the development of their offspring's interoceptive cues for hunger and for thirst. In addition, thirst, like hunger, appears to be multidimensional, and varies between people. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriela Dixon
- School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Brown MA. Polygenic risk scores. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 64S:152330. [PMID: 38042619 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) estimate an individual's genetic risk for a disease or trait compared to a matched population. For many rheumatic diseases PRS have been developed that have discriminatory capacity better than some widely used biomarkers, and in some cases are the most discriminatory tests available. These PRS assessments do not rely on the disease being present or its activity level, making them highly valuable for predicting disease development or enabling early diagnosis. However, most PRS to date have been developed in research settings, and in populations of European-ancestry. Further studies are required to assess their utility in clinical settings, in relation to existing tests, and in non-European populations. Such studies are underway, and it is likely in the near future these tests will become widely available, with significant benefits for the practice of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Brown
- Chief Scientific Officer, Genomics England, Charterhouse Square, London, England, United Kingdom; Professor of Medicine, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
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3
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Nagalakshmi U, Meier N, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Virus-Induced Heritable Gene Editing in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:273-288. [PMID: 37987913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing using clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease is an excellent tool for assessing gene function in plants. However, delivery of CRISPR/Cas-editing components into plant cells is still a major bottleneck and requires tissue culture-based approaches and regeneration of plants. To overcome this limitation, several plant viral vectors have recently been engineered to deliver single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targets into SpCas9-expressing plants. Here, we describe an optimized, step-by-step protocol based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vector system to deliver sgRNAs fused to mobile tRNA sequences for efficient heritable editing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana model systems. The protocol described here could be adopted to study the function of any gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Nathan Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Pantazatos SP, Ogden T, Melhem NM, Brent DA, Lesanpezeshki M, Burke A, Keilp JG, Miller JM, Mann JJ. Smaller cornu ammonis (CA3) as a potential risk factor for suicidal behavior in mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:262-269. [PMID: 37244064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders and suicidal behavior have moderate heritability and familial transmission, and are associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. However, it is unclear whether hippocampal alterations reflect heritable risk or epigenetic effects of childhood adversity, compensatory mechanisms, illness-related changes, or treatment effects. We sought to separate the relationships of hippocampal substructure volumes to mood disorder, suicidal behavior, and risk and resilience to both by examining high familial risk individuals (HR) who have passed the age of greatest risk for psychopathology onset. Structural brain imaging and hippocampal substructure segmentation quantified Cornu Ammonis (CA1-4), dentate gyrus, and subiculum gray matter volumes in healthy volunteers (HV, N = 25) and three groups with one or more relatives reporting early-onset mood disorder and suicide attempt: 1. Unaffected HR (N = 20); 2. HR with lifetime mood disorder and no suicide attempt (HR-MOOD, N = 25); and 3. HR with lifetime mood disorder and a previous suicide attempt (HR-MOOD + SA, N = 18). Findings were tested in an independent cohort not selected for family history (HV, N = 47; MOOD, N = 44; and MOOD + SA, N = 21). Lower CA3 volume was found in HR (vs. HV), consistent with the direction of previously published findings in MOOD+SA (vs. HV and MOOD), suggesting the finding reflects a familial biological risk marker, not illness or treatment-related sequelae, of suicidal behavior and mood disorder. Familial suicide risk may be mediated in part by smaller CA3 volume. The structure may serve as a risk indicator and therapeutic target for suicide prevention strategies in high-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro P Pantazatos
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Todd Ogden
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Nadine M Melhem
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Lesanpezeshki
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ainsley Burke
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John G Keilp
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Peeters LD, Wills LJ, Cuozzo AM, Ivanich KL, Brown RW. Reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference in a transgenerational model of drug abuse vulnerability in psychosis: Impact of BDNF on the saliency of drug associations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06379-7. [PMID: 37160431 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia are often accompanied by high rates of cigarette smoking, reduced quit success, and high relapse rates, negatively affecting patient outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying altered relapse-like behaviors in psychosis are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The present study analyzed changes in extinction and reinstatement of nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) and resulting changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a novel heritable rodent model of psychosis, demonstrating increased dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity, to explore mechanisms contributing to changes in relapse-like behaviors. METHODS Male and female offspring of two neonatal quinpirole-treated (1 mg/kg quinpirole from postnatal day (P)1-21; QQ) and two neonatal saline-treated (SS) Sprague-Dawley rats (F1 generation) were tested on an extended CPP paradigm to analyze extinction and nicotine-primed reinstatement. Brain tissue was analyzed 60 min after the last nicotine injection for BDNF response in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the infralimbic (IfL) and prelimbic (PrL) cortices. RESULTS F1 generation QQ offspring demonstrated delayed extinction and more robust reinstatement compared to SS control animals. In addition, QQ animals demonstrated an enhanced BDNF response to nicotine in the VTA, IfL and Prl cortices compared to SS offspring. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate altered relapse-like behavior in a heritable rodent model with relevance to comorbid drug abuse and psychosis. This altered pattern of behavior is hypothesized to be related to elevated activity-dependent BDNF in brain areas associated with drug reinforcement during conditioning that persists through the extinction phase, rendering aberrantly salient drug associations resistant to extinction and enhancing relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren D Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Liza J Wills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Anthony M Cuozzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Kira L Ivanich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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Gregersen PA, Funding M, Alsner J, Olsen MH, Overgaard J, Staffieri SE, Lou S, Urbak SF. Genetic testing in adult survivors of retinoblastoma in Denmark: A study of the experience and impact of genetic testing many years after initial diagnosis. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104569. [PMID: 35843585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors with heritable retinoblastoma (RB) face a high risk for second primary cancer and RB in their children. Knowledge of heredity can support second cancer surveillance, convey reproductive options or early diagnosis of RB in their offspring. Currently, all newly diagnosed Danish patients with RB are offered genetic testing, as opposed to a minority of survivors diagnosed before available DNA testing. OBJECTIVE To examine RB survivors' response to unsolicited contact, uptake of genetic testing, and RB1 variant detection rate, and to qualitatively evaluate the experience and overall impact of genetic testing for heritable RB. METHODS Genetically untested adult RB survivors were invited to receive genetic counseling, undergo genetic testing for heritable RB and complete an eye examination. The number of responses, uptake of genetic testing and genetic results are descriptively reported. Additionally, responding survivors participated in a qualitative interview study of the perceived impact of genetic testing. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. RESULTS Among invited RB survivors, 58% responded. Of these, 88% opted for genetic counseling and genetic testing. A diagnosis of heritable RB was established in 23% of RB survivors. Interestingly, all of these survivors were unilaterally affected. Analysis of data from the interviews revealed three recurring themes regarding the impact of genetic counseling and testing several years after initial diagnosis: 'Risk of what?', 'Knowledge is important' and 'Impact of the result'. The possible risk ofsecond cancer and RB in their children was new knowledge for several participants; however, in general, the participants appreciated receiving genetic information and certainty about heredity. Accordingly, the impact of genetic counseling and testing was perceived in a positive way. CONCLUSION Overall, RB survivors valued the opportunity to receive genetic counseling and undergo genetic testing many years after diagnosis. Responding RB survivors appreciated the invitation to test, felt well-informed and described little decisional conflict regarding their decision-making, valuing the genetic information and certainty. Heritable RB was confirmed in 23% of the previously untested RB survivors. These individuals emphasized the value of knowing and being proactive regarding both reproduction and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille A Gregersen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Funding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maja H Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sandra E Staffieri
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stina Lou
- Defactum - Public Health & Health Services Research, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Fetal Diagnostics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen F Urbak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Norris S, Belcher A, Howard K, Ward RL. Evaluating genetic and genomic tests for heritable conditions in Australia: lessons learnt from health technology assessments. J Community Genet 2021; 13:503-522. [PMID: 34570356 PMCID: PMC9530105 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-021-00551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) is an independent non-statutory committee established by the Australian government to provide recommendations on public reimbursement of technologies and services, other than pharmaceuticals. MSAC has established approaches for undertaking health technology assessment (HTA) of investigative services and codependent technologies. In 2016, MSAC published its clinical utility card (CUC) Proforma, an additional tool to guide assessments of genetic testing for heritable conditions. We undertook a review and narrative synthesis of information extracted from all MSAC assessments of genetic testing for heritable conditions completed since 2016, regardless of the HTA approach taken. Ten assessments met our inclusion criteria, covering a range of testing methods (from gene panels to whole-exome sequencing) and purposes (including molecular diagnosis, genetic risk assessment, identification of congenital anomaly syndromes, and carrier screening). This analysis identified a range of methodological and policy challenges such as how to incorporate patient and societal preferences for the health and non-health outcomes of genomic testing, how best to capture the concept of co-production of utility, and how to engage clinicians as referrers for genomics tests whilst at the same time ensuring equity of access to a geographically dispersed population. A further challenge related to how qualitative assessments of patient and community needs influenced the evidence thresholds against which decisions were made. These concepts should be considered for incorporation within the value assessment frameworks used by HTA agencies around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Norris
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Andrea Belcher
- Australian Genomics, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn L Ward
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Hammersley DJ, Jones RE, Mach L, Halliday BP, Prasad SK. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Heritable Cardiomyopathies. Heart Fail Clin 2020; 17:25-39. [PMID: 33220885 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance represents the imaging modality of choice for the investigation of patients with heritable cardiomyopathies. The combination of gold-standard volumetric analysis with tissue characterization can deliver precise phenotypic evaluation of both cardiac morphology and the underlying myocardial substrate. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance additionally has an established role in risk-stratifying patients with heritable cardiomyopathy and an emerging role in guiding therapies. This article explores the application and utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques with specific focus on the major heritable cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hammersley
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; CMR Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Richard E Jones
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; CMR Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Lukas Mach
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; CMR Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Brian P Halliday
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; CMR Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK; CMR Unit, The Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Women are at risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) during pregnancy but this fact is underappreciated. We performed a population-based study to evaluate the rate, predictors, and familial risk for pregnancy associated CRC in Utah. METHODS All newly diagnosed cases of CRC between 1973 and 2014 were obtained from the Utah Cancer Registry and linked to pedigrees from the Utah Population Database. RESULTS Of the 12,886 females diagnosed with CRC, 73 were diagnosed with CRC (0.57%) during the period of obstetric delivery/childbirth. Pregnancy associated CRC was diagnosed at a mean age of 31.9 years, and cancers were less frequently located in the proximal colon compared with women with non-pregnancy associated CRC. First-degree relatives of cases with pregnancy associated CRC had a nearly threefold higher risk of CRC (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.26-6.01) compared with relatives of CRC-free individuals. CONCLUSIONS Of women diagnosed with CRC, less than 1% were diagnosed during or soon after obstetric delivery/childbirth. Relatives of these patients have a nearly threefold greater risk of CRC than those without a family history of CRC. These results provide physicians with data to guide the care of patients and their relatives with pregnancy associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jewel Samadder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Genomics, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AR, 85054, USA.
| | | | - Jathine Wong
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Randall W Burt
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karen Curtin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Medicine (Genetic Epidemiology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Negishi S, Richards LC, Hughes T, Kondo S, Kasai K. Genetic contribution to palatal morphology variation using three-dimensional analysis in Australian twins. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 115:104740. [PMID: 32417704 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide insight into the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to palatal morphology variation in a cohort of Australian twins. METHODS Healthy Australian twins, aged 12-15 years (45 monozygotic, 46 same sex dizygotic, and 32 opposite-sex dizygotic) were included in the study groups. A scanner was used to obtain three-dimensional data of the maxillary arch. Palatal depth was defined by a line to the deepest point measured from the reference plane at the mid-point of the inter-pre-molar or inter-molar line. This line was then divided into 10 equal sections in order to created 10 different depths for each palatal width. Each palatal width was divided into anterior and posterior areas. Univariate genetic analysis, using the OpenMx structural equation modelling package in R, was carried out on the quantitative data using the normal assumptions of a twin model. RESULTS Heritability estimates for anterior palatal width ranged from 0.75 to 0.80, and from 0.78 to 0.86 for posterior palatal width. Estimates for anterior and posterior palatal depth were 0.72 and 0.86, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Palatal morphology tends to have a moderate to relatively high genetic contribution overall. Palate height has a higher genetic contribution posteriorly than anteriorly. The width of the deep palate is under marginally less stringent genetic regulation than the width of the shallow palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Negishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan; The University of Adelaide Dental School, Australia.
| | | | - Toby Hughes
- The University of Adelaide Dental School, Australia
| | - Shintaro Kondo
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kasai
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
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11
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Galiè N, Denton CP, Dardi F, Manes A, Mazzanti G, Li B, Varanese L, Esler A, Harmon C, Palazzini M. Tadalafil in idiopathic or heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) compared to PAH associated with connective tissue disease. Int J Cardiol 2017; 235:67-72. [PMID: 28279499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this post hoc analysis was to evaluate clinical outcomes of tadalafil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with connective tissue disease (CTD-PAH) compared with patients with idiopathic/heritable PAH (I/H-PAH) for primary and key secondary efficacy endpoints, and safety. This analysis included adult patients with CTD-PAH or I/H-PAH who participated in the PHIRST and PHIRST-2 studies. METHODS Patients were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to tadalafil (2.5, 10, 20, or 40mg) or placebo in the PHIRST study and the majority of these patients were subsequently assigned 40mg in PHIRST-2. Patients taking 20mg in PHIRST without demonstrating clinical worsening continued on 20mg in PHIRST-2. Outcomes analyzed included 6MWD, WHO-FC, and incidence and time to first occurrence of clinical worsening. Safety was assessed through evaluation of adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory data, electrocardiograms, and physical examinations. RESULTS Increased 6MWD in PHIRST was maintained in both CTD-PAH and I/H-PAH subgroups for 52weeks. Patients with CTD-PAH tended to be older, were more likely female, had lower exercise capacity, were more likely to have clinical worsening, and experienced AEs more frequently than patients with I/H-PAH. CONCLUSION The effect of tadalafil treatment in patients enrolled in both PHIRST studies was detectable for both I/H-PAH and CTD-PAH subgroups. In general, subgroup differences were modest. Patients with CTD-PAH may perform less well than patients with I/H-PAH in safety and efficacy measures in all treatment groups, which is similar to other studies demonstrating a worse prognosis for patients with CTD-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Galiè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology at the Royal Free, and University College Medical School, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Dardi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Manes
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaia Mazzanti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Baohui Li
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Anne Esler
- inVentiv Clinical Solutions, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Massimiliano Palazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Reece AS, Hulse GK. Chromothripsis and epigenomics complete causality criteria for cannabis- and addiction-connected carcinogenicity, congenital toxicity and heritable genotoxicity. Mutat Res 2016; 789:15-25. [PMID: 27208973 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent demonstration that massive scale chromosomal shattering or pulverization can occur abruptly due to errors induced by interference with the microtubule machinery of the mitotic spindle followed by haphazard chromosomal annealing, together with sophisticated insights from epigenetics, provide profound mechanistic insights into some of the most perplexing classical observations of addiction medicine, including cancerogenesis, the younger and aggressive onset of addiction-related carcinogenesis, the heritability of addictive neurocircuitry and cancers, and foetal malformations. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other addictive agents have been shown to inhibit tubulin polymerization which perturbs the formation and function of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. This disruption of the mitotic machinery perturbs proper chromosomal segregation during anaphase and causes micronucleus formation which is the primary locus and cause of the chromosomal pulverization of chromothripsis and downstream genotoxic events including oncogene induction and tumour suppressor silencing. Moreover the complementation of multiple positive cannabis-cancer epidemiological studies, and replicated dose-response relationships with established mechanisms fulfils causal criteria. This information is also consistent with data showing acceleration of the aging process by drugs of addiction including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants and opioids. THC shows a non-linear sigmoidal dose-response relationship in multiple pertinent in vitro and preclinical genotoxicity assays, and in this respect is similar to the serious major human mutagen thalidomide. Rising community exposure, tissue storage of cannabinoids, and increasingly potent phytocannabinoid sources, suggests that the threshold mutagenic dose for cancerogenesis will increasingly be crossed beyond the developing world, and raise transgenerational transmission of teratogenicity as an increasing concern.
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Samadder NJ, Curtin K, Wong J, Tuohy TMF, Mineau GP, Smith KR, Pimentel R, Pappas L, Boucher K, Garrido-Laguna I, Provenzale D, Burt RW. Epidemiology and familial risk of synchronous and metachronous colorectal cancer: a population-based study in Utah. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:2078-84.e1-2. [PMID: 24768809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) are at risk for synchronous and metachronous lesions at the time of diagnosis or during follow-up evaluation. We performed a population-based study to evaluate the rate, predictors, and familial risk for synchronous and metachronous CRC in Utah. METHODS All newly diagnosed cases of CRC between 1980 and 2010 were obtained from the Utah Cancer Registry and linked to pedigrees from the Utah Population Database. RESULTS Of the 18,782 patients diagnosed with CRC, 134 were diagnosed with synchronous CRC (0.71%) and 300 were diagnosed with metachronous CRC (1.60%). The risk for synchronous CRC was significantly higher in men (odds ratio [OR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.06) and in patients aged 65 years or older (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.02-2.21). Synchronous CRCs were located more often in the proximal colon (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.20-2.41). First-degree relatives of cases with synchronous (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.37-2.53), metachronous (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.62-3.36), or solitary CRC (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.63-1.88) were at increased risk for developing CRC, compared with relatives of CRC-free individuals. Four percent of first-degree relatives of patients with synchronous or metachronous cancer developed CRC at younger ages than the age recommended for initiating CRC screening (based on familial risk), and therefore would not have been screened. CONCLUSIONS Of patients diagnosed with CRC, 2.3% are found to have synchronous lesions or develop metachronous CRC during follow-up evaluation. Relatives of these patients have a greater risk of CRC than those without a family history of CRC. These results highlight the importance of obtaining a thorough family history and adhering strictly to surveillance guidelines during management of high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jewel Samadder
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Karen Curtin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine (Genetic Epidemiology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jathine Wong
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Geraldine P Mineau
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ken Robert Smith
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard Pimentel
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa Pappas
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ken Boucher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Dawn Provenzale
- Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Randall W Burt
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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