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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Basson A, Butaye P. Prevalence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Meat and Meat Products in African Countries: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091108. [PMID: 34572690 PMCID: PMC8465003 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, which negatively affects food safety, veterinary, and human medicine. Ineffective antibiotics may cause treatment failure, which results in prolonged hospitalisation, increased mortality, and consequently, increased health care costs. Staphylococcus aureus causes a diverse range of infections including septicaemia and endocarditis. However, in food, it mainly causes food poisoning by the production of enterotoxins. With the discovery of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains that have a separate reservoir in livestock animals, which were termed as livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) in 2005, it became clear that animals may pose another health risk. Though LA-MRSA is mainly transferred by direct contact, food transmission cannot be excluded. While the current strains are not very pathogenic, mitigation is advisable, as they may acquire new virulence genes, becoming more pathogenic, and may transfer their resistance genes. Control of LA-MRSA poses significant problems, and only Norway has an active mitigation strategy. There is limited information about LA-MRSA, MRSA in general, and other S. aureus infections from African countries. In this review, we discuss the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial susceptible and resistant S. aureus (with a focus on MRSA) from meat and meat products in African countries and compare it to the situation in the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biosciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Michalik M, Kosecka-Strojek M, Wolska M, Samet A, Podbielska-Kubera A, Międzobrodzki J. First Case of Staphylococci Carrying Linezolid Resistance Genes from Laryngological Infections in Poland. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030335. [PMID: 33805734 PMCID: PMC8000362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Linezolid is currently used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive cocci. Both linezolid-resistant S. aureus (LRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) strains have been collected worldwide. Two isolates carrying linezolid resistance genes were recovered from laryngological patients and characterized by determining their antimicrobial resistance patterns and using molecular methods such as spa typing, MLST, SCCmec typing, detection of virulence genes and ica operon expression, and analysis of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Both isolates were multidrug resistant, including resistance to methicillin. The S. aureus strain was identified as ST-398/t4474/SCCmec IVe, harboring adhesin, hemolysin genes, and the ica operon. The S. haemolyticus strain was identified as ST-42/mecA-positive and harbored hemolysin genes. Linezolid resistance in S. aureus strain was associated with the mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4, and in S. haemolyticus, resistance was associated with the presence of cfr gene. Moreover, S. aureus strain harbored optrA and poxtA genes. We identified the first case of staphylococci carrying linezolid resistance genes from patients with chronic sinusitis in Poland. Since both S. aureus and CoNS are the most common etiological factors in laryngological infections, monitoring of such infections combined with surveillance and infection prevention programs is important to decrease the number of linezolid-resistant staphylococcal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Michalik
- MML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (A.S.); (A.P.-K.)
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariola Wolska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Alfred Samet
- MML Medical Centre, Bagno 2, 00-112 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (A.S.); (A.P.-K.)
| | | | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
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Sahibzada S, Pang S, Hernández-Jover M, Jordan D, Abraham S, O'Dea M, Heller J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MRSA across different pig age groups in an intensive pig production system in Australia. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:576-586. [PMID: 32458580 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This observational study aimed to determine MRSA prevalence using strain-specific real-time PCR at the pig level, stratified by age groupings, within a pig enterprise. A total of 658 samples were collected from individual pigs (n = 618) and the piggery environment (n = 40), distributed amongst five different pig age groups. Presumptive MRSA isolates were confirmed by the presence of mecA, and MALDI-TOF was performed for species verification. All isolates were tested against 18 different antimicrobials. MRSA was isolated from 75.2% (95% CI 71.8-78.6) of samples collected from pigs, and 71% of the MRSA isolates from this source were identified as community-associated (CA)-MRSA ST93, while the remainder were livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA ST398. Amongst environmental isolates, 80% (CI 64.3-95.7) were ST93 and the remainder ST398. All MRSA isolates from pigs and the environment were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, linezolid, mupirocin, rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, teicoplanin and vancomycin. Phenotypic rates of resistance were penicillin (100%), clindamycin (97.6%), erythromycin (96.3%), ceftiofur (93.7%), chloramphenicol (81.2%), tetracycline (63.1%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.9%). A low prevalence of resistance (9.2%) was observed against neomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. The probability of MRSA carriage in dry sows (42.2%) was found to be significantly lower (p < .001) when compared to other age groups: farrowing sows (76.8%, RR1.82), weaners (97.8%, RR 2.32), growers (94.2%, RR 2.23) and finishers (98.3%, RR 2.33). Amongst different production age groups, a significant difference was also found in antimicrobial resistance for amoxicillin-clavulanate, neomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Using the RT-PCR assay adopted in this study, filtering of highly prevalent ST93 and non-ST93 isolates was performed at high throughput and low cost. In conclusion, this study found that weaner pigs presented a higher risk for CA-MRSA and antimicrobial resistance compared to other age groups. These findings have major implications for how investigations of MRSA outbreaks should be approached under the One-Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine - WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Marta Hernández-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Abreu R, Rodríguez-Álvarez C, Lecuona M, Castro B, González JC, Aguirre-Jaime A, Arias Á. Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in Spain between 2009 and 2018. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E38. [PMID: 30987334 PMCID: PMC6632109 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of emerging resistant microorganisms such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated to livestock is closely linked to improper use of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence and characteristics of these strains, as well as their evolution in healthy pigs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Between October 2009 and December 2010, 300 pigs from 15 wean-to-finishing farms were screened. Between 1 September 2017 and 31 March 2018, a new sampling was performed collecting 125 nasal swabs from pigs belonging to the same farms and under the same conditions as the previous study. MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns were studied. Results: Prevalence of MRSA isolates was 89.6%. All isolates belonged to Sequence Type 398 (ST398), a livestock related strain. All strains studied were resistant to beta-lactamic non-carbapenemic antibiotics and sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin, and mupirocine. Between 2009/2010-2017/2018 a significant increase in resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, clindamycin, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline antibiotics was observed in isolated MRSA strains compared to the previous period. We consider a major control and surveillance program of antibiotic use in veterinary care is needed in order to reduce the presence of MRSA strains in livestock and control this significant multi-resistance increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Abreu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Cristobalina Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Lecuona
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Castro
- Microbiology and Infection Control Service of the University Hospital of the Canary Islands (HUC), 38004 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos González
- Canary Islands Health Service, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38004 Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Armando Aguirre-Jaime
- Institute of Care Research, Nurses' Association, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Arias
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Universidad de La Laguna. Campus de Ofra S/N., 38071 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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Hau SJ, Haan JS, Davies PR, Frana T, Nicholson TL. Antimicrobial Resistance Distribution Differs Among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type (ST) 5 Isolates From Health Care and Agricultural Sources. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2102. [PMID: 30258418 PMCID: PMC6143795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an expanding public health concern and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a notable example. Since the discovery of livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), public health concerns have arisen surrounding the potential of LA-MRSA isolates to serve as a reservoir for AMR determinants. In this study, we compare swine associated LA-MRSA ST5 and human clinical MRSA ST5 isolates for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibilities determined via broth microdilution and genotypic determinants of AMR using whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis to identify AMR elements. Swine associated LA-MRSA ST5 isolates exhibited phenotypic resistance to fewer antibiotics than clinical MRSA ST5 isolates from humans with no swine contact. Distinct genomic AMR elements were harbored by each subgroup, with little overlap in shared AMR genes between swine associated LA-MRSA ST5 and clinical MRSA ST5 isolates. Our results demonstrate that phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibilities and genotypic determinants of AMR among swine associated LA-MRSA ST5 and clinical MRSA ST5 isolates are separate and distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Hau
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jisun S Haan
- Enterics Unit-Infectious Disease Lab, Public Health Laboratory Division, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Timothy Frana
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tracy L Nicholson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Chaalal W, Chaalal N, Bourafa N, Kihal M, Diene SM, Rolain JM. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Food Products in Western Algeria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:353-360. [PMID: 29638169 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus isolates from foodstuffs collected from western Algeria. A total of 153 S. aureus isolates from various raw and processed foods were obtained and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and toxin gene detection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified by detection of the mecA gene and characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. We found that 30.9% (153/495) of food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Thirty-three (21.5%) S. aureus isolates were identified as MRSA, and 16.9% (26/153) carried the mecA gene. Three SCCmec types were identified of which type IV was the most common (69.2%) followed by type V (15.3%) and type II (7.6%). Two MRSA isolates were not typable with SCCmec typing. None of the examined isolates harbored mecC. Furthermore, 14.3% (22/153) of the isolates were toxigenic S. aureus. The cytotoxin gene pvl was detected in 11.1% of the S. aureus isolates. This gene was more commonly detected (76.4%) in MRSA isolates than in methicillin-suceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. The tsst-1 gene coding for toxic shock syndrome toxin was isolated rarely (3.2%) and only in MSSA isolates. According to disk diffusion test results, 70 isolates were resistant to only one antimicrobial drug, and 51 (33.3%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Other 32 isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Our study highlights, for the first time, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates carrying pvl or tsst-1 found in food products in Algeria. The risk of MRSA transmission through the food chain cannot be disregarded, particularly in uncooked foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Chaalal
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran , Oran, Algérie.,2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nadia Chaalal
- 3 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia , Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Nadjette Bourafa
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France .,4 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar , Annaba, Algérie
| | - Mebrouk Kihal
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran , Oran, Algérie
| | - Seydina M Diene
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- 2 Aix Marseille Univ , IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
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Zehra A, Singh R, Kaur S, Gill JPS. Molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from livestock (bovine and swine). Vet World 2017; 10:598-604. [PMID: 28717309 PMCID: PMC5499074 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.598-604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to figure the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (AR) pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine and swine nares. Materials and Methods: Colonies with typical morphology on Baird-Parker agar supplemented with egg-yolk tellurite emulsion were selected and biochemically/genotypically identified as S. aureus. These strains were further subjected to epsilometer test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics and antibiotic susceptibility testing for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and double-disk diffusion testing was performed by the standard disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. S. aureus strains were also tested for the presence of AR genes, viz., blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, erm (ermA, ermB, ermC), tet (efflux genes tetK and tetL, tetM and tetO of the ribosomal protection family), and vanA. Results: The nasal cavities of 17 out of 47 randomly selected bovine and 20 out of 28 randomly selected swine were positive for S. aureus, representing the prevalence of 36.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.5-49.9) and 71.4% (95% CI: 54.7-88.1), respectively. Most of the S. aureus strains showed higher resistance to penicillin (94.6%, minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥1.5 µg/ml) followed by ciprofloxacin (56.7%, MIC ≥32 µg/ml) and tetracycline (18.9%, MIC ≥32 µg/ml). About 10-15% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin (MIC 16 µg/ml) and oxacillin (MIC 6-8 µg/ml). None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin (MIC 0.25-1.5 µg/ml). In this study, 32.4% strains were resistant to three or more than three antibiotics and prevalence of this multi-drug resistant S. aureus was 45% (95%CI: 26.6-63.4) and 17.6% (95%CI: 6.7-28.5) in swine and bovine nasal samples, respectively. Four strains from pigs were borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus MIC 6-8 µg/ml, but none were mecA positive. Two of these strains were β-lactamase hyperproducers. Among the resistance genes blaZ, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermB, and aacA-aphD were found. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the absence of mecA and pvl gene, but the presence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus in the nares of healthy animals which has a potential to spread in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Zehra
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J P S Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Sahibzada S, Hernández-Jover M, Heller J. The emergence of community associated MRSA (ST93) in piggery workers and associated risk factors. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Skariyachan S. Exploring the Potential of Herbal Ligands Toward Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens by Computational Drug Discovery. TRANSLATIONAL BIOINFORMATICS AND ITS APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1045-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Espigares E, Moreno Roldan E, Espigares M, Abreu R, Castro B, Dib AL, Arias Á. Phenotypic Resistance to Disinfectants and Antibiotics in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Pigs. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:272-280. [PMID: 27762078 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the phenotypic resistances to disinfectants and antibiotics in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) obtained from Canary black pigs. Analyses were performed on 54 strains of MRSA, isolated in Canary black pigs from the province of Tenerife (Spain); all of them carried the mecA gene. The strains were isolated by means of nasal swab samples of healthy pigs, collected under veterinarian supervision. Bactericidal activity of antiseptics and disinfectants was tested by means of the dilution-neutralization method. Susceptibility to the disinfectants glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid and silver nitrate was assessed, as well as to the antiseptics chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride and povidone iodine. Susceptibility to a wide array of antibiotics representing the main groups was determined by means of the disc diffusion method. All the strains demonstrated susceptibility to the disinfectants tested at the recommended concentration, and even to dilutions equal to or lesser than 1/16. The most effective antiseptic and disinfectant were, respectively, chlorhexidine and silver nitrate. With regard to the antibiotics, the strains proved to be multiresistant. All presented phenotypic resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, penicillin and cefoxitin, as well as to numerous aminoglycosides, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It was also observed that 61.1% of the strains were carriers of plasmids. Our results underline that in the strains such as MRSA, which show multiple resistances to antibiotics, the antiseptics and disinfectants show great efficacy. Moreover, as other authors also suggest, for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by MRSA, the use of β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics may be less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Espigares
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E Moreno Roldan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Espigares
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R Abreu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - B Castro
- University Hospital of Canary Islands, Tenerife Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A L Dib
- Laboratoire de Gestion de la Santé et Productions Animales-Institut des Sciences Vétérinaire El Khroub, Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Á Arias
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
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