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Guseva Canu I, Wild P, Charreau T, Freund R, Toto A, Pralong J, Sakthithasan K, Jouannique V, Debatisse A, Suarez G. Long-term exposure to PM 10 and respiratory health among Parisian subway workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 256:114316. [PMID: 38159498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient PM10 may increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung function decline. We evaluated the long-term exposure to PM10 and its relationship with COPD prevalence and lung function in Parisian subway workers. Participants were randomly selected from a 15,000-subway worker cohort. Individual annual external exposure to PM10 (ePM10) was estimated using a company-specific job-exposure-matrix based on PM10 measurements conducted between 2004 and 2019 in the Parisian subway network. Mean annual inhaled PM10 exposure (iPM10) was modeled as function of ePM10 exposure, inhalation rate, and filtration efficiency of the respiratory protection used. COPD diagnosis was performed in March-May 2021 based on post-bronchodilator spirometry. The relationship between iPM10 and outcomes was assessed using logistic and linear regression models, adjusted for exposure duration and potential confounders. Amongst 254 participants with complete data, 17 were diagnosed as COPD. The mean employment duration was 23.2 ± 7.3years, with annual mean ePM10 of 71.8 ± 33.7 μg/m3 and iPM10 of 0.59 ± 0.27 μg/shift, respectively. A positive but statistically non-significant association was found for COPD prevalence with iPM10 (OR = 1.034, 95%-CI = 0.781; 1.369, per 100 ng/shift) and ePM10 (OR = 1.029, 95%-CI = 0.879; 1.207, per 10 μg/m3). No decline in lung function was associated with PM10 exposure. However, forced expiratory volume during the first second and forced vital capacity lower than normal were positively associated with exposure duration (OR = 1.125, 95%-CI = 1.004; 1.260 and OR = 1.171, 95%-CI = 0.989; 1.386 per year, respectively). Current smoking was strongly associated with COPD prevalence (OR = 6.85, 95%-CI = 1.87; 25.10) and most lung function parameters. This is the first study assessing the relationship between long-term exposure to subway PM10 and respiratory health in subway workers. The risk estimates related with subway PM10 exposure are compatible with those related to outdoor PM10 exposure in the large recent studies. Large cohorts of subway workers are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guseva Canu
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Charreau
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Freund
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Toto
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Pralong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; SwissMedPro Health Services, Switzerland; Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Guillaume Suarez
- Center from Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ben Rayana T, Wild P, Debatisse A, Jouannique V, Sakthithasan K, Suarez G, Guseva Canu I. Job Exposure Matrix, a Solution for Retrospective Assessment of Particle Exposure in a Subway Network and Their Long-Term Effects. TOXICS 2023; 11:836. [PMID: 37888686 PMCID: PMC10610788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health effects after long-term exposure to subway particulate matter (PM) remain unknown due to the lack of individual PM exposure data. This study aimed to apply the job exposure matrix (JEM) approach to retrospectively assess occupational exposure to PM in the Parisian subway. METHODS Job, the line and sector of the transport network, as well as calendar period were four JEM dimensions. For each combination of these dimensions, we generated statistical models to estimate the annual average PM10 concentration using data from an exhaustive inventory of the PM measurement campaigns conducted between 2004 and 2020 in the Parisian subway and historical data from the Parisian air pollution monitoring network. The resulting JEM and its exposure estimates were critically examined by experts using the uncertainty analysis framework. RESULTS The resulting JEM allows for the assignment of the estimated annual PM10 concentration to three types of professionals working in the subway: locomotive operators, station agents, and security guards. The estimates' precision and validity depend on the amount and quality of PM10 measurement data used in the job-, line-, and sector-specific models. Models using large amounts of personal exposure measurement data produced rather robust exposure estimates compared to models with lacunary data (i.e., in security guards). The analysis of uncertainty around the exposure estimates allows for the identification of the sources of uncertainty and parameters to be addressed in the future in order to refine and/or improve the JEM. CONCLUSIONS The JEM approach seems relevant for the retrospective exposure assessment of subway workers. When applied to available data on PM10, it allows for the estimation of this exposure in locomotive operators and station agents with an acceptable validity. Conversely, for security guards, the current estimates have insufficient validity to recommend their use in an epidemiological study. Therefore, the current JEM should be considered as a valid prototype, which shall be further improved using more robust measurements for some jobs. This JEM can also be further refined by considering additional exposure determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesnim Ben Rayana
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
- Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration (RATP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Debatisse
- Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration (RATP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Jouannique
- Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration (RATP), 75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Guillaume Suarez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ahmad S, Zeb B, Ditta A, Alam K, Shahid U, Shah AU, Ahmad I, Alasmari A, Sakran M, Alqurashi M. Morphological, Mineralogical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Three Size Fractions (PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1) in the Urban Environment. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31661-31674. [PMID: 37692244 PMCID: PMC10483683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in megacities is increasing due to the dense population index, increasing vehicles, industries, and burning activities that negatively impact human health and climate. There is limited study of air pollution in many megacities of the world including Pakistan. Lahore is a megacity in Pakistan in which the continuous investigation of particulate matter is very important. Therefore, this study investigates particulate matter in three size fractions (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in Lahore, a polluted city in south Asia. The particulate matter was collected daily during the winter season of 2019. The average values of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were found to be 102.00 ± 64.03, 188.31 ± 49.21, and 279.73 ± 75.04 μg m-3, respectively. Various characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used. FT-IR and XRD techniques identified the minerals and compounds like quartz, peroxides, calcites and vaterite, feldspar group, kaolinite clay minerals, chrysotile, vaterite, illite, hematite, dolomite, calcite, magnesium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, calcium iron oxide, gypsum, vermiculite, CuSO4, and FeSO4. Morphology and elemental composition indicated quartz, iron, biological particles, carbonate, and carbonaceous particles. In addition, various elements like C, O, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Cl, Al, Na, K, Zn, and S were identified. Based on the elemental composition and morphology, different particles along with their percentage were found like carbonaceous- (38%), biogenic- (14%), boron-rich particle- (14%), feldspar- (10%), quartz- (9%), calcium-rich particle- (5%), chlorine-rich particle- (5%), and iron-rich particle (5%)-based. The main sources of the particulate matter included vehicular exertion, biomass consumption, resuspended dust, biological emissions, activities from construction sites, and industrial emissions near the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiq Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Bahadar Zeb
- Department
of Mathematics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Allah Ditta
- Department
of Environmental Science, Shaheed Benazir
Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of
Western Australia, 35
Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Khan Alam
- Department
of Physics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Umer Shahid
- Department
of Geology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ullah Shah
- National
Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NILOP-C,
PIEAS), Nilore 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department
of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alasmari
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Sakran
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Section, Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Trzyna A, Rybak J, Górka M, Olszowski T, Kamińska J, Węsierski T, Majder-Łopatka M. Comparison of active and passive methods for atmospheric particulate matter collection: From case study to a useful biomonitoring tool. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:139004. [PMID: 37224976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study active monitoring with the use of high volume aerosol sampler was conducted at the same time as biomonitoring with the use of lichens and spiderwebs. All of these monitoring tools were exposed to air pollution in Legnica city, a region of Cu-smelting in the SW Poland, which is well known for exceeding the environmental guidelines. Quantitative analysis was carried out for three of selected methods and concentrations of seven selected elements (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, As, Fe) were obtained. Concentrations found in lichens and in spiderwebs were directly compared and indicated significant differences between them, with higher amounts noted for spider webs. Then, in order to recognize the main pollution sources the principal component analysis was conducted and obtained results were compared. It resulted that spiderwebs and aerosol sampler, despite different mechanisms of accumulation, show similar sources of pollution - in this case - copper smelter. Additionally, the HYSPLIT trajectories and the correlations between metals in the aerosol samples also confirmed that this is the most probable source of pollution. This study can be considered innovative as these three air pollution monitoring methods were compared, which has never been conducted before, and their comparison gave satisfying results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Trzyna
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Górka
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 32, 50-205, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Opole University of Technology, Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271, Opole, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Wrocław University of Environmental Sciences, Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Węsierski
- Safety Engineering Institute, The Main School of Fire Service, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka
- Safety Engineering Institute, The Main School of Fire Service, Słowackiego 52/54, 01-629, Warsaw, Poland
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Galveias A, Ribeiro H, Guimarães F, Costa MJ, Rodrigues P, Costa AR, Abreu I, Antunes CM. Differential Quercus spp. pollen-particulate matter interaction is dependent on geographical areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154892. [PMID: 35378190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) and pollen interaction, either airborne or at the respiratory mucosa needs further clarification, as allergic reaction intensification can be related to the PM physical characteristics and toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the physical-chemical properties of PM that can adhere to the pollen wall during its transport or inhalation, using Quercus spp. as a model, in three Portuguese cities with different geographical locations, meteorological influence and urbanization levels. Possible sources were evaluated through air masses trajectory analysis using the HYSPLIT model and correlation with meteorological factors. The sampling was performed using a 7-days Hirst-type volumetric sampler, and the pollen grains were observed using a Field Emission Electron Probe Microanalyser for PM analysis. A secondary electron image of each pollen grain was taken, to determine the adhered particles characteristics and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra were obtained for individual particles. A total of 484 pollen grains was observed, with 7683 particles counted and 1914 EDS spectra analyzed. The particle's equivalent diameter ranged from 0.3-16 μm, with most having a diameter < 3 μm. For the three cities, there were significant differences in the number of particles per pollen and the % area occupied by the particles. Particles adhered were mainly Si-rich, but variations in other dominant groups were observed. For Évora and Guarda, Ca-rich, SO-rich were second and third more representative, while Porto were Organic and Cl-rich. Metals&Oxides were found in all cities with the highest number in Porto. P-rich particles were only found in Évora. Sea salt particles were observed in Évora, coincide with air mass trajectories possible carrying them from the Mediterranean Sea. In conclusion, the PM physical characteristics are similar between the studied cities, however, the dominant chemical composition is different, certainly impacting the exposome influence and pollen-allergy intensification towards the same pollen type and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galveias
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Guimarães
- Unit of Science and Mineral Technology, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), Portugal
| | - Maria João Costa
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Earth remote Sensing Laboratory (EaRSLab), Department of Physical, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Av. Dr. Francisco Sá Carneiro, 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ilda Abreu
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M Antunes
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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Sixteen-Year Monitoring of Particulate Matter Exposure in the Parisian Subway: Data Inventory and Compilation in a Database. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The regularly reported associations between particulate matter (PM) exposure, and morbidity and mortality due to respiratory, cardiovascular, cancer, and metabolic diseases have led to the reduction in recommended outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 exposure limits. However, indoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in subway systems in many cities are often higher than outdoor concentrations. The effects of these exposures on subway workers and passengers are not well known, mainly because of the challenges in exposure assessment and the lack of longitudinal studies combining comprehensive exposure and health surveillance. To fulfill this gap, we made an inventory of the PM measurement campaigns conducted in the Parisian subway since 2004. We identified 5856 PM2.5 and 18,148 PM10 results from both personal and stationary air sample measurements that we centralized in a database along with contextual information of each measurement. This database has extensive coverage of the subway network and will enable descriptive and analytical studies of indoor PM exposure in the Parisian subway and its potential effects on human health.
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Pétremand R, Wild P, Crézé C, Suarez G, Besançon S, Jouannique V, Debatisse A, Guseva Canu I. Application of the Bayesian spline method to analyze real-time measurements of ultrafine particle concentration in the Parisian subway. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106773. [PMID: 34425645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution in subway environments is a growing concern as it often exceeds WHO recommendations for indoor air quality. Ultrafine particles (UFP), for which there is still no regulation nor a standardized exposure monitoring method, are the strongest contributor to this pollution when the number concentration is used as exposure metric. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the real-time UFP number concentration in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) of three types of underground Parisian subway professionals and analyze it using a novel Bayesian spline approach. Consecutively, we investigated the effect of job, week day, subway station, worker location, and some further events on UFP number concentrations. METHODS The data collection procedure originated from a longitudinal study and lasted for a total duration of 6 weeks (from October 7 to November 15, 2019, i.e. two weeks per type of subway professionals). Time-series were built from the real-time particle number concentration (PNC) measured in the PBZ of professionals during their work-shifts. Complementarily, contextual information expressed as Station, Environment, and Event variables were extracted from activity logbooks completed for every work-shift. A Bayesian spline approach was applied to model the PNC within a Bayesian framework as a function of the mentioned contextual information. RESULTS Overall, the Bayesian spline method suited a real-time personal PNC data modeling approach. The model enabled estimating the differences in UFP exposure between subway professionals, stations, and various locations. Our results suggest a higher PNC closer to the subway tracks, with the highest PNC on subway station platforms. Studied event and week day variables had a lesser influence. CONCLUSION It was shown that the Bayesian spline method is suitable to investigate individual exposure to UFP in underground subway settings. This method is informative for better documenting the magnitude and variability of UFP exposure, and for understanding the determinants in view of further regulation and control of this exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pétremand
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Camille Crézé
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Suarez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Bartz W, Górka M, Rybak J, Rutkowski R, Stojanowska A. The assessment of effectiveness of SEM- EDX and ICP-MS methods in the process of determining the mineralogical and geochemical composition of particulate matter deposited on spider webs. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130454. [PMID: 34126686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution can be monitored using many different methods. In this paper, we aimed to test and validate two analytical techniques based on complex mineralogical and geochemical analyses with the use of spider webs as a passive sampler. The samples of spider webs were collected in 2018 in polluted areas in the vicinity of the copper smelter Głogów (Poland). Samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) to obtain not only the information about the form and size of studied particles but also their origin (anthropogenic or terrigenous). Geochemical analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), providing the total amount of chosen and potentially toxic elements. The frequency of metal occurrence in atmospheric particles identified with the use of SEM-EDX was compared with the results from ICP-MS and recalculated into the percentage of contribution. A significant correlation between chemical and mineralogical composition was found demonstrating that the phases and minerals were correctly recognised and properly divided into groups. For elements such as Pb, Zn, and Cu, which are the major contaminants in the study area, the validation of the method gave good results, revealing the convergence of results for most sampling points. Finally, our study showed that the results obtained by SEM-EDX analysis can be comparable to quantitative results (ICP-MS analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bartz
- Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 32, 50-205, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Górka
- Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 32, 50-205, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Department of Environmental Protection, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Radosław Rutkowski
- Department of Environmental Protection, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stojanowska
- Faculty of Earth Science and Environmental Management, University of Wrocław, Cybulskiego 32, 50-205, Wrocław, Poland; Department of Environmental Protection, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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9
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gaseous and Solid Air Pollutants Concentrations and Emissions in the EU, with Particular Emphasis on Poland. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the research on the analysis of the impact of social isolation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on gaseous air pollutant concentrations. For this purpose, the authors presented (thermal maps) and analyzed the concentrations of selected gases such as NO2, CO, SO2, and PM2.5 particles during the strict quarantine period in Poland and other EU countries. Statistical analysis of the concentration level of these gases was performed. It was noticed that in Poland, Germany, and France, the concentrations of such gases as CO, NO2, and PM2.5 particles decreased, while in Italy and Spain, the tendency was the opposite. To verify whether the discovered dependencies are not a natural continuation of the trends shaping the given phenomenon, the time series of gas and PM2.5 particle emissions were analyzed. On this basis, the emission forecast up to 2023 was created, using the ARIMA class models. The obtained results allowed to construct five scenarios for the development of NO2, CO, SO2, and PM2.5 emissions until 2023, considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was stated that in the optimistic scenario, in 2023, a decrease in CO, NO2, and PM2.5 emissions could be achieved by maximums of 51%, 95%, and 28%, respectively.
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Implementation of IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring System for Investigating Particulate Matter (PM 10) in Subway Tunnels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155429. [PMID: 32731501 PMCID: PMC7432224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Air quality monitoring for subway tunnels in South Korea is a topic of great interest because more than 8 million passengers per day use the subway, which has a concentration of particulate matter (PM10) greater than that of above ground. In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based air quality monitoring system, consisting of an air quality measurement device called Smart-Air, an IoT gateway, and a cloud computing web server, is presented to monitor the concentration of PM10 in subway tunnels. The goal of the system is to efficiently monitor air quality at any time and from anywhere by combining IoT and cloud computing technologies. This system was successfully implemented in Incheon’s subway tunnels to investigate levels of PM10. The concentration of particulate matter was greatest between the morning and afternoon rush hours. In addition, the residence time of PM10 increased as the depth of the monitoring location increased. During the experimentation period, the South Korean government implemented an air quality management system. An analysis was performed to follow up after implementation and assess how the change improved conditions. Based on the experiments, the system was efficient and effective at monitoring particulate matter for improving air quality in subway tunnels.
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11
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Wen Y, Leng J, Shen X, Han G, Sun L, Yu F. Environmental and Health Effects of Ventilation in Subway Stations: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031084. [PMID: 32046319 PMCID: PMC7037944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental health in subway stations, a typical type of urban underground space, is becoming increasingly important. Ventilation is the principal measure for optimizing the complex physical environment in a subway station. This paper narratively reviews the environmental and health effects of subway ventilation and discusses the relevant engineering, environmental, and medical aspects in combination. Ventilation exerts a notable dual effect on environmental health in a subway station. On the one hand, ventilation controls temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality to ensure human comfort and health. On the other hand, ventilation also carries the potential risks of spreading air pollutants or fire smoke through the complex wind environment as well as produces continuous noise. Assessment and management of health risks associated with subway ventilation is essential to attain a healthy subway environment. This, however, requires exposure, threshold data, and thereby necessitates more research into long-term effects, and toxicity as well as epidemiological studies. Additionally, more research is needed to further examine the design and maintenance of ventilation systems. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and aerodynamic characteristics of various pollutants can help formulate ventilation strategies to reduce pollutant concentrations. Moreover, current comprehensive underground space development affords a possibility for creating flexible spaces that optimize ventilation efficiency, acoustic comfort, and space perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wen
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jiawei Leng
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-83790760
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- School of Public Health, Station and Train Health Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Gang Han
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
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Ding J, Guan Y, Cong Y, Chen L, Li YF, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang J, Bai R, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wang L. Single-Particle Analysis for Structure and Iron Chemistry of Atmospheric Particulate Matter. Anal Chem 2019; 92:975-982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source and University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Current Status, Challenges and Resilient Response to Air Pollution in Urban Subway. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Subway air pollution mainly refers to inhalable particulate matter (PM) pollution, organic pollution, and microbial pollution. Based on the investigation and calculation of the existing researches, this paper summarizes the sources of air pollutants, chemical compositions, and driving factors of PM variations in subway. It evaluates the toxicity and health risks of pollutants. In this paper, the problems and challenges during the deployment of air pollution governance are discussed. Results show that the global PM compliance rate of subway is about 30%. Subway air pollution is endogenous, which means that pollutants mainly come from mechanical wear and building materials erosions. Particles are mainly metal particles, black carbon, and floating dust. The health risks of some chemical elements in the subway have reached critical levels. The variations of PM concentrations show spatial-temporal characteristics, which are mainly controlled by train age, brakes types, and environmental control systems. The authors then analyze the dynamics of interactions among government, companies and public during the air pollution governance by adding the following questions: (a) who pays the bill; (b) how to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of policies; (c) how the public moves from risk perception to actions; (d) how to develop clean air technology better so as to ultimately incentivize stakeholders and to facilitate the implementation of subway clean air programme in a resilient mode.
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14
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Characterization and Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter and Volatile Organic Compounds in Metro Carriage in Shanghai, China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Air quality in transportation microenvironment has received widespread attention. In this study, the exposure levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) in Shanghai metro system were measured simultaneously, and their risks to human health under different driving conditions were then assessed. The results showed that VOCs, PM2.5 concentrations and life cancer risk (LCR) of four VOCs (benzene, formaldehyde, ethylbenzene, and acetaldehyde) in the old metro carriages were about 3 times, 3 times and 2 times higher than those in the new metro carriages, respectively. This difference can be ascribed to the fact that air filtration system in the new metro trains is significantly improved. The VOC levels, PM2.5 concentrations and LCR of VOCs on the above-ground track were slightly higher than those on the underground track. This is due to less outdoor polluted air entering into the carriage on the underground track. Number of passengers also had an effect on VOCs and PM2.5 concentrations in metro carriages. Additionally, the LCR of VOCs inside metro trains should not be ignored (7.69 × 10−6~1.47 × 10−5), especially inside old metro trains with the old ventilation system.
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15
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Park JH, Son YS, Kim KH. A review of traditional and advanced technologies for the removal of particulate matter in subway systems. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:177-191. [PMID: 30586211 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pollution status of particulate matter (PM) in a subway system and technological trends in their reduction were discussed in this study. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 are generally found to be higher in the underground platforms and tunnels than those in the outdoor air. It has also been reported that the composition of fine dust in the subway consists of various substances including heavy metals (like Fe), carbonaceous matter, and solvent extractable organic matter (SEOM). It was confirmed that subway dust was created mainly by wearing on wheels, rails, and brakes. In addition, the concentration of PM in such environment was influenced not only by internal factors (eg, operating conditions of trains and ventilation systems, number of passengers, and the structure of subway stations) but also by outside factors (eg, ambient air concentration). Up to now, various techniques (ventilation fans, platform screen doors (PSDs), magnetic filters, small jet fans, artificial intelligent ventilation systems, hybrid filters, etc) have been studied to reduce PM in underground subway systems. In this study, we reviewed the air quality of major subway stations with the focus on PM and relevant technologies for its reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyeong Park
- Jeonju Center, FITI Testing & Research Institute, Jeonju-si, Korea
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Zeb B, Alam K, Sorooshian A, Blaschke T, Ahmad I, Shahid I. On the Morphology and Composition of Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment. AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH 2018; 18:1431-1447. [PMID: 30344547 PMCID: PMC6192059 DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2017.09.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) plays a vital role in altering air quality, human health, and climate change. There are sparse data relevant to PM characteristics in urban environments of the Middle East, including Peshawar city in Pakistan. This work reports on the morphology and composition of PM in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10) during November 2016 in Peshawar. The 24 hous mass concentration of PM2.5 varied from 72 μg m-3 to 500 μg m-3 with an average value of 286 μg m-3. The 24 hours PM10 concentration varied from 300 μg m-3 to 1440 μg m-3 with an average of 638 μg m-3. The morphology, size, and elemental composition of PM were measured using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy. The size of the analyzed particles by EDX ranged from 916 nm to 22 μm. Particles were classified into the following groups based on their elemental composition and morphology: silica (12%), aluminosilicates (23%), calcium rich (3%), chloride (2%), Fe/Ti oxides (3%), carbonaceous (49%), sulfate (5%), biogenic (3%). The major identified sources of PM are vehicular emissions, biomass burning, soil and re-suspended road dust, biological emissions, and construction activities in and around the vicinity of the sampling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar Zeb
- Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Blaschke
- Department of Geoinformatics Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ifthikhar Ahmad
- Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shahid
- Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Xu B, Hao J. Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:33-46. [PMID: 28651166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The air quality in the subway metro indoor microenvironment has been of particular public concern. With specific reference to the growing demand of green transportation and sustainable development, subway metro systems have been rapidly developed worldwide in last decades. The number of metro commuters has continuously increased over recent years in metropolitan cities. In some cities, metro system has become the primary public transportation mode. Although commuters typically spend only 30-40min in metros, the air pollutants emitted from various interior components of metro system as well as air pollutants carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure. Commuters' exposure to various air pollutants in metro carriages may cause perceivable health risk as reported by many environmental health studies. This review summarizes significant findings in the literature on air quality inside metro indoor environment, including pollutant concentration levels, chemical species, related sources and health risk assessment. More than 160 relevant studies performed across over 20 countries were carefully reviewed. These comprised more than 2000 individual measurement trips. Particulate matters, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls and airborne bacteria have been identified as the primary air pollutants inside metro system. On this basis, future work could focus on investigating the chronic health risks of exposure to various air pollutants other than PM, and/or further developing advanced air purification unit to improve metro in-station air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jinliang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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18
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Yin Z, Xu HJ, Yao XL, Liu G, Nie CJ, Wei H, Li C, Liang ML, Ming ZY, Zhang XJ. Ambient fine particles (PM 2.5 ) attenuate collagen-induced platelet activation through interference of the PLCγ2/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:530-540. [PMID: 27045816 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS It has been proven that carbon nanoparticles or diesel exhaust particles stimulate platelet activation. However, the effect of fine particle matter (PM2.5 ) on platelet activation remains unknown, which motivates this study. METHODS PM2.5 samples were collected in an urban area of Zhengzhou, China. To study the morphological characteristics and the mass concentrations of trace elements of PM2.5 samples, a filed-emission scanning electron microscope, the Image-J software, and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used. Washed human platelets or platelet-rich-plasma were used to study the effect of PM2.5 on platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, or platelet signaling pathways. The cytotoxicity in platelets exposed to PM2.5 was evaluated by a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit. In addition, platelet adhesion and spreading were studied on collagen-coated surfaces in stable conditions. RESULTS The filed-emission scanning electron microscope scanning showed that PM2.5 samples varied in shape and size distributions. The mean equivalent spherical diameter of these particles was 1.97 ± 0.04 μm, of which 82.40% were particles with equivalent spherical diameters of less than 2.5 μm. The mass concentration of Ca was higher than that of other elements. The other elements followed the trend of Al>Fe>Zn>Mg>Pb>K>Mn>Cu>Ti>Ba>As>Sr>Sn>Sb>Cd>B>Se>Mo>Ag>Ni>TI>V>Co. Furthermore, pretreatment of PM2.5 significantly inhibited rather than potentiated collagen-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression, whereas it had no significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression. The lactate dehydrogenase analysis showed trivial cytotoxic effect of PM2.5 exposure on platelets. Pretreatment of PM2.5 inhibited platelet adhesion on immobilized collagen-coated surfaces; however, it almost did not impact the platelet spreading. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that PM2.5 reduced collagen-induced phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma-2 (PLCγ2) at Tyr759, Akt at Ser473, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at Ser9. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 attenuated collagen-induced platelet aggregation, α-granule secretion and adhesion, with the potential mechanism of impairing PLCγ2, Akt, and GSK3β signaling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 530-540, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia-Li Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chronic Disease Research Institute, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Jie Nie
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Lu Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Yin Ming
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
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Heredia Rivera B, Gerardo Rodriguez M. Characterization of Airborne Particles Collected from Car Engine Air Filters Using SEM and EDX Techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100985. [PMID: 27706087 PMCID: PMC5086724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter accumulated on car engine air-filters (CAFs) was examined in order to investigate the potential use of these devices as efficient samplers for collecting street level air that people are exposed to. The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The particulate matter accumulated by the CAFs was studied in two categories; the first was of removed particles by friction, and the second consisted of particles retained on the filters. Larger particles with a diameter of 74–10 µm were observed in the first category. In the second one, the detected particles had a diameter between 16 and 0.7 µm. These particles exhibited different morphologies and composition, indicating mostly a soil origin. The elemental composition revealed the presence of three groups: mineral (clay and asphalt), metallic (mainly Fe), and biological particles (vegetal and animal debris). The palynological analysis showed the presence of pollen grains associated with urban plants. These results suggest that CAFs capture a mixture of atmospheric particles, which can be analyzed in order to monitor urban air. Thus, the continuous availability of large numbers of filters and the retroactivity associated to the car routes suggest that these CAFs are very useful for studying the high traffic zones within a city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birmania Heredia Rivera
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20931, Mexico.
| | - Martín Gerardo Rodriguez
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20931, Mexico.
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Characterization and Cytotoxicity of PM<0.2, PM0.2-2.5 and PM2.5-10 around MSWI in Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5076-89. [PMID: 25985309 PMCID: PMC4454955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential impact of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), which is an anthropogenic source of aerosol emissions, is of great public health concern. This study investigated the characterization and cytotoxic effects of ambient ultrafine particles (PM<0.2), fine particles (PM0.2-2.5) and coarse particles (PM2.5-10) collected around a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant in the Pudong district of Shanghai. METHODS Mass concentrations of trace elements in particulate matter (PM) samples were determined using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). The cytotoxicity of sampled atmospheric PM was evaluated by cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells. RESULT The mass percentage of PM0.2-2.5 accounted for 72.91% of the total mass of PM. Crustal metals (Mg, Al, and Ti) were abundant in the coarse particles, while the anthropogenic elements (V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were dominant in the fine particles. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cd and Pb in the fine and ultrafine particles were extremely high (>100). The cytotoxicity of the size-resolved particles was in the order of coarse particles < fine particles < ultrafine particles. CONCLUSIONS Fine particles dominated the MSWI ambient particles. Emissions from the MSWI could bring contamination of anthropogenic elements (Zn, Cd and Pb) into ambient environment. The PM around the MSWI plant displayed an additive toxic effect, and the ultrafine and fine particles possessed higher biological toxicity than the coarse particles.
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Spagnolo AM, Ottria G, Perdelli F, Cristina ML. Chemical characterisation of the coarse and fine particulate matter in the environment of an underground railway system: cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress-a preliminary study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4031-46. [PMID: 25872016 PMCID: PMC4410231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to the particulate matter produced in underground railway systems is arousing increasing scientific interest because of its health effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the airborne concentrations of PM10 and three sub-fractions of PM2.5 in an underground railway system environment in proximity to platforms and in underground commercial areas within the system, and to compare these with the outdoor airborne concentrations. We also evaluated the metal components, the cytotoxic properties of the various fractions of particulate matter (PM) and their capacity to induce oxidative stress. Method: We collected the coarse fraction (5–10 µm) and the fine fractions (1–2.5 µm; 0.5–1 µm; 0.25–0.5 µm). Chemical characterisation was determined by means of spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assessment. Results: The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 proved to be similar at the three sampling sites. Iron and other transition metals displayed a greater concentration at the subway platform than at the other two sites. The 2.5–10 µm and 1–2.5 µm fractions of PM from all three sampling sites determined a greater increase in ROS; the intensity of oxidative stress progressively declined as particle diameter diminished. Moreover, ROS concentrations were correlated with the concentrations of some transition metals, namely Mn, Cr, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mo. All particulate matter fractions displayed lower or similar ROS values between platform level and the outdoor air. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the underground railway environment at platform level, although containing higher concentrations of some particularly reactive metallic species, did not display higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress levels than the outdoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Spagnolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ottria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Perdelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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