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Ali S, Alam F, Potgieter J, Arif KM. Leveraging Temporal Information to Improve Machine Learning-Based Calibration Techniques for Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2930. [PMID: 38733036 PMCID: PMC11086096 DOI: 10.3390/s24092930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost ambient sensors have been identified as a promising technology for monitoring air pollution at a high spatio-temporal resolution. However, the pollutant data captured by these cost-effective sensors are less accurate than their conventional counterparts and require careful calibration to improve their accuracy and reliability. In this paper, we propose to leverage temporal information, such as the duration of time a sensor has been deployed and the time of day the reading was taken, in order to improve the calibration of low-cost sensors. This information is readily available and has so far not been utilized in the reported literature for the calibration of cost-effective ambient gas pollutant sensors. We make use of three data sets collected by research groups around the world, who gathered the data from field-deployed low-cost CO and NO2 sensors co-located with accurate reference sensors. Our investigation shows that using the temporal information as a co-variate can significantly improve the accuracy of common machine learning-based calibration techniques, such as Random Forest and Long Short-Term Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafat Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (S.A.); (K.M.A.)
| | - Fakhrul Alam
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Johan Potgieter
- Manawatu Agrifood Digital Lab, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (S.A.); (K.M.A.)
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Lioliopoulos P, Oikonomou P, Boulougaris G, Kolomvatsos K. Integrated Portable and Stationary Health Impact-Monitoring System for Firefighters. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2273. [PMID: 38610485 PMCID: PMC11014343 DOI: 10.3390/s24072273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The multi-layered negative effects caused by pollutants released into the atmosphere as a result of fires served as the stimulus for the development of a system that protects the health of firefighters operating in the affected area. A collaborative network comprising mobile and stationary Internet of Things (IoT) devices that are furnished with gas sensors, along with a remote server, constructs a resilient framework that monitors the concentrations of harmful emissions, characterizes the ambient air quality of the vicinity where the fire transpires, adopting European Air Quality levels, and communicates the outcomes via suitable applications (RESTful APIs and visualizations) to the stakeholders responsible for fire management decision making. Different experimental evaluations adopting separate contexts illustrate the operation of the infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Oikonomou
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, 3rd km Lamia–Athens, 35100 Lamia, Greece; (P.L.); (G.B.); (K.K.)
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Samad A, Kieser J, Chourdakis I, Vogt U. Developing a Cloud-Based Air Quality Monitoring Platform Using Low-Cost Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:945. [PMID: 38339662 PMCID: PMC10857248 DOI: 10.3390/s24030945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Conventional air quality monitoring has been traditionally carried out in a few fixed places with expensive measuring equipment. This results in sparse spatial air quality data, which do not represent the real air quality of an entire area, e.g., when hot spots are missing. To obtain air quality data with higher spatial and temporal resolution, this research focused on developing a low-cost network of cloud-based air quality measurement platforms. These platforms should be able to measure air quality parameters including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) as well as gases like NO, NO2, O3, and CO, air temperature, and relative humidity. These parameters were measured every second and transmitted to a cloud server every minute on average. The platform developed during this research used one main computer to read the sensor data, process it, and store it in the cloud. Three prototypes were tested in the field: two of them at a busy traffic site in Stuttgart, Marienplatz and one at a remote site, Ötisheim, where measurements were performed near busy railroad tracks. The developed platform had around 1500 € in materials costs for one Air Quality Sensor Node and proved to be robust during the measurement phase. The notion of employing a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for the efficient working of a dryer that is used to reduce the negative effect of meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity on the measurement results was also pursued. This is seen as one way to improve the quality of data captured by low-cost sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad
- Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology (IFK), Department of Flue Gas Cleaning and Air Quality Control, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 23, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Suriano D, Prato M. An Investigation on the Possible Application Areas of Low-Cost PM Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3976. [PMID: 37112317 PMCID: PMC10143454 DOI: 10.3390/s23083976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the availability on the market of low-cost sensors (LCSs) and low-cost monitors (LCMs) for air quality monitoring has attracted the interest of scientists, communities, and professionals. Although the scientific community has raised concerns about their data quality, they are still considered a possible alternative to regulatory monitoring stations due to their cheapness, compactness, and lack of maintenance costs. Several studies have performed independent evaluations to investigate their performance, but a comparison of the results is difficult due to the different test conditions and metrics adopted. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tried to provide a tool for assessing the possible uses of LCSs or LCMs by publishing guidelines to assign suitable application areas for each of them on the basis of the mean normalized bias (MNB) and coefficient of variance (CV) indicators. Until today, very few studies have analyzed LCS performance by referring to the EPA guidelines. This research aimed to understand the performance and the possible application areas of two PM sensor models (PMS5003 and SPS30) on the basis of the EPA guidelines. We computed the R2, RMSE, MAE, MNB, CV, and other performance indicators and found that the coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 0.55 to 0.61, while the root mean squared error (RMSE) ranged from 11.02 µg/m3 to 12.09 µg/m3. Moreover, the application of a correction factor to include the humidity effect produced an improvement in the performance of the PMS5003 sensor models. We also found that, based on the MNB and CV values, the EPA guidelines assigned the SPS30 sensors to the "informal information about the presence of the pollutant" application area (Tier I), while PMS5003 sensors were assigned to the "supplemental monitoring of regulatory networks" area (Tier III). Although the usefulness of the EPA guidelines is acknowledged, it appears that improvements are necessary to increase their effectiveness.
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Ragbir P, Kaduwela A, Passovoy D, Amin P, Ye S, Wallis C, Alaimo C, Young T, Kong Z. UAV-Based Wildland Fire Air Toxics Data Collection and Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3561. [PMID: 37050621 PMCID: PMC10098707 DOI: 10.3390/s23073561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smoke plumes emitted from wildland-urban interface (WUI) wildfires contain toxic chemical substances that are harmful to human health, mainly due to the burning of synthetic components. Accurate measurement of these air toxics is necessary for understanding their impacts on human health. However, air pollution is typically measured using ground-based sensors, manned airplanes, or satellites, which all provide low-resolution data. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to provide high-resolution spatial and temporal data due to their ability to hover in specific locations and maneuver with precise trajectories in 3-D space. This study investigates the use of an octocopter UAV, equipped with a customized air quality sensor package and a volatile organic compound (VOC) air sampler, for the purposes of collecting and analyzing air toxics data from wildfire plumes. The UAV prototype developed has been successfully tested during several prescribed fires conducted by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE). Data from these experiments were analyzed with emphasis on the relationship between the air toxics measured and the different types of vegetation/fuel burnt. BTEX compounds were found to be more abundant for hardwood burning compared to grassland burning, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash Ragbir
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.R.); (P.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ajith Kaduwela
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.K.); (C.W.)
| | - David Passovoy
- California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 715 P St., Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;
| | - Preet Amin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.R.); (P.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuchen Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.R.); (P.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Christopher Wallis
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.K.); (C.W.)
| | - Christopher Alaimo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.); (T.Y.)
| | - Thomas Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.); (T.Y.)
| | - Zhaodan Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.R.); (P.A.); (S.Y.)
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Ali S, Alam F, Arif KM, Potgieter J. Low-Cost CO Sensor Calibration Using One Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:854. [PMID: 36679650 PMCID: PMC9862378 DOI: 10.3390/s23020854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The advent of cost-effective sensors and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents the opportunity to monitor urban pollution at a high spatio-temporal resolution. However, these sensors suffer from poor accuracy that can be improved through calibration. In this paper, we propose to use One Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1DCNN) based calibration for low-cost carbon monoxide sensors and benchmark its performance against several Machine Learning (ML) based calibration techniques. We make use of three large data sets collected by research groups around the world from field-deployed low-cost sensors co-located with accurate reference sensors. Our investigation shows that 1DCNN performs consistently across all datasets. Gradient boosting regression, another ML technique that has not been widely explored for gas sensor calibration, also performs reasonably well. For all datasets, the introduction of temperature and relative humidity data improves the calibration accuracy. Cross-sensitivity to other pollutants can be exploited to improve the accuracy further. This suggests that low-cost sensors should be deployed as a suite or an array to measure covariate factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafat Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Fakhrul Alam
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Johan Potgieter
- Massey Agrifood Digital Lab., Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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Schilt U, Barahona B, Buck R, Meyer P, Kappani P, Möckli Y, Meyer M, Schuetz P. Low-Cost Sensor Node for Air Quality Monitoring: Field Tests and Validation of Particulate Matter Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:794. [PMID: 36679602 PMCID: PMC9862273 DOI: 10.3390/s23020794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is still a major public health issue, which makes monitoring air quality a necessity. Mobile, low-cost air quality measurement devices can potentially deliver more coherent data for a region or municipality than stationary measurement stations are capable of due to their improved spatial coverage. In this study, air quality measurements obtained during field tests of our low-cost air quality sensor node (sensor-box) are presented and compared to measurements from the regional air quality monitoring network. The sensor-box can acquire geo-tagged measurements of several important pollutants, as well as other environmental quantities such as light and sound. The field test consists of sensor-boxes mounted on utility vehicles operated by municipalities located in Central Switzerland. Validation is performed against a measurement station that is part of the air quality monitoring network of Central Switzerland. Often not discussed in similar studies, this study tests and discusses several data filtering methods for the removal of outliers and unfeasible values prior to further analysis. The results show a coherent measurement pattern during the field tests and good agreement to the reference station during the side-by-side validation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Schilt
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | - Braulio Barahona
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | - Roger Buck
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meyer
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | - Prince Kappani
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | - Yannis Möckli
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Schuetz
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, CH-6048 Horw, Switzerland
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8
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Rollo F, Bachechi C, Po L. Anomaly Detection and Repairing for Improving Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23020640. [PMID: 36679439 PMCID: PMC9867200 DOI: 10.3390/s23020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clean air in cities improves our health and overall quality of life and helps fight climate change and preserve our environment. High-resolution measures of pollutants' concentrations can support the identification of urban areas with poor air quality and raise citizens' awareness while encouraging more sustainable behaviors. Recent advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technology have led to extensive use of low-cost air quality sensors for hyper-local air quality monitoring. As a result, public administrations and citizens increasingly rely on information obtained from sensors to make decisions in their daily lives and mitigate pollution effects. Unfortunately, in most sensing applications, sensors are known to be error-prone. Thanks to Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, it is possible to devise computationally efficient methods that can automatically pinpoint anomalies in those data streams in real time. In order to enhance the reliability of air quality sensing applications, we believe that it is highly important to set up a data-cleaning process. In this work, we propose AIrSense, a novel AI-based framework for obtaining reliable pollutant concentrations from raw data collected by a network of low-cost sensors. It enacts an anomaly detection and repairing procedure on raw measurements before applying the calibration model, which converts raw measurements to concentration measurements of gasses. There are very few studies of anomaly detection in raw air quality sensor data (millivolts). Our approach is the first that proposes to detect and repair anomalies in raw data before they are calibrated by considering the temporal sequence of the measurements and the correlations between different sensor features. If at least some previous measurements are available and not anomalous, it trains a model and uses the prediction to repair the observations; otherwise, it exploits the previous observation. Firstly, a majority voting system based on three different algorithms detects anomalies in raw data. Then, anomalies are repaired to avoid missing values in the measurement time series. In the end, the calibration model provides the pollutant concentrations. Experiments conducted on a real dataset of 12,000 observations produced by 12 low-cost sensors demonstrated the importance of the data-cleaning process in improving calibration algorithms' performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rollo
- "Enzo Ferrari" Engineering Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Bachechi
- "Enzo Ferrari" Engineering Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Po
- "Enzo Ferrari" Engineering Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
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García L, Garcia-Sanchez AJ, Asorey-Cacheda R, Garcia-Haro J, Zúñiga-Cañón CL. Smart Air Quality Monitoring IoT-Based Infrastructure for Industrial Environments. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22239221. [PMID: 36501930 PMCID: PMC9737967 DOI: 10.3390/s22239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Deficient air quality in industrial environments creates a number of problems that affect both the staff and the ecosystems of a particular area. To address this, periodic measurements must be taken to monitor the pollutant substances discharged into the atmosphere. However, the deployed system should also be adapted to the specific requirements of the industry. This paper presents a complete air quality monitoring infrastructure based on the IoT paradigm that is fully integrable into current industrial systems. It includes the development of two highly precise compact devices to facilitate real-time monitoring of particulate matter concentrations and polluting gases in the air. These devices are able to collect other information of interest, such as the temperature and humidity of the environment or the Global Positioning System (GPS) location of the device. Furthermore, machine learning techniques have been applied to the Big Data collected by this system. The results identify that the Gaussian Process Regression is the technique with the highest accuracy among the air quality data sets gathered by the devices. This provides our solution with, for instance, the intelligence to predict when safety levels might be surpassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García
- Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46730 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio-Javier Garcia-Sanchez
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Rafael Asorey-Cacheda
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Joan Garcia-Haro
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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Nachtnebel M, Führer B, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Mertl J, Kaufmann L, Schroettner H, Rattenberger J. Determination of ragweed allergen Amb a 1 distribution in aerosols using ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2022; 1:265-272. [PMID: 37779543 PMCID: PMC10509994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Ragweed as an invasive species in Europe has become more important for allergy sufferers in the last decade. Because pollen fractions can be found in the respirable fraction of aerosols, they can generate severe disease progressions. Objective To obtain information about the concentration and distribution of 1 of the main ragweed allergens Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 in the air of Vienna, PM10 and PM2.5 fine dust filters were analyzed. Methods Standard fine dust filters used for air quality monitoring were analyzed via ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy. Results Via ELISA it was possible to show that already at pollen season start in August a recognizably high A artemisiifolia 1 concentration can be found. In addition, the allergen concentration in the air stays comparatively high after the peak season has ended even when the pollen concentration drops to a moderate level. The immunogold electron microscopy investigation directly applied on filters shows that the allergen can be found on organic as well as on mixtures of organic and inorganic particles. A first semistatistical analysis of the labeled particle sizes indicates that a large number of the allergen carriers can be found within the smallest particle size range. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to obtain enough particle counts for a significant statistical analysis. Conclusions It was possible to show that reliable results can be obtained from ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy directly applied on filters that are used in air quality monitoring sites. By adaptation of the used protocols, it should be possible to obtain respective information about further allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Führer
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Mertl
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Rattenberger
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria
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Espinosa F, Bartolomé AB, Hernández PV, Rodriguez-Sanchez MC. Contribution of Singular Spectral Analysis to Forecasting and Anomalies Detection of Indoors Air Quality. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3054. [PMID: 35459037 PMCID: PMC9028519 DOI: 10.3390/s22083054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high impact of air quality on environmental and human health justifies the increasing research activity regarding its measurement, modelling, forecasting and anomaly detection. Raw data offered by sensors usually makes the mentioned time series disciplines difficult. This is why the application of techniques to improve time series processing is a challenge. In this work, Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) is applied to air quality analysis from real recorded data as part of the Help Responder research project. Authors evaluate the benefits of working with SSA processed data instead of raw data for modelling and estimation of the resulting time series. However, what is more relevant is the proposal to detect indoor air quality anomalies based on the analysis of the time derivative SSA signal when the time derivative of the noisy original data is useless. A dual methodology, evaluating level and dynamics of the SSA signal variation, contributes to identifying risk situations derived from air quality degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Espinosa
- Electronics Department, University of Alcala, E-28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (F.E.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Ana B. Bartolomé
- Electronics Department, University of Alcala, E-28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (F.E.); (A.B.B.)
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Narayana MV, Jalihal D, Nagendra SMS. Establishing A Sustainable Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Setup: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:394. [PMID: 35009933 PMCID: PMC8749853 DOI: 10.3390/s22010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost sensors (LCS) are becoming popular for air quality monitoring (AQM). They promise high spatial and temporal resolutions at low-cost. In addition, citizen science applications such as personal exposure monitoring can be implemented effortlessly. However, the reliability of the data is questionable due to various error sources involved in the LCS measurement. Furthermore, sensor performance drift over time is another issue. Hence, the adoption of LCS by regulatory agencies is still evolving. Several studies have been conducted to improve the performance of low-cost sensors. This article summarizes the existing studies on the state-of-the-art of LCS for AQM. We conceptualize a step by step procedure to establish a sustainable AQM setup with LCS that can produce reliable data. The selection of sensors, calibration and evaluation, hardware setup, evaluation metrics and inferences, and end user-specific applications are various stages in the LCS-based AQM setup we propose. We present a critical analysis at every step of the AQM setup to obtain reliable data from the low-cost measurement. Finally, we conclude this study with future scope to improve the availability of air quality data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Jalihal
- Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras 600036, India;
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13
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Ionascu ME, Castell N, Boncalo O, Schneider P, Darie M, Marcu M. Calibration of CO, NO 2, and O 3 Using Airify: A Low-Cost Sensor Cluster for Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21237977. [PMID: 34883981 PMCID: PMC8659498 DOI: 10.3390/s21237977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, extensive research has been carried out on the subject of low-cost sensor platforms for air quality monitoring. A key aspect when deploying such systems is the quality of the measured data. Calibration is especially important to improve the data quality of low-cost air monitoring devices. The measured data quality must comply with regulations issued by national or international authorities in order to be used for regulatory purposes. This work discusses the challenges and methods suitable for calibrating a low-cost sensor platform developed by our group, Airify, that has a unit cost five times less expensive than the state-of-the-art solutions (approximately €1000). The evaluated platform can integrate a wide variety of sensors capable of measuring up to 12 parameters, including the regulatory pollutants defined in the European Directive. In this work, we developed new calibration models (multivariate linear regression and random forest) and evaluated their effectiveness in meeting the data quality objective (DQO) for the following parameters: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The experimental results show that the proposed calibration managed an improvement of 12% for the CO and O3 gases and a similar accuracy for the NO2 gas compared to similar state-of-the-art studies. The evaluated parameters had different calibration accuracies due to the non-identical levels of gas concentration at which the sensors were exposed during the model’s training phase. After the calibration algorithms were applied to the evaluated platform, its performance met the DQO criteria despite the overall low price level of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian-Emanuel Ionascu
- Faculty of Automatics and Computers, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (O.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-745-532-759
| | - Nuria Castell
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (N.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Oana Boncalo
- Faculty of Automatics and Computers, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (N.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Marius Darie
- National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion–INSEMEX, 332047 Petrosani, Romania;
| | - Marius Marcu
- Faculty of Automatics and Computers, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; (O.B.); (M.M.)
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14
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Danek T, Zaręba M. The Use of Public Data from Low-Cost Sensors for the Geospatial Analysis of Air Pollution from Solid Fuel Heating during the COVID-19 Pandemic Spring Period in Krakow, Poland. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21155208. [PMID: 34372442 PMCID: PMC8347555 DOI: 10.3390/s21155208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the public data provided by low-cost sensors (LCS), which were used for spatial and temporal studies of air quality in Krakow. A PM (particulate matter) dataset was obtained in spring in 2021, during which a fairly strict lockdown was in force as a result of COVID-19. Therefore, we were able to separate the effect of solid fuel heating from other sources of background pollution, mainly caused by urban transport. Moreover, we analyzed the historical data of PM2.5 from 2010 to 2019 to show the effect of grassroots efforts and pro-clean-air legislation changes in Krakow. We designed a unique workflow with a time-spatial analysis of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, and temperature data from Airly(c) sensors located in Krakow and its surroundings. Using geostatistical methods, we showed that Krakow's neighboring cities are the main sources of air pollution from solid fuel heating in the city. Additionally, we showed that the changes in the law in Krakow significantly reduced the PM concentration as compared to neighboring municipalities without a fossil fuel prohibition law. Moreover, our research demonstrates that informative campaigns and education are important initiating factors in order to bring about cleaner air in the future.
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15
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De Vito S, Esposito E, Massera E, Formisano F, Fattoruso G, Ferlito S, Del Giudice A, D’Elia G, Salvato M, Polichetti T, D’Auria P, Ionescu AM, Di Francia G. Crowdsensing IoT Architecture for Pervasive Air Quality and Exposome Monitoring: Design, Development, Calibration, and Long-Term Validation. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21155219. [PMID: 34372456 PMCID: PMC8348778 DOI: 10.3390/s21155219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A pervasive assessment of air quality in an urban or mobile scenario is paramount for personal or city-wide exposure reduction action design and implementation. The capability to deploy a high-resolution hybrid network of regulatory grade and low-cost fixed and mobile devices is a primary enabler for the development of such knowledge, both as a primary source of information and for validating high-resolution air quality predictive models. The capability of real-time and cumulative personal exposure monitoring is also considered a primary driver for exposome monitoring and future predictive medicine approaches. Leveraging on chemical sensing, machine learning, and Internet of Things (IoT) expertise, we developed an integrated architecture capable of meeting the demanding requirements of this challenging problem. A detailed account of the design, development, and validation procedures is reported here, along with the results of a two-year field validation effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio De Vito
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Elena Esposito
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (E.E.)
| | - Ettore Massera
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Fabrizio Formisano
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Grazia Fattoruso
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Sergio Ferlito
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Antonio Del Giudice
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Gerardo D’Elia
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Maria Salvato
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Tiziana Polichetti
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Paolo D’Auria
- ARPA Campania, Via Vicinale Santa Maria del Pianto Centro Polifunzionale, Torre 1, 80143 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Adrian M. Ionescu
- NanoLab, EPFL-Ecole Politechnique Federal de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Girolamo Di Francia
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Division, P. le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.M.); (F.F.); (G.F.); (S.F.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (G.D.F.)
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16
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Zong H, Brimblecombe P, Sun L, Wei P, Ho KF, Zhang Q, Cai J, Kan H, Chu M, Che W, Lau AKH, Ning Z. Reducing the Influence of Environmental Factors on Performance of a Diffusion-Based Personal Exposure Kit. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21144637. [PMID: 34300377 PMCID: PMC8309635 DOI: 10.3390/s21144637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensor technology has enabled the development of portable low-cost monitoring kits that might supplement many applications in conventional monitoring stations. Despite the sensitivity of electrochemical gas sensors to environmental change, they are increasingly important in monitoring polluted microenvironments. The performance of a compact diffusion-based Personal Exposure Kit (PEK) was assessed for real-time gaseous pollutant measurement (CO, O3, and NO2) under typical environmental conditions encountered in the subtropical city of Hong Kong. A dynamic baseline tracking method and a range of calibration protocols to address system performance were explored under practical scenarios to assess the performance of the PEK in reducing the impact of rapid changes in the ambient environment in personal exposure assessment applications. The results show that the accuracy and stability of the ppb level gas measurement is enhanced even in heterogeneous environments, thus avoiding the need for data post-processing with mathematical algorithms, such as multi-linear regression. This establishes the potential for use in personal exposure monitoring, which has been difficult in the past, and for reporting more accurate and reliable data in real-time to support personal exposure assessment and portable air quality monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Zong
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Li Sun
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Peng Wei
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (Q.Z.); (J.C.); (H.K.)
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (Q.Z.); (J.C.); (H.K.)
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (Q.Z.); (J.C.); (H.K.)
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengyuan Chu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Wenwei Che
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Alexis Kai-Hon Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; (H.Z.); (L.S.); (P.W.); (M.C.); (W.C.); (A.K.-H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Tancev G. Relevance of Drift Components and Unit-to-Unit Variability in the Predictive Maintenance of Low-Cost Electrochemical Sensor Systems in Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3298. [PMID: 34068777 DOI: 10.3390/s21093298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As key components of low-cost sensor systems in air quality monitoring, electrochemical gas sensors have recently received a lot of interest but suffer from unit-to-unit variability and different drift components such as aging and concept drift, depending on the calibration approach. Magnitudes of drift can vary across sensors of the same type, and uniform recalibration intervals might lead to insufficient performance for some sensors. This publication evaluates the opportunity to perform predictive maintenance solely by the use of calibration data, thereby detecting the optimal moment for recalibration and improving recalibration intervals and measurement results. Specifically, the idea is to define confidence regions around the calibration data and to monitor the relative position of incoming sensor signals during operation. The emphasis lies on four algorithms from unsupervised anomaly detection-namely, robust covariance, local outlier factor, one-class support vector machine, and isolation forest. Moreover, the behavior of unit-to-unit variability and various drift components on the performance of the algorithms is discussed by analyzing published field experiments and by performing Monte Carlo simulations based on sensing and aging models. Although unsupervised anomaly detection on calibration data can disclose the reliability of measurement results, simulation results suggest that this does not translate to every sensor system due to unfavorable arrangements of baseline drifts paired with sensitivity drift.
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18
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Samad A, Melchor Mimiaga FE, Laquai B, Vogt U. Investigating a Low-Cost Dryer Designed for Low-Cost PM Sensors Measuring Ambient Air Quality. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21030804. [PMID: 33530337 PMCID: PMC7865657 DOI: 10.3390/s21030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in urban areas is a huge concern that demands an efficient air quality control to ensure health quality standards. The hotspots can be located by increasing spatial distribution of ambient air quality monitoring for which the low-cost sensors can be used. However, it is well-known that many factors influence their results. For low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, high relative humidity can have a significant impact on data quality. In order to eliminate or reduce the impact of high relative humidity on the results obtained from low-cost PM sensors, a low-cost dryer was developed and its effectiveness was investigated. For this purpose, a test chamber was designed, and low-cost PM sensors as well as professional reference devices were installed. A vaporizer regulated the humid conditions in the test chamber. The low-cost dryer heated the sample air with a manually adjustable intensity depending on the voltage. Different voltages were tested to find the optimum one with least energy consumption and maximum drying efficiency. The low-cost PM sensors with and without the low-cost dryer were compared. The experimental results verified that using the low-cost dryer reduced the influence of relative humidity on the low-cost PM sensor results.
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Mir Alvarez C, Hourcade R, Lefebvre B, Pilot E. A Scoping Review on Air Quality Monitoring, Policy and Health in West African Cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17239151. [PMID: 33297562 PMCID: PMC7730241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a global health threat that causes severe mortality and morbidity from respiratory, cardiovascular, and other diseases. Its impact is especially concerning in cities; as the urban population increases, especially in low- and middle-income countries, large populations risk suffering from these health effects. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) comprises 15 West African countries, in which many cities are currently experiencing fast growth and industrialization. However, government-led initiatives in air quality monitoring are scarce in ECOWAS countries, which makes it difficult to effectively control and regulate air quality and subsequent health issues. A scoping study was performed following the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework in order to assess the precise status of air quality monitoring, related policy, and legislation in this region. Scientific databases and gray literature searches were conducted, and the results were contrasted through expert consultations. It was found that only two ECOWAS countries monitor air quality, and most countries have insufficient legislation in place. Public health surveillance data in relation to air quality data is largely unavailable. In order to address this, improved air quality surveillance, stricter and better-enforced regulations, regional cooperation, and further research are strongly suggested for ECOWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Mir Alvarez
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- University Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES–UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France; (R.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Renaud Hourcade
- University Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES–UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France; (R.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Bertrand Lefebvre
- University Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES–UMR 6051, F-35000 Rennes, France; (R.H.); (B.L.)
| | - Eva Pilot
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-620311075
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20
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Alfano B, Barretta L, Del Giudice A, De Vito S, Di Francia G, Esposito E, Formisano F, Massera E, Miglietta ML, Polichetti T. A Review of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors from the Developers' Perspectives. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6819. [PMID: 33260320 PMCID: PMC7730878 DOI: 10.3390/s20236819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concerns related to particulate matter's health effects alongside the increasing demands from citizens for more participatory, timely, and diffused air quality monitoring actions have resulted in increasing scientific and industrial interest in low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMS). In the present paper, we discuss 50 LCPMS models, a number that is particularly meaningful when compared to the much smaller number of models described in other recent reviews on the same topic. After illustrating the basic definitions related to particulate matter (PM) and its measurements according to international regulations, the device's operating principle is presented, focusing on a discussion of the several characterization methodologies proposed by various research groups, both in the lab and in the field, along with their possible limitations. We present an extensive review of the LCPMS currently available on the market, their electronic characteristics, and their applications in published literature and from specific tests. Most of the reviewed LCPMS can accurately monitor PM changes in the environment and exhibit good performances with accuracy that, in some conditions, can reach R2 values up to 0.99. However, such results strongly depend on whether the device is calibrated or not (using a reference method) in the operative environment; if not, R2 values lower than 0.5 are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Alfano
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Luigi Barretta
- Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
- STmicroelectronics, via R. De Feo, Arzano, 80022 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Giudice
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Saverio De Vito
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Girolamo Di Francia
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Elena Esposito
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Formisano
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Ettore Massera
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Maria Lucia Miglietta
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Tiziana Polichetti
- ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.A.); (A.D.G.); (G.D.F.); (E.E.); (F.F.); (E.M.); (M.L.M.); (T.P.)
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Tancev G, Pascale C. The Relocation Problem of Field Calibrated Low-Cost Sensor Systems in Air Quality Monitoring: A Sampling Bias. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6198. [PMID: 33143233 PMCID: PMC7662848 DOI: 10.3390/s20216198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This publication revises the deteriorated performance of field calibrated low-cost sensor systems after spatial and temporal relocation, which is often reported for air quality monitoring devices that use machine learning models as part of their software to compensate for cross-sensitivities or interferences with environmental parameters. The cause of this relocation problem and its relationship to the chosen algorithm is elucidated using published experimental data in combination with techniques from data science. Thus, the origin is traced back to insufficient sampling of data that is used for calibration followed by the incorporation of bias into models. Biases often stem from non-representative data and are a common problem in machine learning, and more generally in artificial intelligence, and as such a rising concern. Finally, bias is believed to be partly reducible in this specific application by using balanced data sets generated in well-controlled laboratory experiments, although not trivial due to the need for infrastructure and professional competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Tancev
- Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology, 3084 Bern, Switzerland;
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Huang JW, Zhong MX, Jaysawal BP. TADILOF: Time Aware Density-Based Incremental Local Outlier Detection in Data Streams. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5829. [PMID: 33076325 DOI: 10.3390/s20205829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outlier detection in data streams is crucial to successful data mining. However, this task is made increasingly difficult by the enormous growth in the quantity of data generated by the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT). Recent advances in outlier detection based on the density-based local outlier factor (LOF) algorithms do not consider variations in data that change over time. For example, there may appear a new cluster of data points over time in the data stream. Therefore, we present a novel algorithm for streaming data, referred to as time-aware density-based incremental local outlier detection (TADILOF) to overcome this issue. In addition, we have developed a means for estimating the LOF score, termed "approximate LOF," based on historical information following the removal of outdated data. The results of experiments demonstrate that TADILOF outperforms current state-of-the-art methods in terms of AUC while achieving similar performance in terms of execution time. Moreover, we present an application of the proposed scheme to the development of an air-quality monitoring system.
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Samad A, Obando Nuñez DR, Solis Castillo GC, Laquai B, Vogt U. Effect of Relative Humidity and Air Temperature on the Results Obtained from Low-Cost Gas Sensors for Ambient Air Quality Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5175. [PMID: 32927863 DOI: 10.3390/s20185175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using low-cost gas sensors for air quality monitoring promises cost effective and convenient measurement systems. Nevertheless, the results obtained have a questionable quality due to different factors that can affect sensor performance. The most discussed ones are relative humidity and air temperature. This investigation aimed to assess the behavior of B4-series low-cost gas sensors from Alphasense for measuring CO, NO, NO2, and O3 for different levels of relative humidity and temperature. These low-cost gas sensors were tested for six relative humidity levels from 10% to 85% with increasing steps of 15% and four temperature levels of 10 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C against reference instruments in the laboratory. The effect of these parameters on low-cost gas sensors was quantified in laboratory from which a correction algorithm was calculated, which was then applied to the field data. The applied algorithm improved the data quality of the low-cost gas sensors in most of the cases. Additionally, a low-cost dryer was assessed to reduce the influence of these factors on the low-cost gas sensors, which also proved to be suitable to enhance the data quality.
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Jo JH, Jo B, Kim JH, Choi I. Implementation of IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring System for Investigating Particulate Matter (PM 10) in Subway Tunnels. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E5429. [PMID: 32731501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Air quality monitoring for subway tunnels in South Korea is a topic of great interest because more than 8 million passengers per day use the subway, which has a concentration of particulate matter (PM10) greater than that of above ground. In this paper, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based air quality monitoring system, consisting of an air quality measurement device called Smart-Air, an IoT gateway, and a cloud computing web server, is presented to monitor the concentration of PM10 in subway tunnels. The goal of the system is to efficiently monitor air quality at any time and from anywhere by combining IoT and cloud computing technologies. This system was successfully implemented in Incheon’s subway tunnels to investigate levels of PM10. The concentration of particulate matter was greatest between the morning and afternoon rush hours. In addition, the residence time of PM10 increased as the depth of the monitoring location increased. During the experimentation period, the South Korean government implemented an air quality management system. An analysis was performed to follow up after implementation and assess how the change improved conditions. Based on the experiments, the system was efficient and effective at monitoring particulate matter for improving air quality in subway tunnels.
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25
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Delp WW, Singer BC. Wildfire Smoke Adjustment Factors for Low-Cost and Professional PM 2.5 Monitors with Optical Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3683. [PMID: 32630124 PMCID: PMC7374346 DOI: 10.3390/s20133683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Air quality monitors using low-cost optical PM2.5 sensors can track the dispersion of wildfire smoke; but quantitative hazard assessment requires a smoke-specific adjustment factor (AF). This study determined AFs for three professional-grade devices and four monitors with low-cost sensors based on measurements inside a well-ventilated lab impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire in California (USA). Using the Thermo TEOM-FDMS as reference, AFs of professional monitors were 0.85 for Grimm mini wide-range aerosol spectrometer, 0.25 for TSI DustTrak, and 0.53 for Thermo pDR1500; AFs for low-cost monitors were 0.59 for AirVisual Pro, 0.48 for PurpleAir Indoor, 0.46 for Air Quality Egg, and 0.60 for eLichens Indoor Air Quality Pro Station. We also compared public data from 53 PurpleAir PA-II monitors to 12 nearby regulatory monitoring stations impacted by Camp Fire smoke and devices near stations impacted by the Carr and Mendocino Complex Fires in California and the Pole Creek Fire in Utah. Camp Fire AFs varied by day and location, with median (interquartile) of 0.48 (0.44-0.53). Adjusted PA-II 4-h average data were generally within ±20% of PM2.5 reported by the monitoring stations. Adjustment improved the accuracy of Air Quality Index (AQI) hazard level reporting, e.g., from 14% to 84% correct in Sacramento during the Camp Fire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett C. Singer
- Indoor Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
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Singh A, Okello G, Semple S, Dobbie F, Kinnunen TI, Lartey KF, Logo DD, Bauld L, Ankrah ST, McNeill A, Owusu-Dabo E. Exposure to secondhand smoke in hospitality settings in Ghana: Evidence of changes since implementation of smoke-free legislation. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:44. [PMID: 32477039 PMCID: PMC7252429 DOI: 10.18332/tid/120934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ghana has a partial smoking ban with smoking allowed in designated smoking areas. Studies evaluating smoke-free laws are scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluation of smoke-free laws is an effective means of measuring progress towards a smoke-free society. This study assessed the level of compliance to the provisions of the current smoke-free policy using air quality measurements for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in hospitality venues in Ghana. METHODS This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in 2019 using a structured observational checklist complemented with air quality measurements using Dylos monitors across 152 randomly selected hospitality venues in three large cities in Ghana. RESULTS Smoking was observed in a third of the venues visited. The median indoor PM2.5 concentration was 14.6 μg/m3 (range: 5.2-349). PM2.5 concentrations were higher in venues where smoking was observed (28.3 μg/m3) compared to venues where smoking was not observed (12.3 μg/m3) (p<0.001). Hospitality locations in Accra, Ghana's capital city, had the lowest compliance levels (59.5%) and poorer air quality compared to the cities of Kumasi and Tamale. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that while smoking and SHS exposure continues in a substantial number of hospitality venues, there is a marked improvement in PM2.5 concentrations compared to earlier studies in Ghana. There is still a considerable way to go to increase compliance with the law. Efforts are needed to develop an action plan to build upon recent progress in providing smoke-free public spaces in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Sean Semple
- University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Dobbie
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tarja I Kinnunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kwabena F Lartey
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Divine D Logo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sampson T Ankrah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ann McNeill
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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O’Donnell R, Dobson R, de Bruin M, Turner S, Booth L, Semple S. Development of a Smoke-Free Homes Intervention for Parents: An Intervention Mapping Approach. Health Psychol Bull 2019; 3:67-86. [PMID: 32337370 PMCID: PMC7182446 DOI: 10.5334/hpb.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is associated with various ill-health outcomes for children and adults. Barriers to creating a smoke-free home (SFH) are well-documented. Feasible and effective interventions to create smoke-free homes for disadvantaged households are lacking. Interventions that include providing parents with objective information about the impact of smoking on air quality in their home may be particularly effective. This study describes the development of a novel, theory- and evidence-based smoke-free homes intervention using objectively-assessed air quality feedback. The intervention was developed using the six-step Intervention Mapping (IM) protocol. Findings from literature reviews, focus groups with parents, interviews with health/care professionals, and expert panel discussions shaped intervention content and materials. Findings highlighted the importance of parents receiving personalised information on second-hand smoke levels in their home. Professionals considered the use of non-judgemental language essential in developed materials. Previous literature highlighted the need to address home smoking behaviour at a household rather than individual level. The AFRESH intervention is modular and designed to be delivered face-to-face by healthcare professionals. It includes up to five meetings with parents, two sets of five days' air quality monitoring and personalised feedback, and the option to involve other household members in creating a smoke-free home using educational, motivational, and goal setting techniques. Further research is needed to evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of the AFRESH intervention and which specific groups of parents this intervention will most likely benefit. IM was a useful framework for developing this complex intervention. This paper does not present evaluation findings.
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Wagner R, Schönauer-Kamin D, Moos R. Novel Operation Strategy to Obtain a Fast Gas Sensor for Continuous ppb-Level NO 2 Detection at Room Temperature Using ZnO-A Concept Study with Experimental Proof. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E4104. [PMID: 31547526 DOI: 10.3390/s19194104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel sensor operation concept for detecting ppb-level NO2 concentrations at room temperature is introduced. Today's research efforts are directed to make the sensors as fast as possible (low response and recovery times). Nevertheless, hourly mean values can hardly be precisely calculated, as the sensors are still too slow and show baseline drifts. Therefore, the integration error becomes too large. The suggested concept follows exactly the opposite path. The sensors should be made as slow as possible and operated as resistive gas dosimeters. The adsorption/desorption equilibrium should be completely shifted to the adsorption side during a sorption phase. The gas-sensitive material adsorbs each NO2 molecule (dose) impinging and the sensor signal increases linearly with the NO2 dose. The actual concentration value results from the time derivative, which makes the response very fast. When the NO2 adsorption capacity of the sensor material is exhausted, it is regenerated with ultraviolet (UV) light and the baseline is reached again. Since the baseline is newly redefined after each regeneration step, no baseline drift occurs. Because each NO2 molecule that reaches the sensor material contributes to the sensor signal, a high sensitivity results. The sensor behavior of ZnO known so far indicates that ZnO may be suitable to be applied as a room-temperature chemiresistive NO2 dosimeter. Because UV enhances desorption of sorbed gas species from the ZnO surface, regeneration by UV light should be feasible. An experimental proof demonstrating that the sensor concept works at room temperature for ppb-level NO2 concentrations and low doses is given.
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Meng X, Wu Y, Pan Z, Wang H, Yin G, Zhao H. Seasonal Characteristics and Particle-size Distributions of Particulate Air Pollutants in Urumqi. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E396. [PMID: 30708935 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urban particulate air pollution is a known cause of adverse human health effects worldwide. Urumqi is a large oasis city in which rapid urbanization has caused a series of eco-environmental problems including serious air pollution, water shortage, dense population, excess energy consumption, and the creation of an urban heat island, among others. Coal is the most important source of energy and air pollutants that are poorly dispersed into the natural surroundings are the main reasons for serious pollution in the Urumqi urban area. Using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), aerosol levels were determined using the double optical path method. We found that aerosol concentrations in Urumqi increased rapidly in winter, and that the concentration of fine particles was much higher than that of coarse particles. The background aerosol concentration was highest in winter in the research area, and the air-flow speed had a significant impact on this because high speed surface winds that correspond to high air flows can transport the aerosol to other places. Some of the observed day-to-night differences may be caused by differing wind directions that transport air masses from different emission sources during the day and the night. Daily and seasonal differences in PM1.0 concentrations of different grades of polluted air were statistically analyzed using average daily concentration data for particles smaller than 10, 2.5 and 1.0 microns (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0), and meteorological observations for Urumqi, Tianshan District in 2010.
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30
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Luo L, Zhang Y, Pearson B, Ling Z, Yu H, Fu X. On the Security and Data Integrity of Low-Cost Sensor Networks for Air Quality Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E4451. [PMID: 30558353 PMCID: PMC6308815 DOI: 10.3390/s18124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emerging connected, low-cost, and easy-to-use air quality monitoring systems have enabled a paradigm shift in the field of air pollution monitoring. These systems are increasingly being used by local government and non-profit organizations to inform the public, and to support decision making related to air quality. However, data integrity and system security are rarely considered during the design and deployment of such monitoring systems, and such ignorance leaves tremendous room for undesired and damaging cyber intrusions. The collected measurement data, if polluted, could misinform the public and mislead policy makers. In this paper, we demonstrate such issues by using a.com, a popular low-cost air quality monitoring system that provides an affordable and continuous air quality monitoring capability to broad communities. To protect the air quality monitoring network under this investigation, we denote the company of interest as a.com. Through a series of probing, we are able to identify multiple security vulnerabilities in the system, including unencrypted message communication, incompetent authentication mechanisms, and lack of data integrity verification. By exploiting these vulnerabilities, we have the ability of "impersonating" any victim sensor in the a.com system and polluting its data using fabricated data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first security analysis of low-cost and connected air quality monitoring systems. Our results highlight the urgent need in improving the security and data integrity design in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Bryan Pearson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Zhen Ling
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Xinwen Fu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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31
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Alhasa KM, Mohd Nadzir MS, Olalekan P, Latif MT, Yusup Y, Iqbal Faruque MR, Ahamad F, Abd Hamid HH, Aiyub K, Md Ali SH, Khan MF, Abu Samah A, Yusuff I, Othman M, Tengku Hassim TMF, Ezani NE. Calibration Model of a Low-Cost Air Quality Sensor Using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E4380. [PMID: 30544953 DOI: 10.3390/s18124380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional air quality monitoring systems, such as gas analysers, are commonly used in many developed and developing countries to monitor air quality. However, these techniques have high costs associated with both installation and maintenance. One possible solution to complement these techniques is the application of low-cost air quality sensors (LAQSs), which have the potential to give higher spatial and temporal data of gas pollutants with high precision and accuracy. In this paper, we present DiracSense, a custom-made LAQS that monitors the gas pollutants ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO). The aim of this study is to investigate its performance based on laboratory calibration and field experiments. Several model calibrations were developed to improve the accuracy and performance of the LAQS. Laboratory calibrations were carried out to determine the zero offset and sensitivities of each sensor. The results showed that the sensor performed with a highly linear correlation with the reference instrument with a response-time range from 0.5 to 1.7 min. The performance of several calibration models including a calibrated simple equation and supervised learning algorithms (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or ANFIS and the multilayer feed-forward perceptron or MLP) were compared. The field calibration focused on O₃ measurements due to the lack of a reference instrument for CO and NO₂. Combinations of inputs were evaluated during the development of the supervised learning algorithm. The validation results demonstrated that the ANFIS model with four inputs (WE OX, AE OX, T, and NO₂) had the lowest error in terms of statistical performance and the highest correlation coefficients with respect to the reference instrument (0.8 < r < 0.95). These results suggest that the ANFIS model is promising as a calibration tool since it has the capability to improve the accuracy and performance of the low-cost electrochemical sensor.
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32
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Cavaliere A, Carotenuto F, Di Gennaro F, Gioli B, Gualtieri G, Martelli F, Matese A, Toscano P, Vagnoli C, Zaldei A. Development of Low-Cost Air Quality Stations for Next Generation Monitoring Networks: Calibration and Validation of PM 2.5 and PM 10 Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E2843. [PMID: 30154366 PMCID: PMC6163466 DOI: 10.3390/s18092843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost air quality station has been developed for real-time monitoring of main atmospheric pollutants. Sensors for CO, CO₂, NO₂, O₃, VOC, PM2.5 and PM10 were integrated on an Arduino Shield compatible board. As concerns PM2.5 and PM10 sensors, the station underwent a laboratory calibration and later a field validation. Laboratory calibration has been carried out at the headquarters of CNR-IBIMET in Florence (Italy) against a TSI DustTrak reference instrument. A MATLAB procedure, implementing advanced mathematical techniques to detect possible complex non-linear relationships between sensor signals and reference data, has been developed and implemented to accomplish the laboratory calibration. Field validation has been performed across a full "heating season" (1 November 2016 to 15 April 2017) by co-locating the station at a road site in Florence where an official fixed air quality station was in operation. Both calibration and validation processes returned fine scores, in most cases better than those achieved for similar systems in the literature. During field validation, in particular, for PM2.5 and PM10 mean biases of 0.036 and 0.598 µg/m³, RMSE of 4.056 and 6.084 µg/m³, and R² of 0.909 and 0.957 were achieved, respectively. Robustness of the developed station, seamless deployed through a five and a half month outdoor campaign without registering sensor failures or drifts, is a further key point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cavaliere
- Department of Information Engineering (DINFO), University of Firenze, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Federico Carotenuto
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Filippo Di Gennaro
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gualtieri
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Francesca Martelli
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Matese
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Piero Toscano
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Carolina Vagnoli
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Zaldei
- National Research Council-Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy.
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Singer BC, Delp WW. Response of consumer and research grade indoor air quality monitors to residential sources of fine particles. Indoor Air 2018; 28:624-639. [PMID: 29683219 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to inexpensively monitor PM2.5 to identify sources and enable controls would advance residential indoor air quality (IAQ) management. Consumer IAQ monitors incorporating low-cost optical particle sensors and connections with smart home platforms could provide this service if they reliably detect PM2.5 in homes. In this study, particles from typical residential sources were generated in a 120 m3 laboratory and time-concentration profiles were measured with 7 consumer monitors (2-3 units each), 2 research monitors (Thermo pDR-1500, MetOne BT-645), a Grimm Mini Wide-Range Aerosol Spectrometer (GRM), and a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance with Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS), a Federal Equivalent Method for PM2.5 . Sources included recreational combustion (candles, cigarettes, incense), cooking activities, an unfiltered ultrasonic humidifier, and dust. FDMS measurements, filter samples, and known densities were used to adjust the GRM to obtain time-resolved mass concentrations. Data from the research monitors and 4 of the consumer monitors-AirBeam, AirVisual, Foobot, Purple Air-were time correlated and within a factor of 2 of the estimated mass concentrations for most sources. All 7 of the consumer and both research monitors substantially under-reported or missed events for which the emitted mass was comprised of particles smaller than 0.3 μm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Singer
- Indoor Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W W Delp
- Indoor Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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34
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Caubel JJ, Cados TE, Kirchstetter TW. A New Black Carbon Sensor for Dense Air Quality Monitoring Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E738. [PMID: 29494528 PMCID: PMC5876553 DOI: 10.3390/s18030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost air pollution sensors are emerging and increasingly being deployed in densely distributed wireless networks that provide more spatial resolution than is typical in traditional monitoring of ambient air quality. However, a low-cost option to measure black carbon (BC)-a major component of particulate matter pollution associated with adverse human health risks-is missing. This paper presents a new BC sensor designed to fill this gap, the Aerosol Black Carbon Detector (ABCD), which incorporates a compact weatherproof enclosure, solar-powered rechargeable battery, and cellular communication to enable long-term, remote operation. This paper also demonstrates a data processing methodology that reduces the ABCD's sensitivity to ambient temperature fluctuations, and therefore improves measurement performance in unconditioned operating environments (e.g., outdoors). A fleet of over 100 ABCDs was operated outdoors in collocation with a commercial BC instrument (Magee Scientific, Model AE33) housed inside a regulatory air quality monitoring station. The measurement performance of the 105 ABCDs is comparable to the AE33. The fleet-average precision and accuracy, expressed in terms of mean absolute percentage error, are 9.2 ± 0.8% (relative to the fleet average data) and 24.6 ± 0.9% (relative to the AE33 data), respectively (fleet-average ± 90% confidence interval).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien J Caubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Troy E Cados
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Thomas W Kirchstetter
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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35
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Abstract
This review examines the use of amperometric electrochemical gas sensors for monitoring inorganic gases that affect urban air quality. First, we consider amperometric gas sensor technology including its development toward specifically designed air quality sensors. We then review recent academic and research organizations' studies where this technology has been trialed for air quality monitoring applications: early studies showed the potential of electrochemical gas sensors when colocated with reference Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) stations. Spatially dense networks with fast temporal resolution provide information not available from sparse AQMs with longer recording intervals. We review how this technology is being offered as commercial urban air quality networks and consider the remaining challenges. Sensors must be sensitive, selective, and stable; air quality monitors/nodes must be electronically and mechanically well designed. Data correction is required and models with differing levels of sophistication are being designed. Data analysis and validation is possibly the biggest remaining hurdle needed to deliver reliable concentration readings. Finally, this review also considers the roles of companies, urban infrastructure requirements, and public research in the development of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Baron
- Alphasense Ltd, Sensor Technology House, 300 Avenue
West, Great Notley, Essex CM77 7AA, United Kingdom
| | - John Saffell
- Alphasense Ltd, Sensor Technology House, 300 Avenue
West, Great Notley, Essex CM77 7AA, United Kingdom
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36
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Klein LJ, Bermudez SA, Schrott AG, Tsukada M, Dionisi-Vici P, Kargere L, Marianno F, Hamann HF, López V, Leona M. Wireless Sensor Platform for Cultural Heritage Monitoring and Modeling System. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1998. [PMID: 28858223 DOI: 10.3390/s17091998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results from three years of continuous monitoring of environmental conditions using a wireless sensor platform installed at The Cloisters, the medieval branch of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, are presented. The platform comprises more than 200 sensors that were distributed in five galleries to assess temperature and air flow and to quantify microclimate changes using physics-based and statistical models. The wireless sensor network data shows a very stable environment within the galleries, while the dense monitoring enables localized monitoring of subtle changes in air quality trends and impact of visitors on the microclimate conditions. The high spatial and temporal resolution data serves as a baseline study to understand the impact of visitors and building operations on the long-term preservation of art objects.
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Mukherjee A, Stanton LG, Graham AR, Roberts PT. Assessing the Utility of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors over a 12-Week Period in the Cuyama Valley of California. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1805. [PMID: 28783065 PMCID: PMC5579502 DOI: 10.3390/s17081805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of low-cost air quality sensors has proliferated among non-profits and citizen scientists, due to their portability, affordability, and ease of use. Researchers are examining the sensors for their potential use in a wide range of applications, including the examination of the spatial and temporal variability of particulate matter (PM). However, few studies have quantified the performance (e.g., accuracy, precision, and reliability) of the sensors under real-world conditions. This study examined the performance of two models of PM sensors, the AirBeam and the Alphasense Optical Particle Counter (OPC-N2), over a 12-week period in the Cuyama Valley of California, where PM concentrations are impacted by wind-blown dust events and regional transport. The sensor measurements were compared with observations from two well-characterized instruments: the GRIMM 11-R optical particle counter, and the Met One beta attenuation monitor (BAM). Both sensor models demonstrated a high degree of collocated precision (R² = 0.8-0.99), and a moderate degree of correlation against the reference instruments (R² = 0.6-0.76). Sensor measurements were influenced by the meteorological environment and the aerosol size distribution. Quantifying the performance of sensors in real-world conditions is a requisite step to ensuring that sensors will be used in ways commensurate with their data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anondo Mukherjee
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (L.G.S.); (P.T.R.)
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Levi G. Stanton
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (L.G.S.); (P.T.R.)
| | - Ashley R. Graham
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (L.G.S.); (P.T.R.)
| | - Paul T. Roberts
- Sonoma Technology Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (L.G.S.); (P.T.R.)
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Llobet E, Brunet J, Pauly A, Ndiaye A, Varenne C. Nanomaterials for the Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Air. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E391. [PMID: 28218674 PMCID: PMC5336037 DOI: 10.3390/s17020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a focused review on the nanomaterials and associated transduction schemes that have been developed for the selective detection of hydrogen sulfide. It presents a quite comprehensive overview of the latest developments, briefly discusses the hydrogen sulfide detection mechanisms, identifying the reasons for the selectivity (or lack of) observed experimentally. It critically reviews performance, shortcomings, and identifies missing or overlooked important aspects. It identifies the most mature/promising materials and approaches for achieving inexpensive hydrogen sulfide sensors that could be employed in widespread, miniaturized, and inexpensive detectors and, suggests what research should be undertaken for ensuring that requirements are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Llobet
- MINOS-EMaS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Jérôme Brunet
- CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alain Pauly
- CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Amadou Ndiaye
- CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Christelle Varenne
- CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Marques G, Pitarma R. An Indoor Monitoring System for Ambient Assisted Living Based on Internet of Things Architecture. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E1152. [PMID: 27869682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of systems and architectures for ambient assisted living (AAL) is undoubtedly a topic of great relevance given the aging of the world population. The AAL technologies are designed to meet the needs of the aging population in order to maintain their independence as long as possible. As people typically spend more than 90% of their time in indoor environments, indoor air quality (iAQ) is perceived as an imperative variable to be controlled for the inhabitants’ wellbeing and comfort. Advances in networking, sensors, and embedded devices have made it possible to monitor and provide assistance to people in their homes. The continuous technological advancements make it possible to build smart objects with great capabilities for sensing and connecting several possible advancements in ambient assisted living systems architectures. Indoor environments are characterized by several pollutant sources. Most of the monitoring frameworks instantly accessible are exceptionally costly and only permit the gathering of arbitrary examples. iAQ is an indoor air quality system based on an Internet of Things paradigm that incorporates in its construction Arduino, ESP8266, and XBee technologies for processing and data transmission and micro sensors for data acquisition. It also allows access to data collected through web access and through a mobile application in real time, and this data can be accessed by doctors in order to support medical diagnostics. Five smaller scale sensors of natural parameters (air temperature, moistness, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and glow) were utilized. Different sensors can be included to check for particular contamination. The results reveal that the system can give a viable indoor air quality appraisal in order to anticipate technical interventions for improving indoor air quality. Indeed indoor air quality might be distinctively contrasted with what is normal for a quality living environment.
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Guo H, Cheng T, Gu X, Chen H, Wang Y, Zheng F, Xiang K. Comparison of Four Ground-Level PM2.5 Estimation Models Using PARASOL Aerosol Optical Depth Data from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:180. [PMID: 26840329 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite remote sensing is of considerable importance for estimating ground-level PM2.5 concentrations to support environmental agencies monitoring air quality. However, most current studies have focused mainly on the application of MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) to predict PM2.5 concentrations, while PARASOL AOD, which is sensitive to fine-mode aerosols over land surfaces, has received little attention. In this study, we compared a linear regression model, a quadratic regression model, a power regression model and a logarithmic regression model, which were developed using PARASOL level 2 AOD collected in China from 18 January 2013 to 10 October 2013. We obtained R (correlation coefficient) values of 0.64, 0.63, 0.62, and 0.57 for the four models when they were cross validated with the observed values. Furthermore, after all the data were classified into six levels according to the Air Quality Index (AQI), a low level of statistical significance between the four empirical models was found when the ground-level PM2.5 concentrations were greater than 75 μg/m3. The maximum R value was 0.44 (for the logarithmic regression model and the power model), and the minimum R value was 0.28 (for the logarithmic regression model and the power model) when the PM2.5 concentrations were less than 75 μg/m3. We also discussed uncertainty sources and possible improvements.
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Klepeis NE, Dhaliwal N, Hayward G, Acevedo-Bolton V, Ott WR, Read N, Layton S, Jiang R, Cheng KC, Hildemann LM, Repace JL, Taylor S, Ong SL, Buchting FO, Lee JP, Moore RS. Measuring Indoor Air Quality and Engaging California Indian Stakeholders at the Win-River Resort and Casino: Collaborative Smoke-Free Policy Development. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13010143. [PMID: 26805860 PMCID: PMC4730534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most casinos owned by sovereign American Indian nations allow smoking, even in U.S. states such as California where state laws restrict workplace smoking. Collaborations between casinos and public health workers are needed to promote smoke-free policies that protect workers and patrons from secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and risks. Over seven years, a coalition of public health professionals provided technical assistance to the Redding Rancheria tribe in Redding, California in establishing a smoke-free policy at the Win-River Resort and Casino. The coalition provided information to the casino general manager that included site-specific measurement of employee and visitor PM2.5 personal exposure, area concentrations of airborne nicotine and PM2.5, visitor urinary cotinine, and patron and staff opinions (surveys, focus groups, and a Town Hall meeting). The manager communicated results to tribal membership, including evidence of high SHS exposures and support for a smoke-free policy. Subsequently, in concert with hotel expansion, the Redding Rancheria Tribal Council voted to accept a 100% restriction of smoking inside the casino, whereupon PM2.5 exposure in main smoking areas dropped by 98%. A 70% partial-smoke-free policy was instituted ~1 year later in the face of revenue loss. The success of the collaboration in promoting a smoke-free policy, and the key element of air quality feedback, which appeared to be a central driver, may provide a model for similar efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Klepeis
- Education, Training, and Research, Inc., Scotts Valley, CA 95066, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Neil Klepeis and Associates, Environmental Health Research and Consulting, Aromas, CA 95004, USA.
| | - Narinder Dhaliwal
- Education, Training, and Research, Inc., Scotts Valley, CA 95066, USA.
| | - Gary Hayward
- Win-River Resort & Casino, Redding Rancheria, Redding, CA 96001, USA.
| | - Viviana Acevedo-Bolton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wayne R Ott
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Nathan Read
- Shasta County Public Health Tobacco Education Program, Shasta County Public Health, Redding, CA 96001, USA.
| | - Steve Layton
- Shasta County Public Health Tobacco Education Program, Shasta County Public Health, Redding, CA 96001, USA.
| | - Ruoting Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kai-Chung Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Lynn M Hildemann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - James L Repace
- Repace Associates, Inc., Secondhand Smoke Consultants, Bowie, MD 20720, USA.
| | - Stephanie Taylor
- Shasta County Public Health Tobacco Education Program, Shasta County Public Health, Redding, CA 96001, USA.
| | - Seow-Ling Ong
- Education, Training, and Research, Inc., Scotts Valley, CA 95066, USA.
| | | | - Juliet P Lee
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Roland S Moore
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Brienza S, Galli A, Anastasi G, Bruschi P. A low-cost sensing system for cooperative air quality monitoring in urban areas. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:12242-59. [PMID: 26016912 DOI: 10.3390/s150612242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Air quality in urban areas is a very important topic as it closely affects the health of citizens. Recent studies highlight that the exposure to polluted air can increase the incidence of diseases and deteriorate the quality of life. Hence, it is necessary to develop tools for real-time air quality monitoring, so as to allow appropriate and timely decisions. In this paper, we present uSense, a low-cost cooperative monitoring tool that allows knowing, in real-time, the concentrations of polluting gases in various areas of the city. Specifically, users monitor the areas of their interest by deploying low-cost and low-power sensor nodes. In addition, they can share the collected data following a social networking approach. uSense has been tested through an in-field experimentation performed in different areas of a city. The obtained results are in line with those provided by the local environmental control authority and show that uSense can be profitably used for air quality monitoring.
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