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Öner SZ, Karaday E, Çalışkan A, Demir M, Şenol H, Kaleli İ. Integron distribution and relationship to antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from blood culture. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 48:100554. [PMID: 38408609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of integrons in strains of E. coli isolated from blood culture and the relationship between integrons and antimicrobial resistance. METHODS The study included 100 E. coli strains sent to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory from different clinics between September 2022 and June 2023. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The presence of integrons was determined by the inhouse polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Integron positivity was detected in 45 (45%) of isolates, and class 1 integrons were found in 41 (41%), class 2 integrons in 2 (2%), and both class 1 integrons and class 2 integrons in 2 (2%). Class 3 integron positivity was not detected. In total, 63 cases of community origin and 37 cases of hospital origin were identified. When antibiotic resistance was evaluated, the highest sensitivity was noted for amikacin (1%), meropenem (5%), imipenem (6%), and the highest resistant antibiotics were ampicillin (82%), cepfuroxime sodium (65%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (62%), respectively. Of the 16 antimicrobial substances evaluated, 10 had an antibiotic resistance rate of over 45%. In class 1 integron-positive samples, ampicillin resistance and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance were higher than in negative samples (p = 0.02, p = 0.0001, respectively). Fifty-one (51%) samples were found to have multiple drug resistance (MDR). In total, 59.5% of hospital-acquired isolates and 46% of community-acquired isolates were considered to be MDR. The class 1 integron positivity in MDR samples was high (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION The high MDR rates in both hospital-acquired and community-acquired isolates are alarming. In particular, class 1 integron monitoring is very important to prevent the spread of MDR isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef Zeliha Öner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Esra Karaday
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Çalışkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Melek Demir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - Hande Şenol
- Department of Biostatistics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
| | - İlknur Kaleli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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The Resistome of ESKAPEE Pathogens in Untreated and Treated Wastewater: A Polish Case Study. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081160. [PMID: 36009054 PMCID: PMC9405806 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify ESKAPEE bacteria, genes encoding resistance to antibiotics targeting this group of pathogens, as well as integrase genes in municipal wastewater and river water. Environmental DNA was extracted from the collected samples and used in deep sequencing with the Illumina TruSeq kit. The abundance of bacterial genera and species belonging to the ESKAPEE group, 400 ARGs associated with this microbial group, and three classes of integrase genes were determined. A taxonomic analysis revealed that Acinetobacter was the dominant bacterial genus, whereas Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli were the dominant bacterial species. The analyzed samples were characterized by the highest concentrations of the following ARGs: blaGES, blaOXA-58, blaTEM, qnrB, and qnrS. Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli, and genes encoding resistance to β-lactams (blaVEB-1, blaIMP-1, blaGES, blaOXA-58, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM) and fluoroquinolones (qnrS) were detected in samples of river water collected downstream from the wastewater discharge point. The correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship between A. baumannii (bacterial species regarded as an emerging human pathogen) and genes encoding resistance to all tested groups of antimicrobials. The transmission of the studied bacteria (in particular A. baumannii) and ARGs to the aquatic environment poses a public health risk.
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Antimicrobial resistance determinants in silage. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5243. [PMID: 35347213 PMCID: PMC8960843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal products may play a role in developing and spreading antimicrobial resistance in several ways. On the one hand, residues of antibiotics not adequately used in animal farming can enter the human body via food. However, resistant bacteria may also be present in animal products, which can transfer the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) to the bacteria in the consumer’s body by horizontal gene transfer. As previous studies have shown that fermented foods have a meaningful ARG content, it is indicated that such genes may also be present in silage used as mass feed in the cattle sector. In our study, we aspired to answer what ARGs occur in silage and what mobility characteristics they have? For this purpose, we have analyzed bioinformatically 52 freely available deep sequenced silage samples from shotgun metagenome next-generation sequencing. A total of 16 perfect matched ARGs occurred 54 times in the samples. More than half of these ARGs are mobile because they can be linked to integrative mobile genetic elements, prophages or plasmids. Our results point to a neglected but substantial ARG source in the food chain.
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Nikibakhsh M, Firoozeh F, Badmasti F, Kabir K, Zibaei M. Molecular study of metallo-β-lactamases and integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from burn patients. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:782. [PMID: 34372787 PMCID: PMC8353788 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Productions of metallo-β-lactamases enzymes are the most common mechanism of antibiotic resistance to all beta-lactam classes (except monobactams) in Acinetobacter baumannii. MBLs are usually associated with gene cassettes of integrons and spread easily among bacteria. The current study was performed to detect the genes encoding MBLs and integron structures in A. baumannii isolates from burn patients. METHODS This study was performed on 106 non-duplicate A. baumannii isolates from burn patients referred to Shahid Motahari Hospital in Tehran. Antibiotic susceptibility of A. baumannii isolates was performed using disk diffusion and broth microdilution method in accordance with the CLSI guidelines. The presence of class 1 integron and associated gene cassettes as well as MBLs-encoding genes including blaVIM, and blaIMP were investigated using PCR and sequencing techniques. RESULTS In this cross-sectional study all (100%) of the A. baumannii isolates examined were multidrug resistant. All isolates were sensitive to colistin and simultaneously all were resistant to imipenem. PCR assays showed the presence of blaVIM and blaIMP genes in 102 (96.2%) and 62 (58.5%) isolates of A. baumannii respectively. In addition, 62 (58.5%) of the A. baumannii isolates carried integron class 1, of which 49 (79.0%) were identified with at least one gene cassette. Three types of integron class 1 gene cassettes were identified including: arr2, cmlA5, qacE1 (2300 bp); arr-2, ereC, aadA1, cmlA7, qacE1 (4800 bp); and aac(3)-Ic, cmlA5 (2250 bp). CONCLUSION A high prevalence of MBLs genes, especially blaVIM, was identified in the studied MDR A. baumannii isolates. In addition, most of the strains carried class 1 integrons. Furthermore, the gene cassettes arrays of integrons including cmlA5 and cmlA7 were detected, for the first time, in A. baumannii strains in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nikibakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Firoozeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 3149779453, Karaj, Iran. .,Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Farzad Badmasti
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kourosh Kabir
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030373. [PMID: 33808905 PMCID: PMC8003822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated.
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Souque C, Escudero JA, MacLean RC. Integron activity accelerates the evolution of antibiotic resistance. eLife 2021; 10:62474. [PMID: 33634790 PMCID: PMC8024014 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile integrons are widespread genetic platforms that allow bacteria to modulate the expression of antibiotic resistance cassettes by shuffling their position from a common promoter. Antibiotic stress induces the expression of an integrase that excises and integrates cassettes, and this unique recombination and expression system is thought to allow bacteria to 'evolve on demand' in response to antibiotic pressure. To test this hypothesis, we inserted a custom three-cassette integron into Pseudomonas aeruginosa and used experimental evolution to measure the impact of integrase activity on adaptation to gentamicin. Crucially, integrase activity accelerated evolution by increasing the expression of a gentamicin resistance cassette through duplications and by eliminating redundant cassettes. Importantly, we found no evidence of deleterious off-target effects of integrase activity. In summary, integrons accelerate resistance evolution by rapidly generating combinatorial variation in cassette composition while maintaining genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Souque
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Antonio Escudero
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Sanidad Animal and VISAVET, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Craig MacLean
- University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Farajzadeh Sheikh A, Savari M, Abbasi Montazeri E, Khoshnood S. Genotyping and molecular characterization of clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a single hospital in Southwestern Iran. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:251-261. [PMID: 32552452 PMCID: PMC7480470 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1765124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII (A. baumannii) is a pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections among the hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to investigate genotyping and molecular characterization and to examine the biofilm formation ability of A. baumannii isolates. In total, 70 A. baumannii isolates were collected from patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) test was performed using Vitek 2 system. The presence of genes encoding metallo-β-lactamases, oxacillinases, and integrase and the biofilm formation ability were then evaluated. Multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) typing and multiplex PCR were performed to determine the genetic relationships. The blaOXA-23-like gene had the highest prevalence. The frequency of genes encoding blaSPM, blaIMP, and blaVIM among MDR A. baumannii isolates were 12 (17.1%), 18 (25.7%), and 22 (31.4%), respectively. Moreover, 46 isolates (75.4%) harbored class I integron and 10 isolates (16.39%) carried class II integron. The number of weak, moderate and strong biofilm-producing isolates were 3 (4.3%), 7 (10%), and 55 (78.5%), respectively. The results showed that 70 A. baumannii isolates were grouped into 12 distinct MLVA types with five clusters and four singleton genotypes. In addition, 25 (35.7%) isolates were assigned to international clone (IC) variants, 37 (52.8%) isolates belonged to group 1 (IC II), and 8 (11.4%) isolates belonged to group 2 (IC I). Our findings revealed that the population structure of the A. baumannii isolates was genetically diverse. More focus on genetic variation and antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii isolates are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farajzadeh Sheikh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Savari
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical
Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Xu L, Deng S, Wen W, Tang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Zhong G, Li J, Ting WJ, Fu B. Molecular typing, and integron and associated gene cassette analyses in Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from clinical samples. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:1943-1952. [PMID: 32782503 PMCID: PMC7401295 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between drug resistance and class I, II and III integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii (ABA). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a tool used to analyze the homology among house-keeping gene clusters in ABA and ABA prevalence and further provides a theoretical basis for hospitals to control ABA infections. A total of 96 clinical isolates of non-repeating ABA were harvested, including 74 carbapenem-resistant ABA (CRABA) and 22 non-CRABA strains, and used for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility analysis. Variable regions were sequenced and analyzed. Then, 7 pairs of housekeeping genes were amplified and sequenced via MLST and sequence alignment was performed against the Pub MLST database to determine sequence types (STs) strains and construct different genotypic evolutionary diagrams. The detection rate of CRABA class I integrons was 13.51% (10/74); no class II and III integrons were detected. However, class I, II and III integrons were not detected in non-CRABA strains. The variable regions of 9 of 10 class I integrons were amplified and 10 gene cassettes including aacC1, aac1, aadDA1, aadA1a, aacA4, dfrA17, aadA5, aadA1, aadA22 and aadA23 were associated with drug resistance. The 96 ABA strains were divided into 21 STs: 74 CRABA strains containing 9 STs, primarily ST208 and ST1145 and 22 non-CRABA strains containing 18 STs, primarily ST1145. Class I integrons are a critical factor underlying drug resistance in ABA. CRABA and non-CRABA strains differ significantly; the former primarily contained ST208 and ST1145, and the latter contained ST1145. Most STs were concentrated in intensive care units (ICUs) and the department of Neurology, with the patients from the ICUs being the most susceptible to bacterial infection. In the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, ABA is potentially horizontally transmitted and MLST can be used for clinical ABA genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Linjuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Guoquan Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jen Ting
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, P.R. China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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Detection of 5 Kinds of Genes Related to Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Four Species of Nonfermenting Bacteria with 2 Drug Resistant Phenotypes. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2020; 2020:3948719. [PMID: 32351636 PMCID: PMC7171638 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3948719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to detect 5 kinds of genes related to plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in four species of nonfermenting bacteria with 2 drug resistance phenotypes (multidrug resistance and pandrug resistance), which were Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm), and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Em). Methods The Phoenix NMIC/ID-109 panel and API 20NE panel were applied to 19 isolated strains, including 6 Ab strains (2 strains with multidrug resistance and 4 strains with pandrug resistance), 6 Pa strains (3 strains with multidrug resistance and 3 strains with pandrug resistance), 4 Sm strains (2 strains with multidrug resistance and 2 strains with pandrug resistance), and 3 Cm strains (2 strains with multidrug resistance and 1 strain with pandrug resistance). After strain identification and drug susceptibility test, PCR was applied to detect 5 genes related to plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. The genes detected were quinolone resistance A (qnrA), aminoglycoside acetyltransferase ciprofloxacin resistance variant, acc(6′)-Ib-cr, and 3 integrons (intI1, intI2, and intI3). The amplified products were analyzed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and sequenced. Sequence alignment was carried out using the bioinformatics technique. Results Of 19 strains tested, 8 strains carried acc(6′)-Ib-cr and 6 of them were of pandrug resistance phenotype (3 Ab strains, 2 Pa strains, and 1 Sm strain). The carrying rate of acc(6′)-Ib-cr was 60.0% for strains of pandrug resistance (6/10). Two strains were of multidrug resistance (1 Ab strain and 1 Pa strain), and the carrying rate of acc(6′)-Ib-cr was 22.0% (2/9). The carrying rate was significantly different between strains of multidrug resistance and pandrug resistance (P < 0.05). The class 1 integron was detected in 11 strains, among which 6 strains were of pandrug resistance (3 Ab strains, 2 Pa strains, and 1 Sm strain). The carrying rate of the class 1 integron was 60.0% (6/10). Five strains were of multidrug resistance (3 Pa strains, 1 Ab strain, and 1 Em strain), and the carrying rate was 55.6% (5/9). The carrying rate of the class 1 integron was not significantly different between strains of multidrug resistance and pandrug resistance (P > 0.05). Both acc(6′)-Ib-cr and intI1 were detected in 6 strains, which were negative for qnrA, intI2, and intI3. Conclusion Quinolone resistance of isolated strains was related to acc(6′)-Ib-cr and intI1 but not to qnrA, intI2, or intI3. The carrying rate of acc(6′)-Ib-cr among the strains of pandrug resistance was much higher than that among the strains of multidrug resistance. But, the strains of two drug resistant phenotypes were not significantly different in the carrying rate of intI1. The detection rates of the two genes were high and similar in Ab and Pa strains. 1 Em strain carried the class 1 integron.
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Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) strains are emerging around the world as a source of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. mcr-1 is a novel plasmid-mediated gene conferring resistance to colistin. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL-EC mcr-1 of chicken origin in the different provinces of China during 2008–2014. Overall, 341 of 821 isolates were determined to be ESBL-EC strains, and the proportion of ESBL-positive strains almost doubled from 2008 to 2014. The findings of our study revealed regional differences, with significantly more ESBL-EC isolates from stockbreeding in concentrated poultry industry areas in Shandong than from the other four provinces. The ESBL type analysis showed that blaCTX-M was the most prevalent ESBL-encoding gene (92.7%). In total, twelve subtypes of CTX-M genes were detected, among which, blaCTX-M-55 (34.3%) and blaCTX-M-65 (17.9%) were the major identified genotypes. In addition, blaTEM and pAmpC genes were carried by 86.0% and 8.5% of isolates, respectively. In this study, we also observed 44 E. coli isolates with multiple ST types (ST46, ST1286, ST10, ST29, ST101, and ST354) carrying mcr-1, and the majority of mcr-1–carrying plasmids were IncI2. The whole-genome sequencing analysis indicated the co-existence of blaCTX-M and mcr-1 in ESBL-EC of both animal and human origin, and phylogenetic analysis further revealed their close relationship, especially several isolates sharing a small number of SNPs, which suggested the increasing trend of co-existence and transmission of ESBL and mcr-1 in both clinical medicine and veterinary medicine.
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Plasmid-Mediated Class 1 and 2 Integron Carriage in Drug-Resistant Nosocomial Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.57813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Halaji M, Rezaei A, Zalipoor M, Faghri J. Investigation of Class I, II, and III Integrons Among Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates from Hospitalized Patients in Isfahan, Iran. Oman Med J 2018; 33:37-42. [PMID: 29467997 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2018.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of class I, II, and III integrons among clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates collected from hospitalized patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at two teaching hospitals in Isfahan, Iran, from October 2015 to October 2016. A total of 147 non-duplicate A. baumannii isolates were collected from clinical specimens and identified as A. baumannii using standard microbiological methods and confirmed by genotyping. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using disc diffusion method, and the presence of integron genes was performed using the polymerase chain reaction. Results Out of 147 confirmed A. baumannii isolates, 97.3% of isolates were extensive drug-resistant (XDR) and 2.7% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Class I and II integrons were detected in 63.9% and 78.2% of the A. baumannii, respectively. Class III integron was not detected in any of the isolates. Conclusion Our results show a high prevalence of classes I and II integrons which may play a key role in the acquisition of MDR and XDR phenotype among A. baumannii isolates in our region. Therefore, use of appropriate infection control in clinical settings and implementation of treatment strategies is necessary for our hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Halaji
- Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zalipoor
- Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Faghri
- Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Jin H, Qiu F, Ji HJ, Lu Q. Analysis of drug resistance in 1,861 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:463-466. [PMID: 27073633 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging human pathogen that causes hospital-acquired infections. The trend in increased antimicrobial resistance limits the choice of effective antimicrobial agents. The present study reports the resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii and analyzes the associations between antibiotic use and resistance rates at a general hospital between 2010 and 2014. A total of 1,861 isolates were obtained from clinical cultures, accounting for 10.33% of all detected bacteria (1,861/18,016). The strains were mainly from respiratory samples (1,628 isolates, 87.5%) and the intensive care unit (696 isolates, 37.4%). The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to the majority of antibiotics were >50%, particularly the resistance rate to cefoperazone/sulbactam increased from 47.37 in 2011 to 89.25% in 2014. However, the rates of imipenem and cilastatin sodium decreased from 81.03 to 69.44% due to the antibiotic policy. There were Pearson significant associations between the use of three antibiotics and resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii to this drug, piperacillin/tazobactam (r=0.976, P<0.01), gentamicin (r=0.870, P<0.01) and cefoxitin (r=0.741, P<0.05). Therefore, a combination of drugs should be adopted to treat Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Microbiology laboratory support and surveillance policies are essential to control the emergence of multidrug-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Fan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng Vocational Institute of Health Science, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jian Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
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Huang C, Long Q, Qian K, Fu T, Zhang Z, Liao P, Xie J. Resistance and integron characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii in a teaching hospital in Chongqing, China. New Microbes New Infect 2015; 8:103-8. [PMID: 26649184 PMCID: PMC4644259 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 189 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected in 2011 from a teaching hospital in Chongqing, China. Susceptibility data showed strains carrying integrons were significantly more resistant to all tested antibiotics that strains lacking integrons. Five types of gene cassettes belonging to class I integrons were identified in this study, and for the first time two types of gene cassettes belonging to class II integrons are reported. Most of the cassettes belong to a class I integron (136/144) encoding arr3, aacA4, dfrA17, aadA5, aadB, cat, blaOXA10 , aadA1, aadA2, dfrA and aacC1. Isolates contained a class I gene cassette; AadA2-HP-dfrA was the prevalent strain in this hospital. A class II integron was detected in eight strains, which contained the type IV fimbriae expression regulatory gene pilR and sulfate adenylyltransferase, suggesting a possible role in multidrug resistance. The major epidemic strains from intensive care unit patients belong to international clone 2. In conclusion, the presence of integrons was significantly associated with multiple drug resistance of A. baumannii in this hospital, and class I integron isolates bearing AadA2-HP-dfrA were the prevalent strain in this hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, China ; The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Nanan, China
| | - Q Long
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - K Qian
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Nanan, China
| | - T Fu
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, China ; Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - P Liao
- Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Chongqing, Yuzhong, Chongqing, China
| | - J Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, China
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