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Khan SM, Pearson DD, Eldridge EL, Morais TA, Ahanonu MIC, Ryan MC, Taron JM, Goodarzi AA. Rural communities experience higher radon exposure versus urban areas, potentially due to drilled groundwater well annuli acting as unintended radon gas migration conduits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3640. [PMID: 38409201 PMCID: PMC10897331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Repetitive, long-term inhalation of radioactive radon gas is one of the leading causes of lung cancer, with exposure differences being a function of geographic location, built environment, personal demographics, activity patterns, and decision-making. Here, we examine radon exposure disparities across the urban-to-rural landscape, based on 42,051 Canadian residential properties in 2034 distinct communities. People living in rural, lower population density communities experience as much as 31.2% greater average residential radon levels relative to urban equivalents, equating to an additional 26.7 Bq/m3 excess in geometric mean indoor air radon, and an additional 1 mSv/year in excess alpha radiation exposure dose rate to the lungs for occupants. Pairwise and multivariate analyses indicate that community-based radon exposure disparities are, in part, explained by increased prevalence of larger floorplan bungalows in rural areas, but that a majority of the effect is attributed to proximity to, but not water use from, drilled groundwater wells. We propose that unintended radon gas migration in the annulus of drilled groundwater wells provides radon migration pathways from the deeper subsurface into near-surface materials. Our findings highlight a previously under-appreciated determinant of radon-induced lung cancer risk, and support a need for targeted radon testing and reduction in rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dustin D Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Evangeline L Eldridge
- Department of Earth, Energy and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tiago A Morais
- Department of Earth, Energy and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marvit I C Ahanonu
- School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M Cathryn Ryan
- Department of Earth, Energy and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua M Taron
- School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Aaron A Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Holme JA, Vondráček J, Machala M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vogel CFA, Le Ferrec E, Sparfel L, Øvrevik J. Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) - The roles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115801. [PMID: 37696458 PMCID: PMC10543654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Xiao D, Li W, Zhang WH, Wen Z, Mo W, Lu C, Guo L, Yang L. Maternal periconceptional environmental exposure and offspring with congenital heart disease: a case-control study in Guangzhou, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:57. [PMID: 36694158 PMCID: PMC9872400 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a major global health problem, yet their crucial environmental risk factors are still unclear. We aimed to explore the associations between maternal periconceptional environmental exposures and all CHDs, isolated and multiple CHDs and CHDs subtypes. METHOD A case-control study including 675 infants with CHDs and 1545 healthy controls was conducted. Participating mothers who delivered in Guangzhou from October 2019 to November 2021 were recruited. To examine the independent associations between maternal periconceptional environmental exposure and offspring with CHDs, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Maternal exposure to living near main roads [adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.06-3.56] and housing renovation (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.03-3.67) during the periconceptional period were positively related to a greater risk of all CHDs, similar results were also found in isolated CHDs rather than multiple CHDs. Additionally, living near main roads was positively associated with secundum atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale (aOR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.03-6.81) and housing renovation was strongly positively associated with ventricular septal defect (aOR = 5.08, 95% CI = 2.05-12.60). However, no association was observed between incense burning and family relationships and all CHDs, isolated and multiple CHDs and CHDs subtypes. CONCLUSION Living near main roads and housing renovation during the periconceptional period are significantly associated with the increased risks for all CHDs and isolated CHDs. Further study is needed to extend sample size to explore the effects of time and frequency of burning incense and family relationships on CHDs in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- grid.413428.80000 0004 1757 8466Department of Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623 China
| | - Weidong Li
- grid.413428.80000 0004 1757 8466Department of Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623 China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746School of Public Health, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zihao Wen
- grid.413428.80000 0004 1757 8466Department of Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623 China
| | - Weijian Mo
- grid.413428.80000 0004 1757 8466Department of Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623 China
| | - Ciyong Lu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Lan Guo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Li Yang
- grid.413428.80000 0004 1757 8466Department of Comprehensive Maternal and Child Health, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, 510623 China
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Leirião LFL, Debone D, Miraglia SGEK. Does air pollution explain COVID-19 fatality and mortality rates? A multi-city study in São Paulo state, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:275. [PMID: 35286482 PMCID: PMC8918908 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Since air pollution compromise the respiratory system and COVID-19 disease is caused by a respiratory virus, it is expected that air pollution plays an important role in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory studies have observed positive associations between air pollution and COVID-19 cases, deaths, fatality, and mortality rate. However, no study focused on Brazil, one of the most affected countries by the pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to understand how long-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 contributed to COVID-19 fatality and mortality rates in São Paulo state in 2020. Air quality data between 2015 and 2019 in 64 monitoring stations within 36 municipalities were considered. The COVID-19 fatality was calculated considering cases and deaths from the government's official data and the mortality rate was calculated considering the 2020 population. Linear regression models were well-fitted for PM2.5 concentration and fatality (R2 = 0.416; p = 0.003), NO2 concentration and fatality (R2 = 0.232; p = 0.005), and NO2 concentration and mortality (R2 = 0.273; p = 0.002). This study corroborates other authors' findings and enriches the discussion for having considered a longer time series to represent long-term exposure to the pollutants and for having considered one of the regions with the highest incidence of COVID-19 in the world. Thus, it reinforces measures to reduce the concentration of air pollutants which are essential for public health and will increase the chance to survive in future respiratory disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ferreira Leite Leirião
- Laboratory of Economics, Health and Environmental Pollution, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, R São Nicolau, 210, Cep 09913-030, SP, Diadema, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Debone
- Laboratory of Economics, Health and Environmental Pollution, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, R São Nicolau, 210, Cep 09913-030, SP, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
- Laboratory of Economics, Health and Environmental Pollution, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, R São Nicolau, 210, Cep 09913-030, SP, Diadema, Brazil
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Ashing KT, Jones V, Bedell F, Phillips T, Erhunmwunsee L. Calling Attention to the Role of Race-Driven Societal Determinants of Health on Aggressive Tumor Biology: A Focus on Black Americans. JCO Oncol Pract 2022; 18:15-22. [PMID: 34255546 PMCID: PMC8758120 DOI: 10.1200/op.21.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Blacks have the highest incidence and mortality from most cancers. The reasons for these disparities remain unclear. Blacks are exposed to adverse social determinants because of historic and contemporary racist polices; however, how these determinants affect the disparities that Blacks experience is understudied. As a result of discriminatory community policies, like redlining, Blacks have higher exposure to air pollution and neighborhood deprivation. Studies investigating how these factors affect tumor biology are emerging. We highlight the literature that connects racism-related community exposure to the tumor biology in breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Further investigations that clarify the link between adverse social determinants that result from systemic racism and aggressive tumor biology are required if health equity is to be achieved. Without recognition that racism is a public health risk with carcinogenic impact, health care delivery and cancer care will never achieve excellence. In response, health systems ought to establish corrective actions to improve Black population health and bring medical justice to marginalized racialized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimlin T. Ashing
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Veronica Jones
- African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fornati Bedell
- Division of Urology and Urologic Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Tanyanika Phillips
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Loretta Erhunmwunsee
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
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6
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Zhang N, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Xiang F, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Xiong Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Shao Y, Zhou Y. Distance to highway and factory density related to lung cancer death and associated spatial heterogeneity in effects in Jiading District, Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64536-64551. [PMID: 34312750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the spatial effects of traffic- and industrial-related pollution on the mortality for lung cancer (LC). We conducted a retrospective cohort study by using the data from LC registry in Jiading District for the period from 2002 to 2012. Standard parametric model with Weibull distribution was used for spatial survival analysis. Shorter distance to highway (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.30) and higher factory density (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.37) were significantly associated with an increased risk of LC death, and there was a spatial difference in the associations between northern and southern areas of Jiading District. The risk was high in suburbs as compared with urban areas. Traffic- and industrial-related pollution were significantly associated with an increased risk of LC death, which showed a spatial variation. Further studies are needed to better understand the current LC status in the suburbs and to reduce health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingjian Wang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Fang Xiang
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingyan Zheng
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengzhong Wang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yueqin Shao
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Yibiao Zhou
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bai M, Yang W, Song D, Kosuda M, Szabo S, Lipovsky P, Kasaei A. Research on Energy Management of Hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Improve Energy-Saving and Emission Reduction Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082917. [PMID: 32340225 PMCID: PMC7216290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of industry results in large energy consumption and a negative impact on the environment. Pollution of the environment caused by conventional energy sources such as petrol leads to increased demand for propulsion systems with higher efficiency and capable of energy-saving and emission reduction. The usage of hybrid technology is expected to improve energy conversion efficiency, reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution. In this paper, the simulation platform for the hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been built by establishing the subsystem models of the UAV power system. Under the two chosen working conditions, the conventional cruise flight mission and the terrain tracking mission, the power tracking control and Q-Learning method have been used to design the energy management controller for the hybrid UAV. The fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under each working condition were calculated. The results show that the hybrid system can improve the efficiency of the UAV system, reduce the fuel consumption of the UAV, and so reduce the emissions of CO2, NOx, and other pollutants. This contributes to improving of environmental quality, energy-saving, and emission reduction, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of aviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Bai
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.B.); (D.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Wenjiang Yang
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.B.); (D.S.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-9111-5160
| | - Dongbin Song
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.B.); (D.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Marek Kosuda
- Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University of Kosice, 04121 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Stanislav Szabo
- Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University of Kosice, 04121 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pavol Lipovsky
- Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University of Kosice, 04121 Kosice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (S.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Afshar Kasaei
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (M.B.); (D.S.); (A.K.)
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Li X, Xiao J, Huang M, Liu T, Guo L, Zeng W, Chen Q, Zhang J, Ma W. Associations of county-level cumulative environmental quality with mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mortality of tracheal, bronchus and lung cancers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:135523. [PMID: 31767293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancers are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many environmental factors have been linked to COPD and TBL cancers. This study examined the associations of cumulative environmental quality indices with COPD mortality and TBL cancers mortality, respectively. Environmental Quality Index (EQI) was constructed to represent cumulative environmental quality for the overall environment and 5 major environmental domains (e.g., air, water, built). Associations of each EQI indices with COPD mortality and TBL cancers mortality, across 3109 counties in the 48 contiguous states of the US, were examined using simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models. Stratified analyses were conducted in females versus males and according to rural-urban continuum codes (RUCC) to assess the heterogeneity across the overall population. Overall poor environmental quality was associated with a percent difference (PD) of 0.75 [95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 0.46, 1.05] in COPD mortality and an PD of 1.22 (95% CI, 0.97, 1.46) in TBL cancers mortality. PDs were higher in females than in males for both COPD and TBL cancers. The built domain had the largest effect on COPD mortality (PD, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.58, 1.12) while the air domain had the largest effect on TBL cancers mortality (PD, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31, 1.76). The EQI-mortality associations varied among different RUCCs, but no consistent trend was found. This result suggests that poor environmental quality, particularly poor air quality and built environment quality may increase the mortality risk for COPD and that for TBL cancers. Females appear to be more susceptible to the effect of cumulative environmental quality. Our findings highlight the importance of improving overall and domain-specific cumulative environmental quality in reducing COPD and TBL cancer mortalities in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Miaoling Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province 215316, China.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511430, China.
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9
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Ribeiro AG, Downward GS, Freitas CUD, Chiaravalloti Neto F, Cardoso MRA, Latorre MDRDDO, Hystad P, Vermeulen R, Nardocci AC. Incidence and mortality for respiratory cancer and traffic-related air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:243-251. [PMID: 30594696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of evidence have associated exposure to ambient air pollution with an increased risk of respiratory malignancies. However, there is a dearth of evidence from low-middle income countries, including those within South America, where the social inequalities are more marked. OBJECTIVES To quantify the association between exposures to traffic related air pollution and respiratory cancer incidence and mortality within São Paulo, Brazil. Further, we aim to investigate the role of socioeconomic status (SES) upon these outcomes. METHODS Cancer incidence between 2002 and 2011 was derived from the population-based cancer registry. Mortality data (between 2002 and 2013) was derived from the Municipal Health Department. A traffic density database and an annual nitrogen dioxide (NO2) land use regression model were used as markers of exposure. Age-adjusted Binomial Negative Regression models were developed, stratifying by SES and gender. RESULTS We observed an increased rate of respiratory cancer incidence and mortality in association with increased traffic density and NO2 concentrations, which was higher among those regions with the lowest SES. For cancer mortality and traffic exposure, those in the most deprived region, had an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.19 (95% CI: 1.70, 2.82) when comparing the highest exposure centile (top 90%) to the lowest (lowest 25%). By contrast, in the least deprived area, the IRR for the same exposure contrast was.1.07 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.20). For NO2 in the most deprived regions, the IRR for cancer mortality in the highest exposed group was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.88) while in the least deprived area, the IRR for the highest exposed group was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23). CONCLUSIONS Traffic density and NO2 were associated with an increased rate of respiratory cancer incidence and mortality in São Paulo. Residents from poor regions may suffer more from the impact of traffic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeylson Guimarães Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - George Stanley Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Clarice Umbelino de Freitas
- Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, State Department of Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351, São Paulo, SP CEP:01246-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | | | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 20C Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Xiang F, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li L, Dong S, Yang D, Cheng W, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Xie J, Sun W, Zhou Y. Geographical variation in lung cancer risk associated with road traffics in Jiading District, Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:729-735. [PMID: 30380480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the spatial variation in road traffic indicators associated with lung cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between road traffic-related indicators and lung cancer risk and to estimate its spatial variability. The population-based case control study was conducted, including all the newly diagnosed lung cancer patients (cases) and colorectal cancer patients (controls) in Jiading District, Shanghai from 2014 to 2016. Traffic intensity variable (traffic intensity in a 500 m buffer), residential distance to major road or highway, and greenness exposure at the residence were estimated for each individual. We conducted unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, smoking status and NDVI values and geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR). The clustering of lung cancer risk was analyzed by Bernoulli model of the SaTScan software. This study included 1461 lung cancer patients and 954 colorectal cancer patients. In multivariate logistic regression, smoking [OR 1.25 95% CI (1.15-1.35)], living <50 m from the major road [OR 1.43 95% CI (1.02-2.03)] were significantly associated with lung cancer risk. Residential Proximity to highway, residential greenness, and traffic intensity were not significantly associated with lung cancer risk. The GWLR model showed that the degree of correlation between residential proximity to major road and lung cancer risk varied geographically. The SaTScan results showed a lung cancer cluster in the southwest of Jiading District, Shanghai. Our study suggested that the distance from residence to the main road was significantly associated with lung cancer risk, which varied geographically. It is helpful to further study the traffic factors' spatial variation related to lung cancer risk and carry out reasonable regional planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Shao
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yingjian Wang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Fang Xiang
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linhan Li
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shurong Dong
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongjian Yang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wanting Cheng
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Xie
- The Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Weishan Sun
- Traffic Command Center, Municipal Transportation Commission, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yibiao Zhou
- Fudan University School of Public Health, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Building 8, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Fudan University Center for Tropical Disease Research, Building 8, 130 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
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11
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Ribeiro AG, Baquero OS, Freitas CUD, Chiaravalotti Neto F, Cardoso MRA, Latorre MDRDO, Nardocci AC. Incidence and mortality risk for respiratory tract cancer in the city of São Paulo, Brazil: Bayesian analysis of the association with traffic density. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 56:53-59. [PMID: 30048939 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that exposure to traffic-related air pollution is related to the incidence of and mortality associated with lung cancer. The aim of this study was to perform a spatial analysis, with a Bayesian approach, to test the hypothesis that high traffic density is associated with increased respiratory tract cancer incidence and mortality risk among individuals over 20 years of age residing in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We employed data from two different databases: the São Paulo Municipal Population-Based Cancer Registry (2002-2011 cancer incidence data); and the Mortality Database of the São Paulo Municipal Health Department (2002-2013 cancer mortality data). The relationships between the number of cases of respiratory tract cancer in each area analyzed and the standardized covariates-traffic density and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI)-were evaluated with a Besag-York-Mollié ecological model with relative risks (RRs) estimates. RESULTS Per 1-unit standard-deviation increase in traffic density and in the MHDI, the RR for respiratory tract cancer incidence was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.13) and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.18-1.32), respectively, whereas the RR for mortality was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99-1.09) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.16-1.30), respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that residing in areas with high traffic density is associated with increased respiratory tract cancer incidence and mortality risk in the city of São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeylson G Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Oswaldo S Baquero
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Clarice U de Freitas
- Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, State Department of Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Chiaravalotti Neto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina A Cardoso
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Maria do Rosario D O Latorre
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Adelaide C Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
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12
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Moustafa K. A clean environmental week: Let the nature breathe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:639-646. [PMID: 28454036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High levels of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere and toxic pollutants in air, water and food have serious repercussions on all life's systems, including living beings, environment and economy. Everyone on the Earth is concerned by pollution in some way or another, no matter where and how the pollution is produced as airborne and foodborne pollutants could circulate around the world in different ways, through for example climate components (wind, rain) and/or import and export of foodstuffs. Similarly to living beings that take advantage of day-night circadian rhythms to recover after diurnal hardships, the environment in its entirety could also be seen as a complex living system that needs regular breaks to assimilate or ingest toxic pollutants produced during intensive and continuous industrial processes. If greenhouses gas emissions and pollution rates continue to increase at the same rates as they are nowadays, uncontrollable climate effects might be inevitable and the air quality in some crowded cities in the world might be hardly respirable in the future. A global "Clean Environmental Week" is discussed as an attempt toward reducing air pollution and CO2 emissions through the interruption or reduction of industrial polluting activities regularly, for a week or so per year, to let the nature 'breathe' and recover from environmentally challenging pollutions. A clean environmental period of 10 days per year could reduce CO2 emissions by about one billion tons of CO2 per annum.
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13
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Residential Proximity to Major Roadways and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010003. [PMID: 28025522 PMCID: PMC5295254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that higher levels of traffic-related pollution exposure increase the risk of diabetes, but the association between road proximity and diabetes risk remains unclear. To assess and quantify the association between residential proximity to major roadways and type 2 diabetes, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Embase, Medline, and Web of Science were searched for eligible studies. Using a random-effects meta-analysis, the summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated. Bayesian meta-analysis was also performed. Eight studies (6 cohort and 2 cross-sectional) with 158,576 participants were finally included. The summary unadjusted RR for type 2 diabetes associated with residential proximity to major roadways was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.44, p = 0.001, I2 = 48.1%). The summary adjusted RR of type 2 diabetes associated with residential proximity to major roadways was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03–1.22, p = 0.01, I2 = 17.9%). After excluding two cross-sectional studies, the summary results suggested that residential proximity to major roadways could increase type 2 diabetes risk (Adjusted RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.27, p = 0.025, I2 = 36.6%). Bayesian meta-analysis showed that the unadjusted RR and adjusted RR of type 2 diabetes associated with residential proximity to major roadways were 1.22 (95% credibility interval: 1.06–1.55) and 1.13 (95% credibility interval: 1.01–1.31), respectively. The meta-analysis suggested that residential proximity to major roadways could significantly increase risk of type 2 diabetes, and it is an independent risk factor of type 2 diabetes. More well-designed studies are needed to further strengthen the evidence.
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14
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Wang L, Yu C, Liu Y, Wang J, Li C, Wang Q, Wang P, Wu S, Zhang ZJ. Lung Cancer Mortality Trends in China from 1988 to 2013: New Challenges and Opportunities for the Government. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111052. [PMID: 27801859 PMCID: PMC5129262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: As lung cancer has shown a continuously increasing trend in many countries, it is essential to stay abreast of lung cancer mortality information and take informed actions with a theoretical basis derived from appropriate and practical statistical methods. Methods: Age-specific rates were collected by gender and region (urban/rural) and analysed with descriptive methods and age-period-cohort models to estimate the trends in lung cancer mortality in China from 1988 to 2013. Results: Descriptive analysis revealed that the age-specific mortality rates of lung cancer in rural residents increased markedly over the last three decades, and there was no obvious increase in urban residents. APC analysis showed that the lung cancer mortality rates significantly increased with age (20–84), rose slightly with the time period, and decreased with the cohort, except for the rural cohorts born during the early years (1909–1928). The trends in the patterns of the period and cohort effects showed marked disparities between the urban and rural residents. Conclusions: Lung cancer mortality remains serious and is likely to continue to rise in China. Some known measures are suggested to be decisive factors in mitigating lung cancer, such as environmental conservation, medical security, and tobacco control, which should be implemented more vigorously over the long term in China, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Statistics and Management, School of Management, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 206 Optical Valley Avenue, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Health Finance and Economics, Central University of Finance and Economics, 39 Xueyuan South Road, Beijing 100081, China.
- Institute of National Health and Development, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 777 Guoding Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chunhui Li
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Quan Wang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Peigang Wang
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shaotang Wu
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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