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Alqarni AM. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Solid and Liquid Environmental Matrices: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:3900. [PMID: 39202981 PMCID: PMC11357415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik M Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Akyol E, Ulusoy Hİ, Yilmaz E, Polat Ü, Soylak M. Application of magnetic solid-phase extraction for sensitive determination of anticancer drugs in urine by means of diamino benzidine tetrachlorohydrate modified magnetic nanoparticles. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:456-464. [PMID: 36840823 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of drug active molecules and residues in the treatment of cancer is important for the sustainability of human life and therapeutic effects. For this purpose, a new magnetic sorbent was developed to use in solid phase extraction prior to conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Paclitaxel (PAC) and Gemcitabine (GEM) molecules. METHODS In this study, a separation and pre-concentration approach based on magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) was proposed for PAC and GEM by means of using a newly synthesized magnetic sorbent. After the MSPE procedure, an HPLC system with a diode array detector (DAD) was used to analyze trace amounts of PAC and GEM anticarcinogenic drugs in urine samples. Surface modification of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles was carried out by diaminobenzidinetetrachloro hydrate (DABTC) for the first time and a useful sorbent was obtained for MSPE experiments. RESULTS In the proposed method, PAC and GEM molecules were retained on the c in the presence of a pH 5.0 medium and desorbed to 300 μL of acetonitrile: methyl alcohol (1:1) eluent phase before HPLC-DAD analysis. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) values for PAC and GEM were 1.38 and 1.44 ng mL-1 while the enhancement factor for PAC and GEM were 139.5 and 145.3, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD %) for PAC and GEM were below 3.50% in inter-day repeated experiments by means of model solutions containing 100 ng mL-1 drug active ingredients. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis and characterization of DABTC-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were performed using suitable methodologies. Optimization of MSPE was done step by step. And finally, the developed method was successfully applied to urine samples with quantitative recoveries in the range of 99.0% and 105.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Akyol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Ulusoy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,ERNAM-Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Ernam Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ümmügülsüm Polat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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O’Sullivan-Carroll E, Howlett S, Pyne C, Downing P, Rafael A, Lynch M, Hogan AM, Moore EJ. Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Surface and Wastewater by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE): A Minireview. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1942031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma O’Sullivan-Carroll
- Sensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Hovione Ltd, Loughbeg, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Maria Hogan
- Sensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J. Moore
- Sensing and Separation Group, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Pena-Pereira F, Bendicho C, Pavlović DM, Martín-Esteban A, Díaz-Álvarez M, Pan Y, Cooper J, Yang Z, Safarik I, Pospiskova K, Segundo MA, Psillakis E. Miniaturized analytical methods for determination of environmental contaminants of emerging concern - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1158:238108. [PMID: 33863416 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The determination of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in environmental samples has become a challenging and critical issue. The present work focuses on miniaturized analytical strategies reported in the literature for the determination of CECs. The first part of the review provides brief overview of CECs whose monitoring in environmental samples is of particular significance, namely personal care products, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, UV-filters, newly registered pesticides, illicit drugs, disinfection by-products, surfactants, high technology rare earth elements, and engineered nanomaterials. Besides, an overview of downsized sample preparation approaches reported in the literature for the determination of CECs in environmental samples is provided. Particularly, analytical methodologies involving microextraction approaches used for the enrichment of CECs are discussed. Both solid phase- and liquid phase-based microextraction techniques are highlighted devoting special attention to recently reported approaches. Special emphasis is placed on newly developed materials used for extraction purposes in microextraction techniques. In addition, recent contributions involving miniaturized analytical flow techniques for the determination of CECs are discussed. Besides, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of point of need and portable devices have been identified and critically compared with chromatographic methods coupled to mass chromatography. Finally, challenging aspects regarding miniaturized analytical methods for determination of CECs are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pena-Pereira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Grupo QA2, Edificio CC Experimentais, Campus de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Carlos Bendicho
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Analítica e Alimentaria, Grupo QA2, Edificio CC Experimentais, Campus de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Antonio Martín-Esteban
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, INIA, Carretera de A Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Myriam Díaz-Álvarez
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía, INIA, Carretera de A Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Yuwei Pan
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Cooper
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Magnetism, Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kristyna Pospiskova
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
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Advances in the Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Matrices by Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244617. [PMID: 31861089 PMCID: PMC6943715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the European Commission has adopted restrictive directives on food quality and safety in order to protect animal and human health. Veterinary drugs represent an important risk and the need to have sensitive and fast analytical techniques to detect and quantify them has become mandatory. Over the years, the availability of different modes, interfaces, and formats has improved the versatility, sensitivity, and speed of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, CE represents a powerful tool for the analysis of a large variety of food matrices and food-related molecules with important applications in food quality and safety. This review focuses the attention of CE applications over the last decade on the detection of different classes of drugs (used as additives in animal food or present as contaminants in food products) with a potential risk for animal and human health. In addition, considering that the different sample preparation procedures have strongly contributed to CE sensitivity and versatility, the most advanced sample pre-concentration techniques are discussed here.
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Gebauer P. Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:40-54. [PMID: 30073675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic sample stacking comprises a group of capillary electrophoretic techniques where trace analytes from the sample are concentrated into a short zone (stack). This paper is a continuation of our previous reviews on the topic and brings a survey of more than 120 papers published approximately since the second quarter of 2016 till the first quarter of 2018. It is organized according to the particular stacking principles and includes chapters on concentration adjustment (Kohlrausch) stacking, on stacking techniques based on pH changes, on stacking in electrokinetic chromatography and on other stacking techniques. Where available, explicit information is given about the procedure, electrolyte(s) used, detector employed and sensitivity reached. Not reviewed are papers on transient isotachophoresis which are covered by another review in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sun S, Wang Y, Liu X, Fu R, Yang L. Rapid and sensitive tapered-capillary microextraction combined to on-line sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for extraction and quantification of two beta-blockers in human urine. Talanta 2017; 180:90-97. [PMID: 29332838 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A tapered-capillary microextraction (tCap-μEx) combining with field-amplified stacking (FASI) method for CE analysis was developed. The tCap-μEx method is based on the construction of a micro solid phase extraction (SPE) column by narrowing the end of a silica capillary from 530µm (inner diameter) to 20µm, enabling the packing of 45µm sorbent particles without a frit. Various parameters that may affect the microextraction and FASI-CE analysis have been investigated and optimized. This study shows that microextraction exhibits advantages of small sample and sorbent volumes (less than 200μL sample and 2μL sorbent) and fast extraction time of 6min. The method was successfully applied for efficient determination of atenolol and metoprolol in human urine samples, with recovery of 93.7-105.5% and RSD (n=3) lower than 8.5%. Twenty-one-fold and nineteen-fold average enhancement of detection sensitivity was achieved for atenolol and metoprolol, respectively, versus the CE method without tCap-μEx and FASI. The method is environmentally friendly and allows reuse of the sorbent at least 8 times without an obvious loss in performance. The results indicate that the proposed method could be potentially applied in a wide range of doping control, clinical, forensic toxicology, food analysis and environmental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Rao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, PR China.
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