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Samadi A, Amiri M, Hailat N. The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:82. [PMID: 38289422 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assadullah Samadi
- Paraclinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
| | | | - Nabil Hailat
- Veterinary Pathology, Pathology and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology [JUST], Irbid, Jordan
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Descatha A, Hamzaoui H, Takala J, Oppliger A. A Systematized Overview of Published Reviews on Biological Hazards, Occupational Health, and Safety. Saf Health Work 2023; 14:347-357. [PMID: 38187198 PMCID: PMC10770102 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic turned biological hazards in the working environment into a global concern. This systematized review of published reviews aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the specific jobs and categories of workers exposed to biological hazards with the related prevention. Methods We extracted reviews published in English and French in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two authors, working independently, subsequently screened the potentially relevant titles and abstracts recovered (step 1) and then examined relevant full texts (step 2). Disagreements were resolved by consensus. We built tables summarizing populations of exposed workers, types of hazards, types of outcomes (types of health issues, means of prevention), and routes of transmission. Results Of 1426 studies initially identified, 79 studies by authors from every continent were selected, mostly published after 2010 (n = 63, 79.7%). About half of the reviews dealt with infectious hazards alone (n = 38, 48.1%). The industrial sectors identified involved healthcare alone (n = 16), laboratories (n = 10), agriculture (including the animal, vegetable, and grain sectors, n = 32), waste (n = 10), in addition of 11 studies without specific sectors. The results also highlighted a range of hazards (infectious and non-infectious agents, endotoxins, bioaerosols, organic dust, and emerging agents). Conclusion This systematized overview allowed to list the populations of workers exposed to biological hazards and underlined how prevention measures in the healthcare and laboratory sectors were usually well defined and controlled, although this was not the case in the agriculture and waste sectors. Further studies are necessary to quantify these risks and implement prevention measures that can be applied in every country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Descatha
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) – UMR_S 1085, IRSET-ESTER, SFR ICAT, CAPTV CDC, Angers, France
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell, USA
| | - Halim Hamzaoui
- Labour Administration, Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch- International Labour Organization, HQ, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Takala
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anne Oppliger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Unisanté, University of Lausanne, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jagtap GA, Badge A, Kohale MG, Wankhade RS. The Role of the Biosafety Cabinet in Preventing Infection in the Clinical Laboratory. Cureus 2023; 15:e51309. [PMID: 38288229 PMCID: PMC10823295 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical laboratories are essential in healthcare to better diagnose, treat, and track medical diseases. However, handling infectious organisms and possibly infectious materials in these laboratories puts the safety of laboratory workers and the general public at risk. By controlling the distribution of infectious substances and stopping the spread of diseases, biosafety cabinets (BSCs) have become crucial tools in guaranteeing laboratory safety. The prevention of infections is most important in medical and laboratory settings. In clinical laboratories, biological and infectious agents are handled, posing threats to healthcare workers and the general public. To avoid infections, proper training of the BSC is essential. Laboratory employees are instructed in aseptic procedures, proper hand posture, and efficient personal protection when working in the cabinet. These instructions decrease the chance of contaminating the surrounding area. Additionally, user ergonomics are taken into account while designing BSC, reducing operator fatigue, and guaranteeing that staff can execute tasks precisely for extended periods. This review highlights the importance of biosafety cabinets in maintaining a secure laboratory environment and explains their crucial function in infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav A Jagtap
- Pathology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Nagpur, IND
| | - Ankit Badge
- Microbiology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Nagpur, IND
| | - Mangesh G Kohale
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Nagpur, IND
| | - Rashmi S Wankhade
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Nagpur, IND
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Gu X, Cao T, Mou J, Liu J. Water bath is more efficient than hot air oven at thermal inactivation of coronavirus. Virol J 2023; 20:84. [PMID: 37131169 PMCID: PMC10153051 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal inactivation is a conventional and effective method of eliminating the infectivity of pathogens from specimens in clinical and biological laboratories, and reducing the risk of occupational exposure and environmental contamination. During the COVID-19 pandemic, specimens from patients and potentially infected individuals were heat treated and processed under BSL-2 conditions in a safe, cost-effective, and timely manner. The temperature and duration of heat treatment are optimized and standardized in the protocol according to the susceptibility of the pathogen and the impact on the integrity of the specimens, but the heating device is often undefined. Devices and medium transferring the thermal energy vary in heating rate, specific heat capacity, and conductivity, resulting in variations in efficiency and inactivation outcome that may compromise biosafety and downstream biological assays. METHODS We evaluated the water bath and hot air oven in terms of pathogen inactivation efficiency, which are the most commonly used inactivation devices in hospitals and biological laboratories. By evaluating the temperature equilibrium and viral titer elimination under various conditions, we studied the devices and their inactivation outcomes under identical treatment protocol, and to analyzed the factors, such as energy conductivity, specific heat capacity, and heating rate, underlying the inactivation efficiencies. RESULTS We compared thermal inactivation of coronavirus using different devices, and have found that the water bath was more efficient at reducing infectivity, with higher heat transfer and thermal equilibration than a forced hot air oven. In addition to the efficiency, the water bath showed relative consistency in temperature equilibration of samples of different volumes, reduced the need for prolonged heating, and eliminated the risk of pathogen spread by forced airflow. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the proposal to define the heating device in the thermal inactivation protocol and in the specimen management policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Mou
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 88 Keyuan S. Rd, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ficociello B, Giordano D, Incoronato F, Farinella A, Pietrangeli B. WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual: A New Approach to Security. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 67:425-429. [PMID: 36495279 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The paper aims to highlight the new indications introduced in the 4th edition of the “Laboratory Biosafety Manual” of World Health Organization. The authors propose a new vision to improve biosafety and biosecurity in the laboratory aligned with the technical standards ISO 35001:2019 “Biorisk management for laboratories and other related organizations” and ISO 45001:2018 “Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidelines for use” framework. The current edition has a more innovative approach compared to the previous ones, more attention is given to training awareness and providing skills, to promote the culture of safety by adopting an approach based on risk analysis, rather than the prescriptive approach that has been used previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ficociello
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL) , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Federica Incoronato
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL) , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Farinella
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL) , Rome , Italy
| | - Biancamaria Pietrangeli
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL) , Rome , Italy
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Baldi ME, Laghrissi A, Marso Z, Chellat FZ, Berraho M, Tachfouti N, Fakir SE, Mellas S, Fahd AM, kohen J, Boulaguige F, Naamane J, Lahmadi K, Rhazi KE. Prevalence and associated factors of COVID-19 among Moroccan physicians: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277157. [PMID: 36322588 PMCID: PMC9629645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged and spread rapidly worldwide and established a global public health crisis in early 2020. The first Moroccan case was reported on March 2, 2020. Since then, healthcare workers (HCWs) played a major role in saving human lives threatened by COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 infection among Moroccan physicians and to report associated risk factors prior vaccination campaign. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco, 545 physicians' data was collected using a self-reported online questionnaire. The data collection was done between December 1, 2020, and February 1, 2021. RESULTS The prevalence of COVID-19 among physicians was 27.3%. The mean age of the confirmed COVID-19 group was 38.4±12.9 years old. There was no association between COVID-19 infection and preventive measures compliance by physicians and healthcare authorities in the workplace. However, multivariate analysis strengthened the following factors such as increased risk of COVID-19 infection within men ☯aOR:1.896; 95% IC 1.272-2.828; p = 0.002]; the presence of at least one comorbidity ☯aOR:2.268; 95%IC 1.414-3.637; p = 0.001]; and working at a university or military hospitals ☯aOR:2.578; 95%IC 1.667-3.989; p = 0.001]. CONCLUSION This study allows comparing COVID-19 prevalence among healthcare workers before and after vaccination programs. This should support better preparation strategy for any future pandemics with appropriate and increased awareness for men, carrying comorbidity, and working environment with high COVID-19 disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El Baldi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Amina Laghrissi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Zakia Marso
- Regional Direction of Health, Fez Meknes Region, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Berraho
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Nabil Tachfouti
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samira El Fakir
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Mellas
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
| | - Amar Mohamed Fahd
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
| | - Jamal kohen
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
| | - Fouad Boulaguige
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
| | - Jamal Naamane
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
| | - Khalid Lahmadi
- Hematology Department, Moulay Ismail Military Hospital, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Community Health, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, Fez, Morocco
- Regional Council for the Order of Physicians, Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco
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7
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Qasmi SA, Standley C, Mohsin S, Sarwar S, Malik L, Aziz F. Effectiveness of international virtual training on biorisk management in the context of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2022; 10:888097. [PMID: 36339241 PMCID: PMC9627603 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.888097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in enormous increases in laboratory activities to keep pace with diagnostic testing and research efforts. However, traditional training, technical assistance, and capacity-building approaches were disrupted by the travel and movement restrictions put in place to control the spread of the disease. To address the needs of laboratorians and managers to conduct laboratory activities safely and securely during the pandemic, a highly interactive virtual training (IVT) workshop on biorisk management during COVID-19 was conducted through active learning strategies that connected speakers with participants. The objective of the training was to increase the basic knowledge and standards of biosafety and biosecurity practices, risk assessment, and control measures with reference specifically to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and apply a rigorous evaluation methodology to assess the effectiveness of the IVT. The training covered a broad range of topics and encompassed national to international guidelines. Methods Participants were selected through official channels at the national level, focusing on institutions within Pakistan. The sessions included lectures from international experts in biorisk management concepts, and incorporated poll questions as well as pre- and post-tests and feedback on the speakers' knowledge and presentation skills, to increase interactivity. The pre- and post-test comprised similar multiple-choice questions and provided to every participant to ascertain the impact of the training on awareness and knowledge of biorisk management topics and concepts, and results were compared using paired t-tests. For feedback on the speakers, participants were asked to submit their ratings measured on a five-point Likert scale. The reliability of the Likert scale was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. Analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. Results In total, 52 individuals from different laboratories across Pakistan and Pakistani students from abroad (China) as well participated in at least one session of the IVT. The participants' pre- and post-test scores showed a significant increase in knowledge and awareness (p < 0.001). The obtained Cronbach's alpha score was >0.8, indicating high reliability of the generated feedback on the IVT approach and speakers. Conclusion The IVT on biosafety and biosecurity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic proved beneficial for laboratory professionals and could be a useful model to continue in the future for raising awareness and knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Standley
- Global Health Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Saima Mohsin
- The Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Laila Malik
- Bahawalpur Medical and Dental College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Agha Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Fatima Aziz ;
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Vassileva M, Mocali S, Canfora L, Malusá E, García del Moral LF, Martos V, Flor-Peregrin E, Vassilev N. Safety Level of Microorganism-Bearing Products Applied in Soil-Plant Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862875. [PMID: 35574066 PMCID: PMC9096872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers adversely affects ecological health and soil microbiota provoking loss of soil fertility and greater pathogen and pest presence in soil-plant systems, which further reduce the quality of food and human health. Therefore, the sustainability, circular economy, environmental safety of agricultural production, and health concerns made possible the practical realization of eco-friendly biotechnological approaches like organic matter amendments, biofertilizers, biopesticides, and reuse of agro-industrial wastes by applying novel and traditional methods and processes. However, the advancement in the field of Biotechnology/Agriculture is related to the safety of these microorganism-bearing products. While the existing regulations in this field are well-known and are applied in the preparation and application of waste organic matter and microbial inoculants, more attention should be paid to gene transfer, antibiotic resistance, contamination of the workers and environment in farms and biotech-plants, and microbiome changes. These risks should be carefully assessed, and new analytical tools and regulations should be applied to ensure safe and high-quality food and a healthy environment for people working in the field of bio-based soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vassileva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Stefano Mocali
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Canfora
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Rome, Italy
| | - Eligio Malusá
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Center for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, Italy
| | | | - Vanessa Martos
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Flor-Peregrin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nikolay Vassilev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Vaca DJ, Dobler G, Fischer SF, Keller C, Konrad M, von Loewenich FD, Orenga S, Sapre SU, van Belkum A, Kempf VAJ. Contemporary diagnostics for medically relevant fastidious microorganisms belonging to the genera Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Orientia, and Rickettsia. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6530194. [PMID: 35175353 PMCID: PMC9300619 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the human infectious pathogens—especially the zoonotic or vector-borne bacteria—are fastidious organisms that are difficult to cultivate because of their strong adaption to the infected host culminating in their near-complete physiological dependence on this environment. These bacterial species exhibit reduced multiplication rates once they are removed from their optimal ecological niche. This fact complicates the laboratory diagnosis of the disease and hinders the detection and further characterization of the underlying organisms, e.g. at the level of their resistance to antibiotics due to their slow growth. Here, we describe the current state of microbiological diagnostics for five genera of human pathogens with a fastidious laboratory lifestyle. For Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Orientia spp. and Rickettsia spp., we will summarize the existing diagnostic protocols, the specific limitations for implementation of novel diagnostic approaches and the need for further optimization or expansion of the diagnostic armamentarium. We will reflect upon the diagnostic opportunities provided by new technologies including mass spectrometry and next-generation nucleic acid sequencing. Finally, we will review the (im)possibilities of rapidly developing new in vitro diagnostic tools for diseases of which the causative agents are fastidiously growing and therefore hard to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Vaca
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Department of Virology and Rickettsiology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Germany
| | - Silke F Fischer
- National Consulting Laboratory for Coxiella burnetii, State Health Office Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | - Maik Konrad
- National Consulting Laboratory for Coxiella burnetii, State Health Office Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Biosecurity Concept: Origins, Evolution and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010063. [PMID: 35011169 PMCID: PMC8749630 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The term biosecurity first referred to biological weapons and bio-terrorism. It is now used in diverse sectors including biological laboratory risks and infectious disease prevention in both animal and public health. Therefore, several definitions and understandings of the term biosecurity co-exist. This commentary aims to describe the evolution of the biosecurity concept over the years and discuss its possible future. Abstract Originally used in reference to the management of biological weapons and bio-terrorism, the term biosecurity was first used in the agricultural sector in the 1980s as “the sum of risk management practices in the defence against biological threats”. This term was then taken up in different strategic documents of different organisations, so multiple definitions and understandings co-exist. This short communication reviews the origins and evolution of the biosecurity concept and discusses the future perspectives of biosecurity in regard to the One Health Approach and the changing environment.
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Malik S, Das RS, Khan T, Anto AG, Rajagopal L, Das Bhattacharya S. Building the evidence for hepatitis B vaccination programs for students and researchers working with biological samples in Indian Institutes of Higher Education. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5595-5602. [PMID: 34920694 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2011549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals working with biological samples in Indian universities are at risk for occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and may not be vaccinated. AIM We documented the need for HBV vaccination in students and others, developed an institutional HBV vaccination program, delivered HBV vaccines, and then assessed the determinants of vaccine uptake. METHODS Over a year, we conducted a prospective cohort study documenting the need for HBV vaccination in people working with biological materials in a major Indian institution, developed a HBV vaccination program, delivered HBV vaccines, and assessed determinants of vaccine uptake. In August 2018, a needs assessment determined exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious material in the research setting, followed in September by a cross-sectional survey on HBV vaccination status. Institutional approval for vaccination followed in October, and vaccine clinics began in February 2019. In September, a follow-up survey investigated determinants of vaccine uptake. RESULTS A total of 185 people participated in the baseline HBV vaccination status survey. Only 26% of students, staff, and faculty were fully vaccinated for HBV. Over 70% of the target group came forward for vaccination and >90% completed all doses. Getting vaccinated with peers strongly influenced vaccine uptake, as did availability of free vaccine, onsite clinics, and reminders. CONCLUSION HBV vaccination programs for individuals at occupational risk are needed in Indian academic institutions beyond medical schools as part of institutional biosafety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Malik
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ranjan Saurav Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Tila Khan
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ausath G Anto
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Lokesh Rajagopal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sangeeta Das Bhattacharya
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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12
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Zhu M, Liu W, Zhang L, Zhang W, Qi P, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang C, Wang W. Characterization of Salmonella isolated from donkeys during an abortion storm in China. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105080. [PMID: 34534641 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In China, abortions of donkeys caused by Salmonella have dramatically stifled the growth of the donkey industry. However, pathogenicity of Salmonella linked to abortions in donkeys has not been previously described. Bacteria were isolated and identified from 45 donkeys that experienced abortions, and antibiograms were conducted. Pathogenicity, as median lethal dose (LD50) in mice was then determined. Furthermore, a mouse abortion model was used to re-create the disease observed in donkeys. The pathologic changes in spleen, liver, intestine and embryo were observed by histological examination. An immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the location and distribution of Salmonella colonization in tissues. A clear link was made between S. abortus equi and abortions in donkeys. The bacterial strains isolated from these cases were either highly or moderately sensitive to the 8 antibiotics tested here. The strain of S. abortus equi isolated here was lethal to mice (LD50 value is 1.88 × 108 CFU), and caused abortions in pregnant mice. The 50% abortion-causing dose was 1.22 × 108 CFU. Pathological and immunofluorescence data confirmed that the abortions in pregnant mice and donkeys were accompanied by similar disease processes. Therefore, a Salmonella induced abortion model in mice was developed, characterized by abortion, aberrant embryo development, and parenchymal hypoplasia. The mouse abortion model developed here is an important tool for the future characterization and testing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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Assessment of the Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Reference Veterinary Laboratory of Parakou in Benin. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030146. [PMID: 34449734 PMCID: PMC8396302 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal biosafety and biosecurity are major requirements of global health security. This study assessed the biorisk management in the reference veterinary laboratory of Parakou (Benin). The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and evaluative. The non-probability sampling method with the reasoned choice was used. The Food and Agriculture Organization laboratory mapping tool-safety was used to collect information from the laboratory team. Group discussion, working environment observation, and document exploitation were the data collection techniques. The biorisk management was rated good if the average indicator of the laboratory reached at least 80%. Otherwise, the biorisk management was rated insufficient. The overall laboratory biosafety and biosecurity score was insufficient (42.4%). Per area, the scores were 26.7% for engineering, 33.3% for administration, 53.8% for personal protective equipment, and 62.3% for the operational. There was no area or category score that reached 80%. Containment, waste disposal, and personal protective equipment disposal were the best performing categories with a score above 60%. The laboratory has no biosafety and accident prevention program. Its premises require renovation. The standard operating procedures for biosafety are not yet finalized, and the training mechanism is not optimal. Therefore, strong advocacy and implementation of a biorisk management improvement plan appear as urgent corrective actions which are required to help the reference veterinary laboratory of Parakou in its task to protect the livestock and, ultimately, the people of Benin from dangerous diseases and emerging pathogens.
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14
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Does International Travel Frequency Affect COVID-19 Biosecurity Behavior in the United States? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084111. [PMID: 33924641 PMCID: PMC8068867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-quality biosecurity practices are critical to restarting international tourism. Effective market segmentation improves the communication and efficacy of health advice. Travel frequency is an important basis for health-related consumer segmentation, as it is closely related to risk of greater exposure to infectious diseases. Theoretically grounded studies of tourist biosecurity behavior and travel frequency have largely been neglected, although insights into practices and attitudes are especially relevant for coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) health responses. Therefore, this research constructed and tested a conceptual model applying Value–Attitude–Behavior theory to US travelers to see whether the frequency of international travel affected tourist COVID-19 related biosecurity behavior. US respondents were drawn from a panel using a quota sampling technique according to the age and gender of American outbound tourists. An online survey was administered in September 2020. The responses (n = 395) of those who traveled internationally within five years were analyzed utilizing partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with multi-group analysis. Travel frequency significantly affects biosecurity behavior. High travel frequency (≥8 trips) has the strongest effect of value on biosecurity attitudes, personal norms, social norms, and biosecurity social norms, leading to biosecurity behaviors. Biosecurity behaviors pertaining to medium travel frequency (4–7 trips) are significantly influenced by personal norms. At low travel frequency (1–3 trips) levels, biosecurity behaviors are stimulated by biosecurity attitudes and social norms, showing the highest predictive power among the three groups. This work provides insights into international travel consumer biosecurity practices and behavior. From a market segmentation perspective, the levels of international travel frequency have various influences on biosecurity values, attitudes, personal norms, social norms, and behaviors. The biosecurity behaviors of low-frequency travelers are found to be the most significant of the three groups, suggesting that individuals who travel less frequently are more likely to practice responsible COVID-19 biosecurity behavior.
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15
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Omo-Aghoja L, Moke EG, Anachuna KK, Omogbiya AI, Umukoro EK, Toloyai PEY, Daubry TME, Eduviere AT. COVID-19 pandemic: the implications of the natural history, challenges of diagnosis and management for care in sub-Saharan Africa. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 33754124 PMCID: PMC7968562 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection which has afflicted virtually almost all nations of the earth. It is highly transmissible and represents one of the most serious pandemics in recent times, with the capacity to overwhelm any healthcare system and cause morbidity and fatality. MAIN CONTENT The diagnosis of this disease is daunting and challenging as it is dependent on emerging clinical symptomatology that continues to increase and change very rapidly. The definitive test is the very expensive and scarce polymerase chain reaction (PCR) viral identification technique. The management has remained largely supportive and empirical, as there are no officially approved therapeutic agents, vaccines or antiviral medications for the management of the disease. Severe cases often require intensive care facilities and personnel. Yet there is paucity of facilities including the personnel required for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It is against this backdrop that a review of key published reports on the pandemic in SSA and globally is made, as understanding the natural history of a disease and the documented responses to diagnosis and management is usually a key public health strategy for designing and improving as appropriate, relevant interventions. Lead findings were that responses by most nations of SSA were adhoc, paucity of public health awareness strategies and absence of legislations that would help enforce preventive measures, as well as limited facilities (including personal protective equipment) and institutional capacities to deliver needed interventions. CONCLUSION COVID-19 is real and has overwhelmed global health care system especially low-income countries of the sub-Sahara such as Nigeria. Suggestions for improvement of healthcare policies and programs to contain the current pandemic and to respond more optimally in case of future pandemics are made herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Omo-Aghoja
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Goodies Moke
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Kelechi Anachuna
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Adrian Itivere Omogbiya
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Kohworho Umukoro
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Pere-Ebi Yabrade Toloyai
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Tarela Melish Elias Daubry
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Taghogho Eduviere
- DELSU Biomedical Research Alliance Working Group, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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16
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Jia YF, Jian Z, Gao YT. Current status and future prospect of management of biosafety laboratories for emerging infectious diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1059-1067. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i21.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there have been several outbreaks of infectious diseases around the world, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and corona virus disease 2019. Experience suggests that the detection and research of emergent infectious diseases play a crucial role in the process of responding to the epidemic, which also brings great challenges to biosafety laboratories. In the face of unknown biological risk factors, the non-standard biosafety protection measures have a serious impact on the life safety of laboratory staff and the research of infectious diseases, which stresses the necessity of safety protection in biosafety laboratories. This article will briefly review the current status and future prospect of management of biosafety laboratories both in China and other countries in terms of safety protection measures during new sudden infectious disease incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Jia
- Tianjin Medical University Third Center Clinical College, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Zheng Jian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ying-Tang Gao
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin 300170, China
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17
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Karthik K, Aravindh Babu RP, Dhama K, Chitra MA, Kalaiselvi G, Alagesan Senthilkumar TM, Raj GD. Biosafety Concerns During the Collection, Transportation, and Processing of COVID-19 Samples for Diagnosis. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:623-630. [PMID: 32948378 PMCID: PMC7486853 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which started in China, has created a panic among the general public and health care/laboratory workers. Thus far, there is no medication or vaccine to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19. As the virus is airborne and transmitted through droplets, there has been significant demand for face masks and other personal protective equipment to prevent the spread of infection. Health care and laboratory workers who come in close contact with infected people or material are at a high risk of infection. Therefore, robust biosafety measures are required at hospitals and laboratories to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Various diagnostic platforms including of serological, molecular and other advanced tools and techniques have been designed and developed for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 and each has its own merits and demerits. Molecular assays such as real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) has been used worldwide for diagnosis of COVID-19. Samples such as nasal swabs or oropharyngeal swabs are used for rRT-PCR. Laboratory acquired infection has been a significant problem worldwide, which has gained importance during the current pandemic as the samples for rRT-PCR may contain intact virus with serious threat. COVID-19 can spread to workers during the sampling, transportation, processing, and disposal of tested samples. Here, we present an overview on advances in diagnosis of COVID-19 and details the issues associated with biosafety procedures and potential safety precautions to be followed during collection, transportation, and processing of COVID-19 samples for laboratory diagnosis so as to avoid virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Murugesan Ananda Chitra
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Govindan Kalaiselvi
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
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18
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Tuberculosis and Other Airborne Microbes in Occupational Health and Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197088. [PMID: 32998210 PMCID: PMC7579467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens and non-malignant infectious diseases such as tuberculosis are highly contagious and can have severe effects on healthcare workers. The symptoms of these diseases take time to manifest, which can prevent workers from noticing that they have been exposed until symptoms appear. The current paper sought to assess the occupational safety and preventative measures taken in laboratories in Spain, and to compare these measures with those reported by other studies worldwide. A cross-sectional study of workers (35–50 years old) was conducted using a web survey (N = 30), and a bibliometric analysis was carried out in the Scopus database (92 documents were selected). The occupational safety and health measures were inadequate, according to the opinions of the workers. The training (p < 0.01), the amount of work (p < 0.05), and how the workers followed their protocols (p < 0.001) were linked to incidents and exposure to airborne pathogens. The most significant previous publication was a report (848 citations) stating that the previous variables linked to exposure are vital for prevention. Most works focused on countries like the U.S.A. (p = 0.009) were reviews, with a limited number of studies focused on occupational safety.
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19
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Sabin NS, Calliope AS, Simpson SV, Arima H, Ito H, Nishimura T, Yamamoto T. Implications of human activities for (re)emerging infectious diseases, including COVID-19. J Physiol Anthropol 2020; 39:29. [PMID: 32977862 PMCID: PMC7517057 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-020-00239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics. In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries. It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment. However, it is possible to face a new disease or to reduce the risk of its spread by implementing better early warning systems and effective disease control and prevention, e.g., effective global surveillance, development of technology for better diagnostics, effective treatments, and vaccines, the global political will to respond to any threats and multidisciplinary collaboration involving all sectors in charge of good health maintenance. In this review, we generally describe some factors related to human activities and show how they can play a role in the transmission and spread of infectious diseases by using some diseases as examples. Additionally, we describe and discuss major factors that are facilitating the spread of the new pandemic known as COVID-19 worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nundu Sabiti Sabin
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akintije Simba Calliope
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shirley Victoria Simpson
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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20
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Solarino B, Ferorelli D, Dell'Erba A. Post-mortem routine practice in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 74:102010. [PMID: 32658768 PMCID: PMC7836613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Solarino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dell'Erba
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari - Section of Legal Medicine, Bari General Hospital, Bari, Italy
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21
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Giri AK, Rana DRSJB. Charting the challenges behind the testing of COVID-19 in developing countries: Nepal as a case study. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020; 2:53-56. [PMID: 38620322 PMCID: PMC7219426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infrastructure needed to detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19) that complies completely with WHO guidelines is lacking across many parts of the globe, especially in developing countries, including Nepal. We outline the problems faced by such countries and suggest that the national and international community should collaborate in the development and adoption of novel protocols for the rapid detection of COVID-19 according to locally available infrastructure, in order to fight against the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Giri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Miller KWP, Grossman N, Haviernik P, Wolff J, Fu CL, Bare B, Sindelar E. A Semi-Automated Tuberculosis Testing Workflow Reduces Manual Hazardous Sample Handling and Hands-On Time: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SLAS Technol 2019; 25:253-257. [PMID: 31674264 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319884519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A central tenet of good diagnostic laboratory practice is protecting laboratory staff from contact with sample-borne pathogens and dangerous chemicals. Automated sample-processing systems can reduce or eliminate the risk of exposure to infectious samples while providing results on par with, or better than, those from manually processed samples. In addition, hands-free automated processing may enable analysts to focus on higher order activities while eliminating the risk of repetitive strain injuries associated with manual pipetting. Here, we describe a semi-automated tuberculosis interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) workflow that includes an automated high-throughput sample-processing system. The system automates cap removal, automates sample mixing and aspiration of blood from lithium heparin collection tubes, and aliquots blood samples into multiple blood assay tubes for downstream testing without manual intervention. We show that automated results are comparable to manual methods without risk of analyst exposure or repetitive strain injury.
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23
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Stephenson L, Byard RW. An atlas overview of characteristic features of tuberculosis that may be encountered at autopsy. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 16:143-151. [PMID: 31471869 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although primarily a disease of the respiratory system it may be found in any organ or tissue. Global population movements and the emergence of resistant strains are contributing to increasing numbers of cases in certain populations. Subtlety of symptoms and signs, chronicity of disease and failure to seek medical assistance may result in the diagnosis only being made at the time of autopsy. For this reason forensic pathologists need to understand the protean manifestations of the disease and the variable mechanisms by which TB may cause death. This atlas overview provides descriptions of the pathological manifestations of TB in a variety of organs with accompanying illustrations. It serves as a summary of conditions that should be checked for at autopsy in suspected or confirmed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Stephenson
- Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA) and the School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Medical School North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA) and the School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 2 Medical School North Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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24
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Stephenson L, Byard RW. Issues in the handling of cases of tuberculosis in the mortuary. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 64:42-44. [PMID: 30974385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that is most often transmitted by the inhalation of bacteria-containing aerosols. While there has been a decline in numbers of cases in certain countries, large population movements, the increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains and the association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection make it a disease that is increasingly seen in forensic practice. Mortuary staff are at risk of infection from penetrating sharp injuries, droplet inhalation, ingestion, direct inoculation, through skin breaks or through mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth. While the health and safety measures outlined by agencies may vary slightly, the principles of handling infectious autopsy cases remain the same with awareness and education, immunisation and regular tuberculin testing of staff, pre-necropsy screening of decedents, use of personal protective equipment, and the implementation of safe sharps practices and measures to reduce aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Stephenson
- Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA) and the School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Roger W Byard
- Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA) and the School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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