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Moreno MR, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Dulla JM, Lockie RG. Relationships Between Strength and Power With the 74.84-kg (165-lb) and 90.72-kg (200-lb) Body Drags. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1305-1313. [PMID: 38900177 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moreno, MR, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, Dulla, JM, and Lockie, RG. Relationships between strength and power with the 74.84-kg (165-lb) and 90.72-kg (200-lb) body drags. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1305-1313, 2024-A body drag is an essential job task in law enforcement. It is purported that strength and power should contribute to this task, but there has been limited analysis. This study examined strength (1-repetition maximum hexagonal bar deadlift [1RM HBD]) and power (vertical jump [VJ], standing broad jump [SBJ]) relationships with the 74.84-kg and 90.72-kg body drags. Forty-three civilians (24 men and 19 women) completed the SBJ, VJ, and 1RM HBD in 1 session. Peak anaerobic power measured in watts (PAPw) was derived from the VJ. Relative measures were calculated from the SBJ, PAPw, and HBD. In another 2 sessions, subjects completed 74.84-kg and 90.72-kg drags in a counterbalanced order using 2 techniques: standard and adapted (time taken to pick dummy up from ground included in time). Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes and subjects who could or could not complete all drags. Partial correlations and stepwise regression, both controlling for sex, examined relationships between strength and power and the drags. In general, men outperformed women in almost all tests (p ≤ 0.024). Thirty-five subjects completed all drags and were stronger and more powerful than subjects who could not (p ≤ 0.011). The SBJ correlated with the 74.84-kg standard (r = -0.355) and 90.72-kg adapted (r = -0.373) drags; the VJ correlated with the 74.84-kg standard drag (r = -0.356). Peak anaerobic power measured in watts and 1RM HBD correlated with all drags (r = -0.382 to -0.668); PAPw was involved in all significant predictive relationships (explained variance = 34-62%). Absolute strength and power training should be a focus for recruits to enhance their ability to perform dragging tasks, especially with heavier masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Moreno
- Human Performance, Marine Corps Community Services, Camp Pendleton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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2
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Joseph D, Robert L, Robin O, Ben S, Elisa C. A profile of two different applicant test batteries with regards to sex and age in successful law enforcement applicants. Work 2024; 77:1359-1368. [PMID: 38457169 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement (LE) applicant assessments and initial academy training vary greatly across the United States of America (USA), with 820+ academies operating across 50 different states. Rising obesity and declining physical fitness underscore the need for benchmarks of applicant physical performance. OBJECTIVE Create a "point-in-time" descriptive profile of the performance of LE applicants and determine any differences between males, females, and age using two applicant test batteries (ATBs). METHODS Archival data from one large USA LE academy were analysed. Applicants completed one of two ATBs; ATB1 (n = 1674): 68.8-meter agility run (AR), 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, 60-s arm ergometer revolutions, and 2.4 km run; ATB2 (n = 355): AR, 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, and a multistage fitness test. Data were coded for sex and age. Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes. A one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis compared age groups (18- 24, 25- 29, 30- 34, 35- 39, 40 + years). RESULTS Males outperformed females in all fitness assessments across both ATBs (p≤0.02). The 18- 24 age group demonstrated faster run times in the AR and 2.4 km for ATB1 compared to all groups. (p≤0.03). In ATB2, the 18- 24 age group was faster in the AR compared to all other groups except the 25- 29 age group (p≤0.026). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of ATB used, females and older applicants generally would benefit from specific fitness training to better prepare for academy. Older applicants may experience greater challenges in running tasks, especially those involving sprinting, which could also be impacted by qualities important for running/sprinting (i.e., maximal strength and power).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulla Joseph
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Lockie Robert
- sDepartment of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Orr Robin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Schram Ben
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
| | - Canetti Elisa
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, QLD, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, QLD, Australia
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Lockie RG, Orr RM, Kennedy K, Dawes JJ. Introduction of an applicant Job-Related Task Assessment (JTA) and the effects on the health and fitness of police recruits. Work 2024; 77:1401-1413. [PMID: 38143411 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, a police department in the south-eastern USA introduced a Job-Related Task Assessment (JTA). The JTA included running, climbing, crawling, balance, direction changes, stair climbing, dragging, pushing, and simulated controlling of a struggling subject and needed to be completed by applicants in 6 : 57 min:s. It is not known whether introducing the JTA in the hiring process affected the health and fitness of hired recruits. OBJECTIVE To compare the health and fitness of recruits hired prior to, and following, the JTA introduction. METHODS Analysis was conducted on recruit data split into academy training year: 2016 (n = 91), 2017 (n = 129), 2018 (n = 167), 2019 (n = 242), and 2020 (n = 37). The 2020 group was hired after the JTA introduction and included one academy class. The following were recorded for all recruits: age, height, body mass, and body mass index; systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP); sit-and-reach; grip strength; push-ups; sit-ups; 2.4-km run; and a physical ability test (PAT). A univariate ANOVA, with sex and age as covariates and Bonferroni post hoc, determined between-year differences. RESULTS The recruits from 2020 were significantly lighter than 2018 recruits (p < 0.031), had higher systolic and diastolic BP than recruits from 2016-2018 (p≤0.006), completed the 2.4-km run faster than recruits from all years (p < 0.001), and completed the PAT faster than the 2016 and 2019 (p = 0.006-0.007) recruits. CONCLUSION The JTA introduction led to the selection of recruits with lower body mass, and better aerobic (2.4-km run) and job-specific fitness (PAT). However, 2020 recruits also had higher BP which should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Lockie R, Dawes JJ, Sakura T, Schram B, Orr RM. Relationships Between Physical Fitness Assessment Measures and a Workplace Task-Specific Physical Assessment Among Police Officers: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:678-683. [PMID: 35836316 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lockie, R, Dawes, JJ, Sakura, T, Schram, B, and Orr, RM. Relationships between physical fitness assessment measures and a workplace task-specific physical assessment among police officers: a retrospective cohort study. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 678-683, 2023-Police officers are required to perform physically demanding occupational tasks and, as such, require an adequate level of fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between a physical fitness assessment test (PAT) and a task-specific physical competency test (PCT). Retrospective data for 307 police trainees who completed the PAT and the PCT were provided. The PAT comprised a 2.4-km run, vertical jump, push-ups, and grip strength measures. The PCT, a single timed event, consisted of 10 occupational specific tasks (e.g., trailer push, wall climb, window climb through), which were completed within a 400-m obstacle course. Pearson's correlations were used to investigate relationships between the PAT and the PCT. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine whether PAT predicted PCT performance. All PAT measures significantly correlated with PCT performance with the strength of the correlations ranging from moderate (vertical jump; r = -0.420, p < 0.01) to strong (2.4 km run; r = 0.639, p < 0.01). The highest predictive relationship was observed with 2.4-km run ( r2 = 0.409), and the lowest predictive relationship was observed with the vertical jump ( r2 = 0.177). The results of this study highlight the importance of aerobic capacity (2.4 km run), muscular endurance (push-ups), strength (grip strength), and power (vertical jump) for successful performance during the PCT. These physical attributes should be developed in new police trainees before attending recruit training if viable and form part of any return-to-work reconditioning frameworks for both police trainees and officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Takato Sakura
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Robina, Australia ; and
| | - Benjamin Schram
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Australia
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LOCKIE ROBERTG, RUVALCABA TOMASJ, THOMPSON MEGANB, VIRAMONTES ERIKA, ORR ROBINM, DAWES JJAY, DULLA JOSEPHM. A Preliminary Comparison of Firefighter Candidates' Biddle Physical Ability Test Performance and Success Based on Training Class Participation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1627-1640. [PMID: 36582400 PMCID: PMC9762162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Biddle Physical Ability Test (BPAT) was developed to identify candidates who possess the physical ability to become structural firefighters. The test must be completed in ≤ 9:34 min:s before a candidate is admitted to an academy. Some community colleges offer semester-long training classes for candidates. This study analyzed whether candidates who completed a training class could perform the BPAT more effectively. Retrospective analysis of 30 males and 2 females who attempted the BPAT was conducted. BPAT tasks were: dry and charged hose drag; halyard raise, roof walk, and attic crawl; roof ventilation and victim removal; ladder removal and carry; stair climb with hose bundle; crawling search and tower exit; stair climb with air bottles; hose hoist; and return to ground floor with air bottles. Independent samples t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests (p < 0.05) and effect sizes calculated BPAT time differences between candidates who completed a training class or not. Twenty-nine candidates passed the BPAT; 6 completed a training class. The 3 candidates (2 males, 1 female) who failed did not complete a class. There were no significant between-group differences in BPAT times (p = 0.054-0.829). There were moderate effects for faster roof ventilation and victim removal, ladder removal and carry, and hose hoist times for candidates who attended a class (d = 0.74-0.95). While training classes may not be necessary for all candidates, physically demanding BPAT tasks were finished faster by candidates who completed a class. For candidates who find the BPAT physicality difficult, participation in a task-specific fitness and skills class may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROBERT G. LOCKIE
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - TOMAS J. RUVALCABA
- Fire Technology Department, Santa Ana College, Santa Ana, CA, USA,Department of Human and Sport Performance, Rocky Mountain University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - MEGAN B. THOMPSON
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA,Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - ERIKA VIRAMONTES
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - ROBIN M. ORR
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - J. JAY DAWES
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA,Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - JOSEPH M. DULLA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
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6
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Orr RM. Health and fitness data for police officers within a health and wellness program: Implications for occupational performance and career longevity. Work 2022; 73:1059-1074. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-211089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Health and wellness programs can be implemented at police departments. Little research has detailed the characteristics of officers within these programs. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the health and fitness data of officers involved in a health and wellness program from 2018–2020, and to profile the officers involved relative to population norms. METHODS: Analysis was conducted on archival data from 633 officers (523 males, 110 females) who participated in a health and wellness program from a large city police department. Data included: body mass; body fat percentage; blood pressure (BP); estimated maximal aerobic capacity; sit-and-reach; push-ups; vertical jump; grip strength; sit-ups; bench press ratio. Data were grouped by year (2018, 2019, 2020), and a univariate ANCOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment determined any significant between-group differences. Individual officer data were also compared to population norms. RESULTS: The 2020 group had higher systolic BP compared to both other groups, and superior sit-and-reach and grip strength compared to the 2018 group (p < 0.05). Compared to population norms across the 3 years, 74–86% of officers had BP elevated above normal levels. Depending on the fitness component measured most officers (69–98%) were categorised as average or better. CONCLUSIONS: There were few differences between the year groups, although the 2020 officers did have superior sit-and-reach and grip strength. The higher systolic BP from the 2020 group may be indicative of the challenges of the year (pandemic, civil unrest). Officers generally had good profiles relative to population norms. The wellness program appeared to benefit the well-being of officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Robin M. Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
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7
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Lockie RG, Beitzel MM, Dulla JM, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Hernandez JA. Between-Sex Differences in the Work Sample Test Battery Performed by Law Enforcement Recruits: Implications for Training and Potential Job Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1310-1317. [PMID: 32569119 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lockie, RG, Beitzel, MM, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, JA. Between-sex differences in the work sample test battery performed by law enforcement recruits: implications for training and potential job performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1310-1317, 2022-Law enforcement officers perform a range of demanding job-specific tasks, and these tasks are the same for all officers, regardless of sex. Female officers tend to be at a physical disadvantage compared with male officers, and this could affect their performance in job-specific tasks. This study investigated the between-sex differences in the work sample test battery (WSTB; duplicates what an officer encounters on-duty) in law enforcement recruits. A retrospective analysis was performed on 308 recruits (259 men and 49 women) from 5 training academy classes. The WSTB incorporated 5 tests: a 99-yard obstacle course (99OC), 165-pound body drag (BD), 6-foot chain link fence (CLF), solid wall (SW) climb, and 500-yard run (500R). These tests were typically performed in the last weeks of academy and must be completed to a state-mandated minimum standard for recruits to graduate. Independent-samples t tests (p < 0.05) and effect sizes (d) calculated between-sex differences. Noting that when individual data were considered, there were male recruits who were outperformed by female recruits. However, on average, female recruits were slower on all WSTB tasks than male recruits (p < 0.01). Large effects were present for the 99OC, CLF, and 500R differences (d = 1.26-1.69), a moderate effect for the BD (d = 0.85), and a small effect for the SW (d = 0.56). Slower performance in job-specific tests could translate to slower performance in tasks required on-duty. Training staff should develop the qualities necessary for WSTB performance in female recruits and underperforming male recruits to enhance future job performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Maria M Beitzel
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, California
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Javier A Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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Fit (and Healthy) for Duty: Blood Lipid Profiles and Physical Fitness Test Relationships from Police Officers in a Health and Wellness Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095408. [PMID: 35564804 PMCID: PMC9103868 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This research analyzed archival health and wellness program data (2018: 169 males, 39 females; 2019: 194 males, 43 females) to document police officer lipid profiles, and correlate lipids with fitness. Bloodwork included total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Fitness data included maximal aerobic capacity (V·O2max); sit-and-reach; push-ups; vertical jump; grip strength; sit-ups; and relative bench press (RBP). Lipid profiles were compared to national standards. Spearman’s correlations derived relationships between lipids and fitness (p < 0.05). Over 2018−2019, 68−76% of officers had desirable TC (<200 mg/dL) and HDL-C (≥60 mg/dL); 67−72% had desirable TG (<150 mg/dL). 54−62% of officers had LDL-C above desirable (≥100 mg/dL); 13−14% had mildly high TG (150−199 mg/dL); 16−18% had high TG (200−499 mg/dL). In 2018, HDL-C correlated with V·O2max, push-ups, grip strength, and RBP in males, and sit-ups in females. TG correlated with V·O2max (both sexes), sit-ups (males), and grip strength (females). In 2019, TG related to V·O2max, push-ups, vertical jump, sit-ups, and RBP in males. TG and LDL-C related to push-ups, and HDL-C to sit-ups and RBP in females. Relationship strengths were trivial-to-small (ρ = ±0.157 − 0.389). Most officers had good lipid profiles relative to cardiovascular disease risk. Nonetheless, the data highlighted the need for comprehensive approaches to decreasing risk.
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Dulla JM. The Bigger They Are: Relationships between Body Height and Mass with the Body Drag Task in Law Enforcement Recruits. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:570-584. [PMID: 35518366 PMCID: PMC9022702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
California law enforcement recruits must perform a body drag before they graduate academy. While this task may be challenging for smaller recruits, no research has analyzed height and body mass relationships with the body drag. Data from 643 recruits (542 males, 101 females) who completed the drag in the final weeks of academy were analyzed. The recruits lifted a 74.84-kg, 1.73-m tall dummy and dragged it 9.75 m as quickly as possible. Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes; partial correlations controlling for sex detailed relationships between height and body mass with drag time. Recruits were split into quartile groups (based on sample size) for height and body mass (Group 1: shortest, lightest; Group 4: tallest, heaviest). A one-way MANOVA, with sex as a covariate, and Bonferroni post hoc, compared the groups. Male recruits were taller, heavier, and completed the drag faster than females (p < 0.001). There were small relationships between height (r = -0.255) and body mass (r = -0.211) with drag time. When split into height groups, the shortest recruits (Group 1) completed the drag 23-37% slower than all groups (p ≤ 0.031). When split into body mass groups, the lightest recruits (Group 1) were 23-35% slower than all groups (p ≤ 0.007). Most females (94-96%) were placed in Groups 1 or 2. Height and body mass could influence drag performance. Taller recruits may be able to lift the dummy off the ground, reducing friction, while heavier recruits may produce more force. Female and smaller male recruits should complete strength and power training to mitigate body size limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
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An Analysis of the Body Drag Test in Law Enforcement Recruits with Consideration to Current Population Demographics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:276-288. [PMID: 36896023 PMCID: PMC9987523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
An essential job task for law enforcement officers is a body drag, where they must drag a person from a hazardous environment. In California, a 9.75-m body drag with a 74.84-kg dummy must be completed within 28 s to graduate academy. This mass is less than the average US adult, which may suggest it should be increased. This has not happened due to concerns regarding a potential increase in recruit injuries and failure rates. However, if recruits can complete the drag without formal training, this could leave scope for increasing the mass. This study analyzed the body drag in incoming recruits, compared their results to graduated recruits, and detailed how many achieved current standards without training. A retrospective analysis of two incoming (n = 191) and nine graduated (n = 643) recruit classes from one agency was conducted. Incoming recruits completed the drag in the week prior to their 22-week academy; the graduated recruits in their final weeks. The drag required the recruit to lift the dummy and drag them 9.75 m. Independent samples t-tests compared the groups, and recruits were compared to the 28-s standard. Graduated recruits performed the drag faster than incoming recruits (~5.11 vs. ~7.28 s; p < 0.01). All but one incoming recruit completed the drag within 28 s. Incoming recruits had sufficient strength and technical ability to drag a 74.84-kg dummy fast enough to achieve state standards before training. Further analysis should determine whether the current California body drag is appropriate for policing job demands.
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Dawes JJ, Rodas KA. The Health and Fitness Characteristics of Civilian Jailer Recruits Prior to Academy Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:58-78. [PMID: 36895843 PMCID: PMC9987445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Civilian jailer (CJ) recruits may not complete fitness testing within their hiring process. As certain job tasks in custody/jail facilities can be physically demanding (e.g., inmate restraint), better health and fitness should help a recruit graduate from a CJ academy and be prepared for the occupation. This study investigated the health and fitness characteristics of CJ recruits entering academy training, detailed between-sex differences, and categorized recruits relative to population norms. Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 89 CJ recruits (48 males, 41 females) across three academy classes from one law enforcement agency. The following were measured before academy: resting heart rate (RHR); blood pressure (BP); height, body mass, and body mass index (BMI); waist circumference; sit-and-reach; grip strength; 60-s pushups; and YMCA step test recovery heart rate (HR). Independent samples t-tests derived any between-sex differences. Recruit data were compared to categorical population norms. The results indicated that male recruits were taller, heavier, had greater grip strength, and completed more push-ups than female recruits (p < 0.001). Approximately 53% of recruits were overweight or obese according to BMI, ~63% had an RHR below average-to-very poor, and ~75% had elevated BP or hypertension. Most recruits had good-to-excellent flexibility (sit-and-reach; ~66%) and muscular endurance (push-ups; ~85%). However, ~70% of recruits had fair-to-poor grip strength, and ~79% had poor-to-very poor aerobic fitness measured by step test recovery HR. Aerobic conditioning and strength training should be a focus of CJ recruits during academy. Furthermore, better aerobic fitness should benefit job performance and lessen cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.,Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Karly A Rodas
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Dawes J, Lentine T, Johnson Q, Lockie R, Orr R. Strength and Conditioning Program Design Considerations for Law Enforcement Officers. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Rodas KA, Moreno MR, Bloodgood AM, Dawes JJ, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Lockie RG. The Effects Aerobic Fitness has on Heart Rate Responses for a Custody Assistant Recruit Class Performing a Formation Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2021; 14:1219-1233. [PMID: 35096241 PMCID: PMC8758157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the heart rate (HR) responses to a formation run (group run completed along a set route) performed by higher fitness (HF), moderate fitness (MF), or lower fitness (LF) custody assistant (CA) recruits. Retrospective data from 26 recruits (12 males, 14 females) were analyzed. Prior to academy training, a YMCA step test was administered. Recruits were divided into three groups based on recovery HR: top 25% were HF; bottom 25% were LF; the rest were MF. Recruit HR was measured during a formation run completed at an ~11-minute mile · pace-1. HR zones were defined as: very light (< 57% of age-predicted maximum heart rate [HRmax]); light (57%-63% HRmax); moderate (64%-76% HRmax); vigorous (77%-95% HRmax); and very vigorous (> 95% HRmax). A one-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni post hoc, calculated between-group differences in time spent and percentage of total time in the HR zones during the run; effect sizes (d) were also calculated. HF recruits spent a significantly longer time and percentage of total time in the very light HR zone compared to the LF group (p ≤ 0.039; d = 1.20-1.35). There were no other significant between-group differences (p = 0.070-0.980). HF CA recruits spent more time in the very light training zone compared to the other groups (d = 0.92-1.35), which may not be optimal for aerobic adaptations. LF recruits spent more time in the vigorous-to-very vigorous HR zones (~45 minutes; 70% of the run). These recruits may potentially be working above their current capacity. Formation runs may not be the most efficient aerobic conditioning method for all CA recruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly A Rodas
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Ashley M Bloodgood
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Tactical Fitness and Nutrition Lab, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUS
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUS
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
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15
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Lockie RG, Rodas KA, Dawes JJ, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Moreno MR. How Does Time Spent Working in Custody Influence Health and Fitness Characteristics of Law Enforcement Officers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9297. [PMID: 34501887 PMCID: PMC8431568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of time spent working in custody on the health and fitness of law enforcement officers (LEOs). Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 48 male and 12 female LEOs, divided into groups based upon time spent working custody: LEO ≤ 24 (≤24 months; n = 15); LEO 2547 (25-47 months; n = 24); and LEO 48+ (≥48 months; n = 21). The following were measured: body mass index (BMI); fat mass percentage; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); resting heart rate (RHR); blood pressure; grip strength; sit-and-reach; push-ups; sit-ups; and YMCA step test recovery heart rate (HR). A univariate ANCOVA (controlling for sex and age) with Bonferroni post hoc determined significant between-group differences. Select assessments were compared to normative data. The LEO 48+ group completed fewer sit-ups than the LEO 2547 group (p = 0.006); there were no other significant between-group differences. Forty-nine LEOs were overweight or obese according to BMI; 52 were fatter than average or above; 27 had a WHR that increased cardiovascular disease risk. Forty-three LEOs had very poor RHR; 52 had elevated blood pressure. Forty-eight LEOs had average-to-very poor step test recovery HR. Irrespective of time spent working in custody, personnel should be physically active to maintain health and fitness and, where possible, engage in formal strength training and conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92835, USA; (K.A.R.); (M.R.M.)
| | - Karly A. Rodas
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92835, USA; (K.A.R.); (M.R.M.)
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Joseph M. Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.M.D.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Robin M. Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia; (J.M.D.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Matthew R. Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92835, USA; (K.A.R.); (M.R.M.)
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16
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Bonder I, Shim A, Lockie RG, Ruppert T. A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7685. [PMID: 34300135 PMCID: PMC8304064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Based on current law enforcement officer (LEO) duties, musculoskeletal injury risk is elevated due to the unpredictable nature of physically demanding tasks. The purpose of this 4-week study was to determine the effectiveness of a 15-min post-shift standardized occupational specific training program. The standardized program was designed to improve lower-body strength and speed to aid physically demanding task performance. Seven male LEOs completed the program after their 12-h shift. Subjects were required to use the department fitness center to perform the 15-min standardized program consisting of a dynamic warm-up, 4 sets of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and four 20-m sprints. Two minutes of rest was required between each set of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and 1 min of rest between each 20-m sprint. A dependent T-test was used between pre-test and post-test scores for hex-bar deadlift (HBD) and sprint. Data revealed significant improvements in relative lower-body strength with HBD (p ≤ 0.001). However, insignificant results were demonstrated with the 20-m sprint (p ≤ 0.262). In conclusion, a 15-min post-shift workout can improve lower-body strength as measured by the hex-bar deadlift. However, data indicated running speed may require a different training approach to improve the 20-m sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bonder
- Department of Kinesiology & Exercise Science, College of Saint Mary, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
| | - Andrew Shim
- Department of Kinesiology & Exercise Science, College of Saint Mary, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA;
| | - Tara Ruppert
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Saint Mary, Omaha, NE 68106, USA;
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17
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Rodas KA, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Dawes JJ. With great power comes great ability: Extending research on fitness characteristics that influence work sample test battery performance in law enforcement recruits. Work 2021; 68:1069-1080. [PMID: 33867373 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitness could influence task performance in police officers. Limited research details relationships between different fitness characteristics and police-specific tasks. OBJECTIVE Determine relationships between anaerobic and aerobic capacity with police-specific task performance. METHODS Data for 308 recruits was analysed. Fitness tests included: push-ups, sit-ups, and mountain climbers (muscular endurance); pull-ups (strength); vertical jump (VJ) and 2 kg medicine ball throw (MBT; power); 75-yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); 201 m run (anaerobic capacity); 2.4 km run and multistage fitness test (aerobic capacity). Police tasks included: 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); 74.84 kg body drag (BD); chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climbs; and 500-yard run (500R). Partial correlations controlling for sex and linear regression calculated relationships between fitness and job tasks. RESULTS 99OC correlated with all assessments; BD only with 75PR. CLF related to the power and aerobic capacity tests, pull-ups, and 201 m run. SW related to VJ, 75PR, pull-ups, sit-ups, 201 m run, and aerobic capacity. 500R related to all except the MBT and 2.4 km run. 75PR and VJ predicted 4/5 tasks. CONCLUSIONS Police research has shown the importance of muscular endurance and aerobic capacity. Specific to this studies' correlations, the value of power and change-of-direction speed development for task performance was indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Karly A Rodas
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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18
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Lockie R, Dulla J, Orr R, Dawes J. Importance of Ability-Based Training for Law Enforcement Recruits. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Maclean ND, Pope RP, Holmes RJ, Kornhauser CL, Orr RM. The Impact of Formal Strength and Conditioning on the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1615-1629. [PMID: 33414876 PMCID: PMC7745894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research involving law enforcement populations has suggested better fitness could enhance job task performance and reduce injuries. Academy training should lead to improvements in recruit fitness. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a strength and conditioning program on fitness among law enforcement recruits. Twenty-six recruits (23 males, three females) completed a 27-week academy, which incorporated 3-4 physical training sessions per week. Fitness assessment occurred during pre- (week 0), mid- (week 14), and post-testing (week 27) time points. The fitness assessments included: vertical jump, one-minute push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, posterior chain strength measured by a leg/back dynamometer, grip strength, and aerobic fitness measured by the 20-m multistage shuttle run (MSR). A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests determined any significant changes in fitness between time points, with alpha set at p < .05. Due to the small sample size of females, statistical analysis was only conducted on male recruits. Overall, significant main effects (p < .001) were observed in all fitness assessments except for grip strength. The results detailed general improvements in fitness. However, push-up and MSR scores decreased from mid- to post-test, while sit-ups did not change. Posterior chain strength and the vertical jump improved from mid-to post-test. The data indicated that the strength and conditioning program positively influenced the fitness of recruits. An increased focus on skill-specific work in the second-half of academy may have contributed to the plateaus in muscular endurance and aerobic fitness, and improvement of lower-body strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Nicholas D Maclean
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, AUSTRALIA
- Bulkley Valley District Hospital, Smithers, British Columbia, CANADA
| | - Rodney P Pope
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, AUSTRALIA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUSTRALIA
| | | | | | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, AUSTRALIA
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20
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Kukić F, Lockie RG, Vesković A, Petrović N, Subošić D, Spasić D, Paspalj D, Vulin L, Koropanovski N. Perceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207628. [PMID: 33086764 PMCID: PMC7589446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The physical fitness of police officers needs to support good health and physical performance. Physical fitness comprises a considerable amount of training for police students who are to become police officers. However, to what degree police students are able to perceive their fitness level and differentiate between health-related and performance-related physical fitness is unknown. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of differentiation between health-related and performance-related physical fitness using physical self-concept and measured indicators of physical fitness. The second aim of this study was to investigate the association between components of physical self-concept and measured indicators of physical fitness of police students. The sample of 177 police students of both sexes (98 males and 79 females) completed a 40-item physical self-description questionnaire and their physical abilities were assessed for handgrip strength, standing long jump, 30 s sit-ups, and 12-min running. Principal component analysis established health-related and performance-related physical fitness from both perceived and measured physical fitness measures. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the perceived and measured physical fitness. Results suggest small to moderate ability to recognize the level of certain physical abilities, indicating the association between psychological mechanisms and biological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kukić
- Police Sports Education Centre, Abu Dhabi Police, Abu Dhabi 253, UAE
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92843, USA;
| | - Ana Vesković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nikola Petrović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dane Subošić
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (D.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Danijela Spasić
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (D.S.); (N.K.)
| | - Darko Paspalj
- Faculty of Security Sciences, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (D.P.); (L.V.)
| | - Lazar Vulin
- Faculty of Security Sciences, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (D.P.); (L.V.)
| | - Nenad Koropanovski
- Department of Criminalistics, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (D.S.); (N.K.)
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21
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Lockie RG, Pope RP, Saaroni O, Dulla JM, Dawes JJ, Orr RM. Job-Specific Physical Fitness Changes Measured by the Work Sample Test Battery within Deputy Sheriffs between Training Academy and their First Patrol Assignment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1262-1274. [PMID: 33042372 PMCID: PMC7523909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deputy Sheriffs need to exhibit job-specific fitness throughout their occupational lifespan. This study evaluated job-specific fitness changes measured by the Work Sample Test Battery (WSTB) in deputy sheriffs from training academy to patrol school (refresher program completed before first patrol assignment). WSTB data for 34 deputy sheriffs (28 males, 6 females) was retrospectively analyzed. The WSTB included five tests: a 99-yard obstacle course (99OC); a 165-pound body drag (BD); 6-foot chain link fence (CLF) and solid wall (SW) climbs; and a 500-yard run (500R). WSTB task times measured at the end of academy and start of patrol school were compared by paired samples t-tests, percentage change, and effect sizes (all deputy sheriffs combined and by sex). When data for all deputy sheriffs was combined, there were significant time increases for the WSTB tasks at patrol school (p ≤ 0.009; d = 0.45-1.67), except for the BD (p < 0.001; d = 0.80). Male deputy sheriffs exhibited the same changes (p ≤ 0.042, d = 0.40-2.37), with very large CLF and SW decrements (34-83%). Females experienced a significant decline in the 99OC (p = 0.013; d = 0.79), and non-significant declines in all other tasks (p ≤ 0.324; d = 0.50-0.96). Apart from the BD for male deputy sheriffs, job-specific fitness measured by the WSTB declined when deputy sheriffs went on their first patrol assignment. The ability to perform obstacle clearance (CLF, SW) and foot pursuit tasks (99OC, 500R) was particularly reduced. Intervention strategies to aid job-specific fitness maintenance is recommended for deputy sheriffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University- Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Rodney P Pope
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury- Wodonga, NSW, AUSTRALIA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - Olivia Saaroni
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - Joseph M Dulla
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
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22
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, McGuire MB, Ruvalcaba TJ, Bloodgood AM, Dulla JM, Orr RM, Jay Dawes J. Relationships Between Isometric Strength and the 74.84-kg (165-lb) Body Drag Test in Law Enforcement Recruits. J Hum Kinet 2020; 74:5-13. [PMID: 33312271 PMCID: PMC7706650 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether: law enforcement recruits could complete a 74.84-kg (165-lb) body drag without specific training; relationships between the body drag and absolute and relative isometric grip and leg/back strength could be established to assist with training recommendations; a strength baseline needed to complete the 74.84-kg body drag could be established. Retrospective analysis on a recruit class (72 males, 21 females) from one agency was conducted. Recruits completed the body drag, and had strength assessed by hand grip and leg/back dynamometers in the week before academy. The body drag required the recruit to lift the dummy to standing and drag it 9.75 m as quickly as possible. Independent samples t-tests calculated between-sex differences in the drag and strength measures. Recruits were ranked according to drag time to describe the strength of recruits that could not perform the task. Pearson's correlations and a stepwise linear regression calculated relationships between the body drag and isometric strength. Male recruits completed the drag faster and were stronger than females (p < 0.001). Only two females could not complete the drag, and they had leg/back strength below 100 kg. Greater absolute (r = -0.599 and -0.677) and relative (r = -0.261 and -0.322) grip (combined score) and leg/back strength, respectively, related to a faster drag. Absolute leg/back strength predicted the body drag (r2 = 0.444). Improving absolute isometric grip and leg/back strength could enhance dragging ability. A minimum isometric leg/back strength score of 100 kg may be needed to perform a 74.84-kg body drag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R. Moreno
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Megan B. McGuire
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Tomas J. Ruvalcaba
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Ashley M. Bloodgood
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Dulla
- Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - Robin M. Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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23
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Lockie RG, Moreno MR, Ducheny SC, Orr RM, Dawes JJ, Balfany K. Analyzing the Training Load Demands, and Influence of Sex and Body Mass, on the Tactical Task of a Casualty Drag via Surface Electromyography Wearable Technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1012-1027. [PMID: 32922638 PMCID: PMC7449319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the training load (TL) demands associated with a military-specific casualty drag measured via surface electromyography (sEMG) wearable technology, and the influence of sex and body mass on these measures. Thirty-six college-aged participants (males = 25; females = 11) performed two trials of a 123-kg (91-kg dummy with 32-kg load) backwards casualty drag over 15 m. Time was recorded to calculate drag velocity, with the fastest trial analyzed. Prior to testing, participants were fitted with compression garments embedded with sensors to measure the vastus lateralis and medialis (quadriceps; QUAD), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus maximus (GM) of both legs. The sEMG signal for each muscle was measured as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction to calculate TL. The variables included TL (total, QUAD, BF, GM), and between-muscle ratios. The sample was also ranked and median split via body mass into heavier and lighter groups. Independent samples t-tests calculated differences between drag velocity and TL for the sex and body mass groups. Pearson's correlations calculated relationships between body mass and velocity with the TL variables (combined, males, females). Females and lighter participants experienced greater TL compared to males and heavier participants, respectively (p < 0.01). A slower drag velocity correlated with a greater total and QUAD TL for all participants, males, and females (p ≤ 0.03, r = -0.65-0.80). Performing a slower casualty drag will increase TL demands, predominantly via QUAD stress. Training staff should develop the muscles important for the drag, especially for females and lighter males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Moreno
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Spencer C Ducheny
- Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, AUSTRALIA
| | - J Jay Dawes
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Katherine Balfany
- Athos, dba Mad Apparel, Redwood City, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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24
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A Preliminary Analysis of Relationships Between a 1RM Hexagonal Bar Load and Peak Power with the Tactical Task of a Body Drag. J Hum Kinet 2019; 68:157-166. [PMID: 31531141 PMCID: PMC6724582 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical job task for law enforcement officers that should be influenced by strength is the body drag. This study analyzed relationships between absolute and relative strength measured by a one-repetition maximum hexagonal bar deadlift (1RM HBD), with body drags completed with 74.84 kg and 90.72 kg dummies. Twenty recreationally-trained individuals completed the 1RM HBD in one session, with peak power measured via a linear position transducer. Over two subsequent sessions, participants dragged the 74.84 kg and 90.72 kg dummies with two techniques. The first technique followed Californian standards, where participants wrapped their arms around the dummy and lifted it to standing before timing commenced. In the adapted technique, timing included the initial manipulation of the dummy. Participants dragged the dummy as quickly as possible over a 9.75 m distance. Partial correlations and linear regression (controlling for sex; p < 0.05) analyzed relationships between the HBD and body drags. The standard 74.84 kg body drag correlated with every HBD variable (r = -0.477 to -0.666), and was predicted by the absolute 1RM HBD (r2 = 0.467). The adapted 74.84 kg drag correlated with all HBD variables (r = -0.535 to - 0.754), and was predicted by peak power and the 1RM HBD (r2 = 0.758). Both 90.72 kg drags correlated with absolute and relative 1RM HBD (r = -0.517 to -0.670). Strength related to all body drags; peak power may be more important for drags with lighter loads. Strength training should be a focus in law enforcement to enhance drag performance.
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