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Saunders RP, Dowda M, Dishman RK, Pate RR. A Comprehensive Planning Framework for Designing Effective Physical Activity Interventions in Youth. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:890-905. [PMID: 39069284 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective physical activity (PA) interventions are needed to counter the insufficient and declining levels of PA in youth. These require an updated, comprehensive planning framework that consolidates recent decades of progress in promoting PA in young children, children, and adolescents. Effective PA interventions require program planning and conceptual model development that target a coordinated and multilevel set of age-specific PA determinants. Accordingly, this paper presents a comprehensive planning framework that researchers can use to design intervention research to promote PA in youth. METHODS The first author conducted targeted searches through Google Scholar to compile PA models/frameworks/guides applicable to youth, a comprehensive set of PA determinants, and determinant-linked strategies to promote PA focusing on review articles. The information was summarized in tables, synthesized, and used to create a planning framework, all of which were reviewed by coauthors. RESULTS The APPLE Framework for Planning PA Opportunities for Youth (APPLE = Age, PA focus, Place and time, Leverage relevant influences and strategies, and ensure Enjoyable PA opportunities) incorporated all core elements from targeted reviews to create a comprehensive planning framework. The APPLE Planning Framework has a set of questions/prompts that guide the intervention planning process and conceptual model templates to organize planning efforts for designing intervention research. CONCLUSIONS The APPLE Framework for Planning PA Opportunities for Youth will enable researchers to develop comprehensive conceptual models to guide the design of PA interventions for youth. Future research should refine the model and its components to enable PA intervention research in youth to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth P Saunders
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Public Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Public Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rod K Dishman
- Department of Kinesiology, Ramsey Student Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Public Health Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Spruijtenburg GE, van Abswoude F, Adams ILJ, Platvoet SWJ, de Niet M, Steenbergen B. Change in general and domain-specific physical activity during the transition from primary to secondary education: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1005. [PMID: 38605307 PMCID: PMC11008009 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of changes in the domains of physical activity (PA) during the transition period from primary to secondary education and the factors associated with these changes, are prerequisites for the design of effective PA promotion strategies. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to systematically review changes in general, leisure-time, school, transport, work, and home PA across the transition from primary to secondary education. The second aim was to systematically review the individual, social, and physical environmental factors that were associated with these changes. METHODS Records published up until September 2023 were retrieved from five electronic databases. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies that investigated general or domain-specific PA from 2 years before to 2 years after the transition from primary to secondary education. Information on source, study characteristics, sample characteristics, PA, and factors were extracted from the papers included. We reported the direction of change in general and domain-specific PA and the direction of association of the factors with change in general and domain-specific PA. RESULTS Forty-eight papers were included in the study. The evidence on changes in PA and associated factors was greatest for general PA. A limited number of the studies investigated the separate domains of leisure-time, school, and transport. Most studies on general and school PA reported a decline in PA, but there were no consistent results for the domains of leisure-time and transport. With respect to the associated factors, evidence was predominantly found for individual factors and to a lesser degree for physical environmental and social environmental factors. None of the factors were consistently associated with changes in general or domain-specific PA during the school transition. CONCLUSIONS For the design of targeted PA promotion strategies, further studies are warranted to explore changes in the specific domains of PA across the transition from primary to secondary education, especially in the domains of leisure-time, transport, home, and work PA. In addition, the interactions between factors at different socioecological levels to influence changes in PA need to be addressed more in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020190204.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke van Abswoude
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imke L J Adams
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan W J Platvoet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark de Niet
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Baker-Smith CM, McDuffie MJ, Nescott EP, Akins RE. Factors Associated with Antihypertensive Therapy Prescription in Youth Delaware Medicaid Recipients with Primary Hypertension Diagnosis. Am J Hypertens 2024; 37:143-149. [PMID: 37815306 PMCID: PMC10790268 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher neighborhood deprivation is associated with hypertension diagnosis in youth. In this study, we assess if there is an association between neighborhood deprivation and antihypertensive therapy prescription among insured youth with a primary hypertension diagnosis. METHODS Using a retrospective cross-sectional design, we assessed the proportion of youth with a diagnosis of primary hypertension prescribed antihypertensive therapy. We evaluated the proportion of youth prescribed antihypertensive therapy and compared prescribing patterns by area deprivation index (ADI), age, sex, obesity diagnosis, race, ethnicity, and duration of Medicaid coverage. RESULTS Of the 65,452 non-pregnant Delaware Medicaid recipients, 8-18 years of age, 1,145 (1.7%) had an International classification of diseases (ICD)-9/ICD-10 diagnosis of primary hypertension; 165 of the 1,145 (14%) were prescribed antihypertensive therapy. Factors associated with a greater odds of prescription by multivariable logistic regression were age, obesity diagnosis, and duration of Medicaid full benefit coverage. Odds of antihypertensive therapy prescription did not vary by race, ethnicity, or ADI. CONCLUSIONS Antihypertensive therapy prescription rates are poor despite national guideline recommendations. Among youth receiving Delaware Medicaid between 2014 and 2019, prescription proportions were highest among youth of older age, with an obesity diagnosis, and among youth with longer duration of Medicaid benefit coverage. Although high area deprivation has been shown to be associated with the diagnosis of hypertension, high vs. low area deprivation was not associated with greater antihypertensive therapy prescription among youth with primary hypertension. Our finding of a mismatch between hypertension diagnosis and antihypertensive therapy prescription highlights a potential disparity in antihypertensive therapy prescription in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Baker-Smith
- Cardiovascular Research and Innovation Program, Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Mary J McDuffie
- Center for Community Research & Service, University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Erin P Nescott
- Center for Community Research & Service, University of Delaware Biden School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Robert E Akins
- Center for Pediatric Clinical Research and Development, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Emke H, Dijkstra C, Kremers S, Chinapaw MJM, Altenburg T. Is the transition from primary to secondary school a risk factor for energy balance-related behaviours? A systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1754-1774. [PMID: 37138344 PMCID: PMC10478069 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The substantial changes in the physical and social environment during the transition from primary to secondary school may significantly impact adolescents' energy balance-related behaviours (i.e. dietary behaviour, sedentary behaviour, sleep behaviour and physical activity (PA)). This is the first review systematically summarising evidence on changes in four energy balance-related behaviours of adolescents across the school transition from primary to secondary school. DESIGN For this systematic review, the electronic databases Embase, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus were searched for relevant studies from inception to August 2021. PubMed was searched for relevant studies from inception to September 2022. Inclusion criteria were: (i) longitudinal studies reporting; (ii) one or more energy balance-related behaviours; and (iii) across the school transition, that is, with measurement(s) during both primary and secondary school. SETTING Transition from primary to secondary school. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents across the transition from primary to secondary school. RESULTS Thirty-four studies were eligible. We found strong evidence for an increase in sedentary time, moderate evidence for a decrease in fruit and vegetable consumption, and inconclusive evidence for a change in total, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA, active transport, screen time, unhealthy snack consumption, and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents across the school transition. CONCLUSIONS During the transition from primary to secondary school, sedentary time and fruit and vegetable consumption tend to change unfavourably. More high-quality, longitudinal research is needed specifically on changes in energy balance-related behaviour across the school transition, especially regarding sleep behaviour. (Prospero registration: CRD42018084799).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Emke
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coosje Dijkstra
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stef Kremers
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mai JM Chinapaw
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teatske Altenburg
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Andersen OK, Gebremariam MK, Kolle E, Tarp J. Socioeconomic position, built environment and physical activity among children and adolescents: a systematic review of mediating and moderating effects. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:149. [PMID: 36510203 PMCID: PMC9743748 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity behaviors among children and adolescents are socioeconomically patterned. Understanding if, and how, the built environment contributes to socioeconomic inequalities in physical activity and for whom built environments are most important, can lead to the identification of intervention entry points to reduce inequalities in physical activity. OBJECTIVE To summarize the existing evidence among children and adolescents on (a) whether the built environment mediates the association between socioeconomic position and physical activity and (b) whether socioeconomic position moderates the association between the built environment and physical activity. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers screened articles for eligibility, extracted information from included studies and assessed risk of bias with the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional studies. We performed a narrative evidence synthesis considering the totality of the evidence and by study characteristics such as geographic region, age group, and exposure-outcome assessment methodology. The reporting was conducted in agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS A total of 28 papers were included. In general, the studies were of low methodological quality. There was no evidence to support that the built environment functions as a mediator in the relationship between socioeconomic position and physical activity. We observed inconclusive moderation patterns with five studies reporting stronger associations between features of the built environment and physical activity among high socioeconomic positioned youths. Seven studies reported stronger associations among low socioeconomic positioned youth and fourteen studies reported no difference in associations. We observed different moderation patterns across geographical regions (Europe vs. US) indicating that, in Europe, having a walkable neighborhood is important for low socioeconomic positioned youth only. No differences in moderation patterns were observed for younger vs. older children or activity domains. CONCLUSION Current evidence does not support a strong interplay between built environment and socioeconomic position on physical activity in youth. However, given the low quality of the evidence, firm conclusions cannot be made, and additional high-quality research is likely to have substantial impact on the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddbjørn Klomsten Andersen
- grid.412285.80000 0000 8567 2092Department of Sports Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevaal stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mekdes Kebede Gebremariam
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- grid.412285.80000 0000 8567 2092Department of Sports Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevaal stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakob Tarp
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bhimla A, Zhu L, Twardus S, Lin T, Vo S, Do P, Ma GX. Examining multilevel neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics associated with colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans residing in Philadelphia County. Transl Behav Med 2022; 12:489-497. [PMID: 35298654 PMCID: PMC8942106 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most predominant cancers in the USA and ranks third among all cancers in incidence and mortality. Vietnamese Americans exhibit persistently lower screening rates compared to the general U.S. population, due to cultural, economic, and environmental barriers. The impact of environmental factors in particular is not well known, and lack of geographical access may be a significant barrier to accessing screening. This study aims to elucidate build and neighborhood environmental factors affecting CRC screening rates among Vietnamese Americans. A total of 517 Vietnamese Americans 50 years and older residing in Philadelphia County were included in the study. Surveys were collected to determine CRC screening behavior and sociodemographic characteristics. Individual neighborhood characteristics, which included the Walk Score, was obtained based on the participant's address. Neighborhood characteristics were calculated using census-tract level data for the social deprivation index, ethnic composition, and presence of hospitals or federally qualified health centers (FQHC). The generalized linear mixed model revealed that residing in an ethnically dense neighborhood was negatively associated with CRC screening (β = -0.67, SE = 0.29, p = .01), while social deprivation (β = 0.30, SE = 0.27, p = .27) and presence of FQHCs or hospitals (β = 0.16, SE = 0.30, p = .58) were not. Individual neighborhood characteristics including the Walk Score (β = 0.21, SE = 0.26, p = .43) was not associated with CRC screening behavior. Neighborhood characteristics, specifically ethnic density is associated with lower uptake of screening in this population. Future interventions should aim to target specific Vietnamese American and other Asian ethnic neighborhoods that may experience disparities in screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Bhimla
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaina Twardus
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timmy Lin
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Vo
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phuong Do
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kanda D, Walker A, Siekirk N, Colquitt G. The Relationship Between Physical Activity and School Success Among Children With and Without Special Health Care Needs. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:393-400. [PMID: 33768545 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-environments are thought to be strong influences of behavioral choices. There is limited research available on the role of physical activity (PA) and school success among children with special health care needs (CSHCN). The purpose of this study was to explore differences in PA among CSHCN and non-CSHCN and how the school success index is related to PA in both groups. METHODS Data were taken from new version of the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), which consolidated questions from the previous NSCH and the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were employed to examine group differences. RESULTS There were significant differences among both subgroups, although most school-aged children did not meet recommended PA guidelines. Chi-squared analyses indicated; school engagement and the parent's perception of child safety at school were associated with the likelihood of meeting PA guidelines. Logistic regression analyses showed that the odds of meeting PA guidelines were associated with the school success index. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive school health programs should focus on PA both subgroups. School health educators should continue to advocate for safe and structured extracurricular activities to improve the child and adolescent's engagement and overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Kanda
- Graduate Research Assistant, , Georgia Southern University, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, GA, 30460., USA
| | - Ashley Walker
- Professor, , Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Georgia Southern University, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, GA, 30460., USA
| | - Nicholas Siekirk
- Assistant Professor, , Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Waters College of Health Professions, P.O. Box 8076, Statesboro, GA, 30460., USA
| | - Gavin Colquitt
- Professor, , Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Waters College of Health Professions, P.O. Box 8076, Statesboro, GA, 30460., USA
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Crotti M, Rudd JR, Roberts S, Boddy LM, Fitton Davies K, O’Callaghan L, Utesch T, Foweather L. Effect of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogy Physical Education Interventions on Children's Physical Activity: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (SAMPLE-PE). CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8010049. [PMID: 33467568 PMCID: PMC7830495 DOI: 10.3390/children8010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: School-based interventions are a key opportunity to improve children’s physical activity (PA); however, there is lack of evidence about how pedagogical approaches to motor learning in physical education (PE) might affect PA in children. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how different pedagogical approaches in PE might affect children’s PA. Methods: Participants (n = 360, 5–6 years) from 12 primary schools within the SAMPLE-PE randomized controlled trial were randomly allocated to either Linear Pedagogy (LP: n = 3) or Nonlinear Pedagogy (NP: n = 3) interventions, where schools received a 15-week PE intervention delivered by trained coaches, or to a control group (n = 6), where schools followed usual practice. ActiGraph GT9X accelerometers were used to assess PA metrics (moderate-to-vigorous PA, mean raw acceleration and lowest acceleration over the most active hour and half hour) over whole and segmented weeks at baseline, immediately post-intervention and 6 months follow-up. Intention to treat analysis employing multilevel modelling was used to assess intervention effects. Results: LP and NP interventions did not significantly affect children’s PA levels compared to the control group. Conclusion: PE interventions based on LP and NP alone might not be effective in improving habitual PA in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotti
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - James R. Rudd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Simon Roberts
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Lynne M. Boddy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Katie Fitton Davies
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
- Centre of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Laura O’Callaghan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
| | - Till Utesch
- Department of Pedagogical Assessment and Potential Development, Institute of Educational Sciences, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK; (M.C.); (J.R.R.); (S.R.); (L.M.B.); or (K.F.D.); (L.O.)
- Correspondence:
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