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Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kemeter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Birzer
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Nikbakht Brujeni G, Houshmand P, Soufizadeh P. Bovine leukemia virus: a perspective insight into the infection and immunity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 24:290-300. [PMID: 38799292 PMCID: PMC11127729 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2023.48236.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of the Retroviridae family and belongs to the Deltaretrovirus genus. It has a close relationship with human T-cell leukemia virus type I. BLV is responsible for causing enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a contagious disease that affects the bovine lymphatic system. This virus poses challenges for the global cattle industry, as it impacts cattle populations all over the world. Despite being widespread and impactful, BLV often goes unnoticed, with many researchers unaware of its presence and the potential consequences it carries. BLV demonstrates varying levels of pathogenicity. The majority of cattle (around 70%) become seropositive asymptomatic carriers, displaying no noticeable clinical symptoms. However, a smaller proportion of infected animals experience persistent lymphocytosis, characterized by an elevated number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream. If not monitored and managed, a subset of these persistently infected cattle may advance to lymphosarcoma. This condition typically presents as tumors in different lymphoid tissues, impacting various organs and overall health and productivity. Furthermore, recent research has highlighted the potential association between the occurrence of breast and lung cancer in humans and the presence of BLV. This review will delve into the recent discoveries concerning BLV, specifically exploring its epidemiology, the economic impact it has on the global cattle industry, its implications for human medicine, and the association between different alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and susceptibility or resistance to BLV. Bovine leukemia virus, Enzootic bovine leukosis, Major histocompatibility complex, Retroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gh. Nikbakht Brujeni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Houshmand
- Ph.D. Student in Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. Soufizadeh
- Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Pakbin B, Rossen JWA, Brück WM, Montazeri N, Allahyari S, Dibazar SP, Abdolvahabi R, Mahmoudi R, Peymani A, Samimi R. Prevalence of foodborne and zoonotic viral pathogens in raw cow milk samples. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6815774. [PMID: 36352488 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne and zoonotic viral pathogens are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses can be transmitted through foods such as dairy products to humans and cause several acute and chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and profile of different foodborne and zoonotic viruses in raw cow milk samples. We collected 492 raw cow milk samples from local dairy markets in Qazvin, Iran. Then we evaluated the presence of hepatitis A virus, noroviruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in samples using conventional and nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods. We found that 34.95, 7.72, 25.81, 14.63, 66.86, 12.80 and 21.34% of raw milk samples were contaminated with norovirus GI, norovirus GII, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, astrovirus, BLV and TBEV viruses, respectively. Interestingly, the samples collected from the city's south area revealed a higher prevalence of foodborne and zoonotic viruses. Astrovirus and its combination with norovirus GI were the most prevalent virus profiles. Also, the highest correlations were observed among the presence of rotavirus and hepatitis A viruses (0.36) and TBEV and norovirus GII (0.31). Considering the prevalence rate and virus profiles of different foodborne and zoonotic viruses in raw milk samples, hygiene practices and the pasteurization process are strongly suggested to be conducted throughout the cow milk production chain and in dairy industries to prevent infections with these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - John W A Rossen
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Hospital, 8025 AB Zwolle, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Manuel Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland
| | - Naim Montazeri
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Samaneh Allahyari
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | | | - Razieh Abdolvahabi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Rasoul Samimi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
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Suárez Archilla G, Gutiérrez G, Camussone C, Calvinho L, Abdala A, Alvarez I, Petersen M, Franco L, Destefano G, Monti G, Jacques JR, Joris T, Willems L, Trono K. A safe and effective vaccine against bovine leukemia virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980514. [PMID: 36032174 PMCID: PMC9399851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous attempts to develop a vaccine against bovine leukemia virus (BLV) have not been successful because of inadequate or short-lived stimulation of all immunity components. In this study, we designed an approach based on an attenuated BLV provirus by deleting genes dispensable for infectivity but required for efficient replication. The ability of the vaccine to protect from natural BLV infection was investigated in the context of dairy productive conditions in an endemic region. The attenuated vaccine was tested in a farm in which the prevalence rose from 16.7% in young cattle at the beginning of the study to more than 90% in adult individuals. Sterilizing immunity was obtained in 28 out of 29 vaccinated heifers over a period of 48 months, demonstrating the effectiveness of the vaccine. As indicated by the antiviral antibody titers, the humoral response was slightly reduced compared to wild-type infection. After initial post-vaccination bursts, the proviral loads of the attenuated vaccine remained most frequently undetectable. During the first dairy cycle, proviral DNA was not detected by nested-PCR in milk samples from vaccinated cows. During the second dairy cycle, provirus was sporadically detected in milk of two vaccinated cows. Forty-two calves born from vaccinated cows were negative for proviral DNA but had antiviral antibodies in their peripheral blood. The attenuated strain was not transmitted to sentinels, further supporting the safety of the vaccine. Altogether, these data thus demonstrate that the vaccine against BLV is safe and effective in herd conditions characterized by a very high incidence. This cost-effective approach will thus decrease the prevalence of BLV without modification of production practices. After facing a series of challenges pertaining to effectiveness and biosafety, the vaccine is now available for further large-scale delivery. The different challenges and hurdles that were bypassed may be informative for the development of a vaccine against HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Suárez Archilla
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Gerónimo Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Camussone
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Luis Calvinho
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Abdala
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Rafaela, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Marcos Petersen
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Franco
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Destefano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Rock Jacques
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Joris
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Luc Willems,
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
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Olaya-Galán NN, Blume S, Tong K, Shen H, Gutierrez MF, Buehring GC. In vitro Susceptibility of Human Cell Lines Infection by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:793348. [PMID: 35359744 PMCID: PMC8964291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.793348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in human beings and its association with breast cancer has been published in the literature, proposing it as a zoonotic infection. However, not enough evidence exists about transmission pathways nor biological mechanisms in human beings. This study was aimed at gathering experimental evidence about susceptibility of human cell lines to BLV infection. Malignant and non-malignant human cell lines were co-cultured with BLV-infected FLK cells using a cell-to-cell model of infection. Infected human cell lines were harvested and cultured for 3 to 6 months to determine stability of infection. BLV detection was performed through liquid-phase PCR and visualized through in situ PCR. Seven out of nine cell lines were susceptible to BLV infection as determined by at least one positive liquid-phase PCR result in the 3-month culture period. iSLK and MCF7 cell lines were able to produce a stable infection throughout the 3-month period, with both cytoplasmic and/or nuclear BLV-DNA visualized by IS-PCR. Our results support experimental evidence of BLV infection in humans by demonstrating the susceptibility of human cells to BLV infection, supporting the hypothesis of a natural transmission from cattle to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nury N Olaya-Galán
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Human Health, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Skyler Blume
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kan Tong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - HuaMin Shen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gertrude C Buehring
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Afzal S, Fiaz K, Noor A, Sindhu AS, Hanif A, Bibi A, Asad M, Nawaz S, Zafar S, Ayub S, Hasnain SB, Shahid M. Interrelated Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:781111. [PMID: 35419411 PMCID: PMC8995849 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.781111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer is a multifactorial disease and recent evidence that viruses have a greater role in its aetiology and pathophysiology than previously hypothesized, has garnered a lot of attention in the past couple of years. After the role of Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in the oncogenesis of breast cancer has been proved in mice, search for similar viruses found quite a plausible relation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) with breast cancer. However, despite practical efforts to provide some clarity in this issue, the evidence that viruses cause breast cancer still remains inconclusive. Therefore, this article aims to clarify some ambiguity and elucidate the correlation of breast cancer and those particular viruses which are found to bring about the development of tumorigenesis by a previous infection or by their own oncogenic ability to manipulate the molecular mechanisms and bypass the immune system of the human body. Although many studies have reported, both, the individual and co-existing presence of HPV, EBV, MMTV, and BLV in patient sample tissues, particularly in Western women, and proposed oncogenic mechanisms, majority of the collective survey of literature fails to provide a delineated and strong conclusive evidence that viruses do, in fact, cause breast cancer. Measures to prevent these viral infections may curb breast cancer cases, especially in the West. More studies are needed to provide a definite conclusion.
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7
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Evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in sheep and buffaloes in Colombia: insights into multispecies infection. Arch Virol 2021; 167:807-817. [PMID: 34762149 PMCID: PMC8581130 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of leukemia/lymphoma in cattle. However, previous evidence has shown its presence in other species of livestock as well as in humans, suggesting that other species can be accidental hosts of the virus. In viral infections, receptors that are common to different animal species are proposed to be involved in cross-species infections. For BLV, AP3D1 has been proposed to be its receptor, and this protein is conserved in most mammalian species. In Colombia, BLV has been reported in cattle with high prevalence rates, but there has been no evidence of BLV infections in other animal species. In this study, we tested for the virus in sheep (n = 44) and buffaloes (n = 61) from different regions of Colombia by nested PCR, using peripheral blood samples collected from the animals. BLV was found in 25.7% of the animals tested (12 buffaloes and 15 sheep), and the results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. In addition, to gain more information about the capacity of the virus to infect these species, the predicted interactions of AP3D1 of sheep and buffaloes with the BLV-gp51 protein were analyzed in silico. Conserved amino acids in the binding domains of the proteins were identified. The detection of BLV in sheep and buffaloes suggests circulation of the virus in multiple species, which could be involved in dissemination of the virus in mixed livestock production settings. Due to the presence of the virus in multiple species and the high prevalence rates observed, integrated prevention and control strategies in the livestock industry should be considered to decrease the spread of BLV.
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Abstract
Abstract We have considered viruses and their contribution to breast cancer. Mouse mammary tumour virus The prevalence of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) is 15-fold higher in human breast cancer than in normal and benign human breast tissue controls. Saliva is the most plausible means of transmission. MMTV has been identified in dogs, cats, monkeys, mice and rats. The causal mechanisms include insertional oncogenesis and mutations in the protective enzyme ABOBEC3B. Human papilloma virus The prevalence of high risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) is frequently six fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. Women who develop HPV associated cervical cancer are at higher than normal risk of developing HPV associated breast cancer. Koilocytes have been identified in breast cancers which is an indication of HPV oncogenicity. The causal mechanisms of HPVs in breast cancer appear to differ from cervical cancer. Sexual activity is the most common form of HPV transmission. HPVs are probably transmitted from the cervix to the breast by circulating extra cellular vesicles. Epstein Barr virus The prevalence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is five fold higher in breast cancer than in normal and benign breast tissue controls. EBV is mostly transmitted from person to person via saliva. EBV infection predisposes breast epithelial cells to malignant transformation through activation of HER2/HER3 signalling cascades. EBV EBNA genes contribute to tumour growth and metastasis and have the ability to affect the mesenchymal transition of cells. Bovine leukemia virus Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects beef and dairy cattle and leads to various cancers. The prevalence of BLV is double in human breast cancers compared to controls. Breast cancer is more prevalent in red meat eating and cow’s milk consuming populations. BLV may be transmitted to humans from cattle by the consumption of red meat and cow’s milk. Conclusion The evidence that MMTV, high risk HPVs and EBVs have causal roles in human breast cancer is compelling. The evidence with respect to BLV is more limited but it is likely to also have a causal role in human breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-021-00366-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Corredor-Figueroa AP, Olaya-Galán NN, Velandia-Álvarez S, Muñoz M, Salas-Cárdenas SP, Ibáñez-Pinilla M, Patarroyo MA, Gutiérrez MF. Co-Circulation of Bovine Leukemia Virus Haplotypes among Humans, Animals, and Food Products: New Insights of Its Zoonotic Potential. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094883. [PMID: 34064361 PMCID: PMC8124648 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of leukemia/lymphoma in cattle. It has been found in humans and cattle-derived food products. In humans, it is described as a potential risk factor for breast cancer development. However, the transmission path remains unclear. Here, a molecular epidemiology analysis was performed to identify signatures of genetic flux of BLV among humans, animals, and food products. Sequences obtained from these sources in Colombia were used (n = 183) and compared with reference sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed in IQ-TREE software with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Haplotype (hap) distribution among the population was carried out with a median-joining model in Network5.0. Recombination events were inferred using SplitsTree4 software. In the phylogenetic analysis, no specific branches were identified for the Colombian sequences or for the different sources. A total of 31 haps were found, with Hap 1, 4, 5 and 7 being shared among the three sources of the study. Reticulation events among the different sources were also detected during the recombination analysis. These results show new insights about the zoonotic potential of BLV, showing evidence of genetic flux between cattle and humans. Prevention and control strategies should be considered to avoid viral dissemination as part of the One Health program policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P. Corredor-Figueroa
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad ECCI, Bogota 111311, Colombia
| | - Nury N. Olaya-Galán
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
- PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3002081160
| | - Sebastian Velandia-Álvarez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia;
| | - Sandra P. Salas-Cárdenas
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Milcíades Ibáñez-Pinilla
- Research Department, Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi—Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111411, Colombia;
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogota 111321, Colombia;
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
- Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogota 110231, Colombia
| | - Maria F. Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia; (A.P.C.-F.); (S.V.-Á.); (S.P.S.-C.); (M.F.G.)
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Gao A, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Bovine leukemia virus relation to human breast cancer: Meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104417. [PMID: 32731009 PMCID: PMC7384413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a virus that infects cattle around the world and is very similar to the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Recently, presence of BLV DNA and protein was demonstrated in commercial bovine products and in humans. BLV DNA is generally found at higher rates in humans who have or will develop breast cancer, according to research done with subjects from several countries. These findings have led to a hypothesis that BLV transmission plays a role in breast cancer oncogenesis in humans. Here we summarize the current knowledge in the field. DNA of BLV is found at higher rates in humans who have or will develop breast cancer. Global analysis links the frequency of breast cancer cases to consumption of milk and beef in the countries studied. These findings have led to a hypothesis that BLV transmission plays a role in breast cancer oncogenesis. There are contradicting results in majority of cases can be explained by different experimental methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor F Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego, USA; CureMatch Inc, USA.
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11
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Anthis NJ, Kavanaugh-Lynch MHE. The Global Challenge to Prevent Breast Cancer: Surfacing New Ideas to Accelerate Prevention Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17041394. [PMID: 32098181 PMCID: PMC7068498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite increases in screening and advances in treatment, breast cancer continues to be the most common cancer and cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide, and breast cancer rates have remained steady for decades. A new focus on population-level primary prevention is needed to tackle this disease at the most fundamental level. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of breast cancer research funds currently go to prevention. The California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP) seeks to change this. In order to accelerate breast cancer primary prevention efforts, in 2018, CBCRP launched the Global Challenge to Prevent Breast Cancer, a prize competition to foster and disseminate new and innovative prevention research ideas. This Special Issue highlights the results of the Global Challenge and other CBCRP primary prevention efforts.
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