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Li Z, Zhuang J, Chen J, Cao J, Han Q, Luo Z, Wang B, Wang H, Li A. Establishment of a gill cell line from yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) for studying Amyloodinium ocellatum infection of fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 2024; 47:e13923. [PMID: 38217345 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Amyloodinium ocellatum is among the most devastating protozoan parasites, causing huge economic losses in the mariculture industry. However, the pathogenesis of amyloodiniosis remains unknown, hindering the development of targeted anti-parasitic drugs. The A. ocellatum in vitro model is an indispensable tool for investigating the pathogenic mechanism of amyloodiniosis at the cellular and molecular levels. The present work developed a new cell line, ALG, from the gill of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). The cell line was routinely cultured at 28°C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS). ALG cells were adherent and exhibited an epithelioid morphology; the cells were stably passed over 30 generations and successfully cryopreserved. The cell line derived from A. latus was identified based on partial sequence amplification and sequencing of cytochrome B (Cyt b). The ALG was seeded onto transwell inserts and found to be a platform for in vitro infection of A. ocellatum, with a 37.23 ± 5.75% infection rate. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that A. ocellatum parasitizes cell monolayers via rhizoids. A. ocellatum infection increased the expression of apoptosis and inflammation-related genes, including caspase 3 (Casp 3), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in vivo or in vitro. These results demonstrated that the in vitro gill cell monolayer successfully recapitulated in vivo A. latus host responses to A. ocellatum infection. The ALG cell line holds great promise as a valuable tool for investigating parasite-host interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jizhen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baotun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Amato B, Ippolito D, Vitale M, Alduina R, Galluzzo P, Gerace E, Pruiti Ciarello F, Fiasconaro M, Cannella V, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Comparative Study of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis In Vitro Infection in Bovine Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages: Preliminary Results. Microorganisms 2024; 12:407. [PMID: 38399810 PMCID: PMC10893549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis are endemic in many areas worldwide. This work aims to study cytokines production and gene expression profiles of bovine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis subsp. avium (MAP) strains to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers. Bovine bone marrow stem cells were differentiated into macrophages and subsequently infected in vitro with different spoligotypes of M. bovis and MAP field strains (as single infections and coinfections), using different multiplicity of infection. Supernatant and cell pellets were collected 24 h, 48 h, and one week post-infection. Preliminarily, gene expression on cell pellets of IL-1β, IL-2, INFγ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNFα was assessed by qRT-PCR one week p.i. Subsequently, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by ELISA and qRT-PCR to investigated their production retrospectively 24 h and 48 h p.i. A variability in macrophages response related to the concentration of mycobacteria, the coinfection with MAP, and M. bovis spoligotypes was identified. An early and constant IL-6 increase was observed in the M. bovis infection. A lower increase in IL-1β was also detected at the highest concentration of the two M. bovis spoligotypes one week post-infection. IL-6 and IL-1 β production was reduced and differently expressed in the MAP infection. IL-6 appeared to be the earliest cytokines produced by bovine macrophages infected with M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Amato
- Bristol Veterinary School Langford Campus, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Unit of Emerging Zoonoses, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Paola Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Gerace
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via S. Andrea 96, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy; (M.V.); (P.G.); (E.G.); (F.P.C.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (V.D.M.L.P.)
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de Albuquerque-Melo BC, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Gonçalves-Oliveira LF, Cascabulho CM, Henriques-Pons A, Pereira MCDS, Alves CR, Dias-Lopes G. Impact of collaborative actions of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis subpopulations on the infection profile. Parasitology 2022; 149:1526-1535. [PMID: 35822537 PMCID: PMC11010534 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202200097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the role of the population structure of Leishmania spp. on the adaptive capacity of the parasite. Herein, we investigate the contribution of subpopulations of the L. (V.) braziliensis Thor strain (Thor03, Thor10 and Thor22) in the profile of murine macrophages infection. Infection assays were performed with binary combinations of these subpopulations at stationary phases. The initial interaction time showed major effects on the combination assays, as demonstrated by the significant increase in the infection rate at 5 h. Based on the endocytic index (EI), Thor10 (EI = 563.6) and Thor03 (EI = 497) showed a higher infection load compared to Thor22 (EI = 227.3). However, the EI decreased in Thor03 after 48 h (EI = 447) and 72 h (EI = 388.3) of infection, and showed changes in the infection level in all Thor10/Thor22 combinations. Assays with CellTrace CFSE-labelled Thor22 promastigotes indicated an increase (~1.5 fold) in infection by this subpopulation in the presence of Thor10 when compared to the infection profile of Thor03/Thor22 combinations in the same proportions. In addition, the potential of these subpopulations, alone or in binary combinations, to modulate the expression of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in vitro was investigated. Lower NO and tumour necrosis factor-α production levels were observed for all Thor10/Thor22 combinations at 24 h compared to these subpopulations alone. In contrast, Thor03/Thor22 combination assays increased IL-10 production at this time. Collectively, these results provide in vitro evidence on the potential of L. (V.) braziliensis population structure to play a relevant role in a host infection by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léa Cysne-Finkelstein
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luiz Filipe Gonçalves-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Cynthia Machado Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovação em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovação em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Zupin L, Fontana F, Clemente L, Borelli V, Ricci G, Ruscio M, Crovella S. Optimization of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Treatments Based on Curcumin, Used Alone or Employed as a Photosensitizer. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36298687 DOI: 10.3390/v14102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the bioactive compound of the spice Curcuma longa, has already been reported as a potential COVID-19 adjuvant treatment due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 was challenged with curcumin; moreover, curcumin was also coupled with laser light at 445 nm in a photodynamic therapy approach. Curcumin at a concentration of 10 μM, delivered to the virus prior to inoculation on cell culture, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication (reduction >99%) in Vero E6 cells, possibly due to disruption of the virion structure, as observed using the RNase protection assay. However, curcumin was not effective as a prophylactic treatment on already-infected Vero E6 cells. Notably, when curcumin was employed as a photosensitizer and blue laser light at 445 nm was delivered to a mix of curcumin/virus prior to the inoculation on the cells, virus inactivation was observed (>99%) using doses of curcumin that were not antiviral by themselves. Photodynamic therapy employing crude curcumin can be suggested as an antiviral option against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Olaya-Galán NN, Blume S, Tong K, Shen H, Gutierrez MF, Buehring GC. In vitro Susceptibility of Human Cell Lines Infection by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:793348. [PMID: 35359744 PMCID: PMC8964291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.793348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in human beings and its association with breast cancer has been published in the literature, proposing it as a zoonotic infection. However, not enough evidence exists about transmission pathways nor biological mechanisms in human beings. This study was aimed at gathering experimental evidence about susceptibility of human cell lines to BLV infection. Malignant and non-malignant human cell lines were co-cultured with BLV-infected FLK cells using a cell-to-cell model of infection. Infected human cell lines were harvested and cultured for 3 to 6 months to determine stability of infection. BLV detection was performed through liquid-phase PCR and visualized through in situ PCR. Seven out of nine cell lines were susceptible to BLV infection as determined by at least one positive liquid-phase PCR result in the 3-month culture period. iSLK and MCF7 cell lines were able to produce a stable infection throughout the 3-month period, with both cytoplasmic and/or nuclear BLV-DNA visualized by IS-PCR. Our results support experimental evidence of BLV infection in humans by demonstrating the susceptibility of human cells to BLV infection, supporting the hypothesis of a natural transmission from cattle to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nury N Olaya-Galán
- Ph.D. Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Human Health, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Skyler Blume
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kan Tong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - HuaMin Shen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maria F Gutierrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gertrude C Buehring
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Guedes DC, Santiani MH, Carvalho J, Soccol CR, Minozzo JC, Machado de Ávila RA, de Moura JF, Ramos ELP, Castro GR, Chávez-Olórtegi C, Thomaz-Soccol V. In silico and in vitro Evaluation of Mimetic Peptides as Potential Antigen Candidates for Prophylaxis of Leishmaniosis. Front Chem 2021; 8:601409. [PMID: 33520931 PMCID: PMC7843434 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen formulation is the main feature for the success of leishmaniosis diagnosis and vaccination, since the disease is caused by different parasite species that display particularities which determine their pathogenicity and virulence. It is desirable that the antigens are recognized by different antibodies and are immunogenic for almost all Leishmania species. To overcome this problem, we selected six potentially immunogenic peptides derived from Leishmania histones and parasite membrane molecules obtained by phage display or spot synthesis and entrapped in liposome structures. We used these peptides to immunize New Zealand rabbits and determine the immunogenic capacity of the chimeric antigen. The peptides induced the production of antibodies as a humoral immune response against L. braziliensis or L. infantum. Next, to evaluate the innate response to induce cellular activation, macrophages from the peptide mix-immunized rabbits were infected in vitro with L. braziliensis or L. infantum. The peptide mix generated the IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and TGF-β that led to Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Interestingly, this mix of peptides also induced high expression of iNOS. These results suggest that the mix of peptides derived from histone and parasites membrane molecules was able to mimic parasites proteins and induce cytokines important to CD4+ T cell Th1 and Th2 differentiation and effector molecule to control the parasite infection. Finally, this peptide induced an immune balance that is important to prevent immunopathological disorders, inflammatory reactions, and control the parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Carbonera Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Manuel Hospinal Santiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobilógicos, Secretaria De Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Ferreira de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Raul Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina.,Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Johansson C, Nilsson A, Kaden R, Rautelin H. Campylobacter coli Clade 3 Isolates Induce Rapid Cell Death In Vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02993-18. [PMID: 30578266 PMCID: PMC6384112 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02993-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter bacteria are major human enteropathogens. Campylobacter coli shows less genetic diversity than C. jejuni and clusters into three clades, of which clade 1 includes most human and farm animal isolates, while environmental C. coli isolates mainly belong to clades 2 and 3. Recently, we sequenced the whole genomes of eight C. coli clade 2 and 3 isolates cultivated from water, and here we studied their interaction with human HT-29 colon cancer cells compared to that of clinical clade 1 isolates. All C. coli clade 3 isolates already caused cell necrosis 1 to 2 h after inoculation, whereas none of the clade 1 and 2 isolates analyzed induced cell death. Isolates from clades 2 and 3 adhered to epithelial cells better than clade 1 isolates, but all isolates induced similar levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8). Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the translated putative virulence genes cadF, flpA, iamA, ciaB, and ceuE revealed clade-specific protein sequence variations, with clade 1 and 2 sequences being more closely related and clade 3 sequences being further apart, in general. Moreover, when RNA levels were measured, clade 3 isolates showed significantly lower levels of expression of cadF, iamA, and ceuE than clade 2 isolates, while flpA expression levels were higher in clade 3 isolates. The cytolethal distending toxin genes were also expressed in clades 2 and 3, although there was no difference between clades. Our findings demonstrate differences between the effects of C. coli clade 1, 2, and 3 isolates on human cells and suggest that C. coli clade 3 might be more virulent than clade 2 due to the observed cytotoxicity.IMPORTANCECampylobacter coli is a common zoonotic cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The majority of infections are caused by C. coli clade 1 isolates, whereas infections due to clade 2 and 3 isolates are rare. Whether this depends on a low prevalence of clade 2 and 3 isolates in reservoirs important for human infections or their lower ability to cause human disease is unknown. Here, we studied the effects of C. coli clade 2 and 3 isolates on a human cell line. These isolates adhered to human cells to a higher degree than clinical clade 1 isolates. Furthermore, we could show that C. coli clade 3 isolates rapidly induced cell death, suggesting differences in the virulence of C. coli The exact mechanism of cell death remains to be revealed, but selected genes showed interesting clade-specific expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Kaden
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilpi Rautelin
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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