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Xu X, Yasmeen R, Shah WUH. Efficiency evaluation, regional technological heterogeneity and determinant of total factor productivity change in China's healthcare system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19606. [PMID: 39179793 PMCID: PMC11343758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing efficiency and productivity in countries' healthcare systems is a global challenge. The Chinese government invested huge resources to improve the efficiency and productivity of the healthcare system across the country. To assess the success of the mission above, this research utilized DEA-SBM Meta frontier analysis alongside the Malmquist Productivity Index. These methodologies were employed to gauge Efficiency, production technology heterogeneity, and productivity of healthcare systems change across 31 mainland Chinese provinces and four distinct geographical regions throughout the study period spanning from 1997 to 2022. Results revealed that the mean efficiency score of China's healthcare system is 0.7672. It indicates a growth potential of 23.28 percent in the operational efficiency of healthcare systems. The eastern region's efficiency level (0.86917) is higher among all four regions. Zhejiang, Shandong, and Guangdong are the top three healthcare-efficiency performers. The technology gap ratio indicates that eastern regions witnessed a high TGR (0.9909), showing the country's attainment of superior healthcare technologies. Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Zhejiang witnessed higher TGR values among all 31 mainland Chinese provinces. The total factor productivity index of the healthcare system witnessed a slight growth of 0.33%, with an average MI score of 1.0033. Efficiency change (EC) was found to be the main determinant of TFPC as technology change TC is less than EC. Moreover, the MI score of the Western region (1.033) is higher than the corresponding Eastern, northeastern, and central regions. Guizhou, Anhui, and Yunnan were found to be the top three performers in TFPC growth. Finally, the Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed the statistically significant difference among 4 Chinese regions for the healthcare system's efficiency, TFPC, and TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Physical, Aesthetic, and Labor Education Centre, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rizwana Yasmeen
- School of Economics and Management, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan, China.
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Meng N, Shen K, Zheng X, Li C, Lin X, Pei T, Wu D, Meng X. Spatial effects of township health centers' health resource allocation efficiency in China. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1420867. [PMID: 39220456 PMCID: PMC11363543 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1420867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction China is a large agricultural nation with the majority of the population residing in rural areas. The allocation of health resources in rural areas significantly affects the basic rights to life and health for rural residents. Despite the progress made by the Chinese government in improving rural healthcare, there is still room for improvement. This study aims to assess the spatial spillover effects of rural health resource allocation efficiency in China, particularly focusing on township health centers (THCs), and examine the factors influencing this efficiency to provide recommendations to optimize the allocation of health resources in rural China. Methods This study analyzed health resource allocation efficiency in Chinese rural areas from 2012 to 2021 by using the super-efficiency SBM model and the global Malmquist model. Additionally, the spatial auto-correlation of THC health resource allocation efficiency was verified through Moran test, and three spatial econometric models were constructed to further analyze the factors influencing efficiency. Results The key findings are: firstly, the average efficiency of health resource allocation in THCs was 0.676, suggesting a generally inefficient allocation of health resources over the decade. Secondly, the average Malmquist productivity index of THCs was 0.968, indicating a downward trend in efficiency with both non-scale and non-technical efficient features. Thirdly, Moran's Index analysis revealed that efficiency has a significant spatial auto-correlation and most provinces' values are located in the spatial agglomeration quadrant. Fourthly, the SDM model identified several factors that impact THC health resource allocation efficiency to varying degrees, including the efficiency of total health resource allocation, population density, PGDP, urban unemployment rate, per capita disposable income, per capita healthcare expenditure ratio, public health budget, and passenger traffic volume. Discussion To enhance the efficiency of THC healthcare resource allocation in China, the government should not only manage the investment of health resources to align with the actual demand for health services but also make use of the spatial spillover effect of efficiency. This involves focusing on factors such as total healthcare resource allocation efficiency, population density, etc. to effectively enhance the efficiency of health resource allocation and ensure the health of rural residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Wu
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehui Meng
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang Z, Liu T, Su Q, Luo H, Lou L, Zhao L, Kang X, Pan Y, Nie Y. Prevalence of Polypharmacy in Elderly Population Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5880. [PMID: 39135518 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy (PP) is common in elderly population and associated with some adverse clinical outcomes and increases healthcare burdens. We performed this systemic review and meta-analysis to estimate worldwide prevalence of PP and explore associated factors in the elderly. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Ovid EMBASE databases were searched for studies published until May 30, 2022. We included observational studies representative of general patients aged ≥60 in which PP was defined as multiple drugs ≥5. Studies were excluded if only a particular group of the elderly population (e.g., with diabetes) were included. The primary outcome was the prevalence of PP. Random-effect models were employed to estimate the overall or variable-specific pooled estimates of PP. Secondary outcomes were hyperpolypharmacy (HPP, defined as multiple drugs ≥10) and PP prevalence based on different study years, genders, locations, populations, and so forth. RESULTS We included 122 original observational studies with an overall population of 57 328 043 individuals in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of PP and HPP in the elderly population worldwide was 39.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.5%-42.7%) and 13.3% (95% CI, 10.4%-16.5%), respectively. The prevalence of PP in Europe, Oceania, North America, Asia, and South America was 45.8% (95% CI, 41.5%-50.2%), 45.5% (95% CI, 26.7%-64.3%), 40.8% (95% CI, 29.8%-51.6%), 29.0% (95% CI, 20.0%-38.0%), and 28.4% (95% CI, 24.0%-32.8%), respectively (p < 0.01). Multivariate meta-regressions showed geographical regions of Europe or North America, age ≥70, and residence from nursing homes were independently associated with higher PP prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 40% of the elderly population is exposed to PP. The prevalence of PP is significantly higher in elderly individuals aged 70 or older, in developed regions and in nursing homes. It is important to focus on avoiding inappropriate PP in this population to address the growing burden of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tangyi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoyu Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanglin Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University Xian, Xi'An, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao Y, Qiao Q, Xu X, Bian Y. Effectiveness of hierarchical medical system and economic growth: based on China's urban vs. rural health perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1364584. [PMID: 38799681 PMCID: PMC11116612 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The hierarchical medical system is an important measure to promote equitable healthcare and sustain economic development. As the population's consumption level rises, the demand for healthcare services also increases. Based on urban and rural perspectives in China, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the hierarchical medical system and its relationship with economic development in China. Materials and methods The study analyses panel data collected from Chinese government authorities, covering the period from 2009 to 2022. According to China's regional development policy, China is divided into the following regions: Eastern, Middle, Western, and Northeastern. Urban and rural component factors were downscaled using principal component analysis (PCA). The factor score formula combined with Urban-rural disparity rate (ΔD) were utilized to construct models for evaluating the effectiveness of the hierarchical medical system from an urban-rural perspective. A Vector Autoregression model is then constructed to analyze the dynamic relationship between the effects of the hierarchical medical system and economic growth, and to predict potential future changes. Results Three principal factors were extracted. The contributions of the three principal factors were 38.132, 27.662, and 23.028%. In 2021, the hierarchical medical systems worked well in Henan (F = 47245.887), Shandong (F = 45999.640), and Guangdong (F = 42856.163). The Northeast (ΔDmax = 18.77%) and Eastern region (ΔDmax = 26.04%) had smaller disparities than the Middle (ΔDmax = 49.25%) and Western region (ΔDmax = 56.70%). Vector autoregression model reveals a long-term cointegration relationship between economic development and the healthcare burden for both urban and rural residents (βurban = 3.09, βrural = 3.66), as well as the number of individuals receiving health education (β = -0.3492). Both the Granger causality test and impulse response analysis validate the existence of a substantial time lag between the impact of the hierarchical medical system and economic growth. Conclusion Residents in urban areas are more affected by economic factors, while those in rural areas are more influenced by time considerations. The urban rural disparity in the hierarchical medical system is associated with the level of economic development of the region. When formulating policies for economically relevant hierarchical medical systems, it is important to consider the impact of longer lags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Zhao
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qingyu Qiao
- Department of Accounting and Information Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xian Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ying Bian
- Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Lei H, Zhu L, Zhang X. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward postoperative self-management among patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: A structural equation modeling analysis. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24232. [PMID: 38491737 PMCID: PMC10943248 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) self-management among Chinese patients remains unknown. This study investigated the KAP toward postoperative self-management among patients after PCI. HYPOTHESIS Patients exhibit poor knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding post-PCI self-management, requiring enhanced education strategies. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited patients after PCI at Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, between November 2022 and May 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised patients 1-3 months post-PCI, those capable of self-care, and those willingly participating. The questionnaire (49 items) was designed with reference to current guidelines (the Cronbach α = .829). The final questionnaire included four dimensions with 49 items. The Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to determine the relationship among knowledge, attitude, and practice. RESULTS A total of 476 valid questionnaires were included. The knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 8.24 ± 2.78 (possible range: 0-12), 21.61 ± 3.15 (possible range: 9-45), and 32.62 ± 3.75 (possible range: 10-50). The Pearson correlation analysis showed only knowledge scores were correlated with the attitude scores (r = .446, p < .001). The SEM showed that knowledge directly affects attitude (β = .616, p < .001) but had no influence on practice (β = .119, p = .155); attitude had no influence on practice (β = .015, p = .809). CONCLUSION This study indicated that patients had poor knowledge, unfavorable attitudes, and unsatisfied practice toward post-PCI self-management. Strengthening patient health education through diverse approaches is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Jishuitan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Zhang WQ, Tang W, Hu FH, Jia YJ, Ge MW, Zhao DY, Shen WQ, Zha ML, Chen HL. Impact of the National Nursing Development Plan on nursing human resources in China: An interrupted time series analysis for 1978-2021. Int J Nurs Stud 2023; 148:104612. [PMID: 37839307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortages of nurses and unequal distribution of nursing staff have been huge challenges for global health services. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the National Nursing Development Plan on nursing human resources in China. METHODS An interrupted time series design was used in this study. The data for this study were extracted from the National Health Statistics Yearbook from 1978 to 2021. The Ministry of Health issued the National Nursing Development Plan (2005-2010) in July 2005. Subsequently, the strategic plan was issued every 5 years: the National Nursing Development Plan (2011-2015), the National Nursing Development Plan (2016-2020), and the National Nursing Development Plan (2021-2025). This study used five indicators including 1) the number of registered nurses (RNs) in China, 2) the number of RNs per 1000 population in China, 3) the proportion of RNs in health technical personnel in China, 4) the doctor-nurse ratio and 5) the number of nurses working in primary medical institutions to evaluate the changing trend of nursing human resources in China from 1978 to 2021. RESULTS Interrupted time series analysis showed that after the implementation of the National Nursing Development Plan (2005-2010), the building of nurses in China was gradually strengthening, and the number of RNs in China increased by 0.198 million per year (95%CI 0.174-0.223; P < 0.001); the number of RNs per 1000 population (Coefficient = 0.139; 95%CI 0.123-0.154; P < 0.001); the proportion of RNs in the total number of health professionals in China has increased from 29.6 % to 44.6 % (Coefficient = 0.010; 95%CI 0.009-0.010; P < 0.001); in China, the doctor-nurse ratio increased by 0.024 (95%CI 0.019-0.029; P < 0.001). In 2021, the number of RNs working in primary medical institutions increased by approximately 0.86 million compared with that in 2005, and the proportion of RNs in the country increased by 1.4 %. The development of nurses is especially tilted to the primary level to meet the health and nursing needs of the primary level. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of the National Nursing Development Plan has greatly expanded the scale of nursing human resources in China and significantly optimized the efficiency of allocation. The implementation of the National Nursing Development Plan (2011-2015) and the National Nursing Development Plan (2016-2020) well continued the strategic plan from 2005 to 2010, further expanded the nursing workforce and further optimized the allocation efficiency. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT The implementation of the National Nursing Development Plan has greatly expanded the scale of nursing human resources in China and significantly optimized the efficiency of allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Tang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fei-Hong Hu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi-Jie Jia
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meng-Wei Ge
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dan-Yan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wang-Qin Shen
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Man-Li Zha
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University.
| | - Hong-Lin Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Atalell KA, Techane MA, Terefe B, Tamir TT. Mapping stunted children in Ethiopia using two decades of data between 2000 and 2019. A geospatial analysis through the Bayesian approach. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:113. [PMID: 37885003 PMCID: PMC10601230 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood stunting is a major public health problem globally, resulting in poor cognition and educational performance, low adult wages, low productivity, and an increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases in adulthood life. Accurate and reliable data on the prevalence of stunting over time with a sub-national estimate are scarce in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal distributions and ecological level drivers of stunting among under-five children over time in Ethiopia. METHODS A geospatial analysis using the Bayesian framework was employed to map the spatial variations of stunting among children aged less than five years. The data for the primary outcome were obtained from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (2000-2019) and covariates data were accessed from different publicly available credible sources. The spatial binomial regression model was fitted to identify drivers of child stunting using the Bayesian approach. RESULT The national prevalence of stunting was 47.9 in 2000, 43.3 in 2005, 37.3 in 2011, 36.6 in 2016, and 35.9 in 2019, with a total reduction rate of 25%. Substantial spatial clustering of stunting was observed in the Northern (Tigray), Northcentral (Amhara), and Northwestern (Amhara) parts of Ethiopia. Temperature (mean regression coefficient (β): -0.19; 95% credible interval (95% CrI): -0.25, -0.12) and population density (β: -0.012; 95% CrI: -0.016, -0.009) were negatively associated with stunting, whereas travel time to the nearest cities (β: 0.12; 95% CrI: 0.064, 0.17) was positively associated with child stunting in Ethiopia. CONCLUSION The prevalence of stunting varied substantially at subnational and local levels over time. Clustering of stunted children were observed in the Northern parts of Ethiopia. Temperature, population density and travel time to the nearest cities were identified as the drivers of stunting in children. Improving community awareness of child nutrition through community health extension programs should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendalem Asmare Atalell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Masresha Asmare Techane
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tarik Tamir
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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You Y, Ma R, Gui X. User Experience of Symptom Checkers: A Systematic Review. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2023; 2022:1198-1207. [PMID: 37128443 PMCID: PMC10148318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review reports the user experience of symptom checkers, aiming to characterize users studied in the existing literature, identify the aspects of user experience of symptom checkers that have been studied, and offer design suggestions. Our literature search resulted in 31 publications. We found that (1) most symptom checker users are relatively young; (2) eight relevant aspects of user experience have been explored, including motivation, trust, acceptability, satisfaction, accuracy, usability, safety/security, and functionality; (3) future symptom checkers should improve their accuracy, safety, and usability. Although many facets of user experience have been explored, methodological challenges exist and some important aspects of user experience remain understudied. Further research should be conducted to explore users' needs and the context of use. More qualitative and mixed-method studies are needed to understand actual users' experiences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue You
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Renkai Ma
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xinning Gui
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Chen Q, Cheng J, Tu J. Analysing the global and local spatial associations of medical resources across Wuhan city using POI data. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:96. [PMID: 36709274 PMCID: PMC9883876 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a sharp contradiction between the supply and demand of medical resources in the provincial capitals of China. Understanding the spatial patterns of medical resources and identifying their spatial association and heterogeneity is a prerequisite to ensuring that limited resources are allocated fairly and optimally, which, along with improvements to urban residents' quality of life, is a key aim of healthy city planning. However, the existing studies on medical resources pattern mainly focus on their spatial distribution and evolution characteristics, and lack the analyses of the spatial co-location between medical resources from the global and local perspectives. It is worth noting that the research on the spatial relationship between medical resources is an important way to realize the spatial equity and operation efficiency of urban medical resources. METHODS Localized colocation quotient (LCLQ) analysis has been used successfully to measure directional spatial associations and heterogeneity between categorical point data. Using point of interest (POI) data and the LCLQ method, this paper presents the first analysis of spatial patterns and directional spatial associations between six medical resources across Wuhan city. RESULTS (1) Pharmacies, clinics and community hospitals show "multicentre + multicircle", "centre + axis + dot" and "banded" distribution characteristics, respectively, but specialized hospitals and general hospitals present "single core" and "double core" modes. (2) Overall, medical resources show agglomeration characteristics. The degrees of spatial agglomeration of the five medical resources, are ranked from high to low as follows: pharmacy, clinic, community hospital, special hospital, general hospital and 3A hospital. (3) Although pharmacies, clinics, and community hospitals of basic medical resources are interdependent, specialized hospitals, general hospitals and 3A hospitals of professional medical resources are also interdependent; furthermore, basic medical resources and professional medical resources are mutually exclusive. CONCLUSIONS Government and urban planners should pay great attention to the spatial distribution characteristics and association intensity of medical resources when formulating relevant policies. The findings of this study contribute to health equity and health policy discussions around basic medical services and professional medical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Chen
- grid.464325.20000 0004 1791 7587School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, 430205 China
| | - Jianquan Cheng
- grid.25627.340000 0001 0790 5329Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD UK ,grid.411856.f0000 0004 1800 2274Centre for Health Geographic Information, Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Resource Use in Beibu Gulf (Ministry of Education), Nanning Normal University, 175 MingxiuDonglu Road, 530051 Nanning, PR China
| | - Jianguang Tu
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430070 PR China ,China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Natural Resource, Beijing, 100083 China
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Zhao N, Chen K. Equity and efficiency of medical and health service system in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 36641525 PMCID: PMC9840836 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equity and efficiency are basic value dimensions to evaluate the effectiveness of China's medical and health service system (MHS) reform and development. Coordinated development of equity and efficiency is necessary to realize high-quality development of medical and health services. This study aims to evaluate the equity, efficiency, and combined efforts in coordinating the MHS during 1991-2020 reform. METHODS Data on China's MHS were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook 1992-2021. Ratios of urban to rural residents' medical expenditure and number of medical professionals per 10,000 people were employed to evaluate MHS's equity. The data envelopment analysis-Malmquist model was employed to evaluate MHS's efficiency. We constructed a combined-efforts-in-coordination model to examine the coordination degree between equity and efficiency. RESULTS Equity of medical expenditure burden significantly improved from during 1991-2007. Urban residents' 1991 medical expenditure burden was 87.8% of that of rural residents, which increased to 100.1% in 2007. Urban areas' mean medical expenditure burden was 105.94% of that in rural areas during 1991-2007. The gap in equity of medical expenditure burden between urban and rural areas slowly widened after 2007, with urban areas' mean burden being 68.52% of that in rural areas during 2007-2020. Medical and health resources allocation shows an alarming inequity during this period, with mean number of medical professionals per 10,000 people in urban areas being 238.30% of that in rural areas. Efficiency experienced several fluctuations before 2008. Since 2008, efficiency was high (0.915) and remained stable, except in 2020. The combined-efforts-in-coordination score for medical expenditure burden was less than 0.2 for 80% of the years, while that for in medical and health resources was more than 0.5 for 99.67% of the years. CONCLUSIONS MHS inequity remains between urban and rural China, primarily because of disproportionate allocation of medical and health resources. The government should enhance rural medical professionals' salary and welfare and provide medical subsidies for rural residents to adjust resource allocation levels in urban and rural areas, control differences in medical expenditure burden between urban and rural residents to a reasonable range, and continuously improve urban and rural residents' equity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Party School of Liaoning Provincial Committee of C.P.C, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004 China
| | - Kai Chen
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819 China
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Yang T, Cai B, Cao B, Kang J, Wen F, Chen Y, Jian W, Wang C. Exacerbation in patients with stable COPD in China: analysis of a prospective, 52-week, nationwide, observational cohort study (REAL). Ther Adv Respir Dis 2023; 17:17534666231167353. [PMID: 37073797 PMCID: PMC10126609 DOI: 10.1177/17534666231167353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management in China is inadequate and there is a need to improve care and outcomes for patients nationwide. OBJECTIVES The REAL study was designed to generate reliable information on COPD management from a representative sample of Chinese patients with COPD. Here, we present study outcomes related to acute exacerbations. DESIGN A 52-week, multicentre, prospective, observational study. METHODS Outpatients (aged ⩾ 40 years) enrolled from 25 tertiary and 25 secondary hospitals across six geographic regions in China were followed for 12 months. Risk factors for COPD exacerbation and disease severity by exacerbation were assessed using multivariate Poisson and ordinal logistic regression models, respectively. RESULTS Between June 2017 and January 2019, 5013 patients were enrolled, with 4978 included in the analysis. Mean (standard deviation) age was 66.2 (8.9) years. More patients presented with exacerbations in secondary versus tertiary hospitals (59.4% versus 40.2%) and in rural versus urban areas (53.2% versus 46.3%). Overall exacerbation rates differed across regions (range: 0.27-0.84). Patients from secondary versus tertiary hospitals had higher rates of overall exacerbation (0.66 versus 0.47), severe exacerbation (0.44 versus 0.18) and exacerbation that resulted in hospitalisation (0.41 versus 0.16). Across regions and hospital tiers, the rates of overall exacerbation and exacerbations that resulted in hospitalisation were highest in patients with very severe COPD (based on the severity of airflow limitation or GOLD 2017 combined assessment). Strong predictors of exacerbation included demographic and clinical characteristics, modified Medical Research Council scores, mucus purulence, exacerbation history and the use of maintenance mucolytic treatment. CONCLUSION COPD exacerbation rates varied across regions and were higher in secondary compared with tertiary hospitals in China. Understanding the factors associated with COPD exacerbation may facilitate improved management of COPD exacerbations in China. REGISTRATION The trial was registered on 20 March 2017 (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03131362; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03131362). PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in ChinaBackground: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes progressive and irreversible airflow limitation. As the disease progresses, patients often experience a flare up of symptoms referred to as an exacerbation. There is inadequate management of COPD in China and, therefore, there is a need to improve care and outcomes for patients across the country.Objective: This study aimed to generate reliable information on exacerbations among Chinese patients with COPD to help inform future management strategies.Study design and methods: Patients (aged ⩾ 40 years) were enrolled from 25 secondary and 25 tertiary hospitals across six regions of China. Physicians collected data over 1 year during routine outpatient visits.Results: There were more patients who experienced an exacerbation in secondary versus tertiary hospitals (59% versus 40%) and in rural versus urban areas (53% versus 46%). Patients in different geographic regions experienced varying frequencies of exacerbations over 1 year. Compared with patients from tertiary hospitals, patients from secondary hospitals experienced exacerbations (including exacerbations that were severe and those that resulted in hospitalisation) at a higher frequency over 1 year. Patients with very severe disease experienced exacerbations (including exacerbations that resulted in hospitalisation) at the highest frequency over 1 year, regardless of the patient's geographic region or hospital tier. Patients who had certain characteristics and symptoms, had exacerbation(s) over the previous year, or received medication that aids in the clearance of mucus were more likely to experience exacerbations.Conclusion: The frequency of exacerbations among Chinese patients with COPD varied between patients living in different geographic regions and between patients presenting to different hospital tiers. Understanding the factors related to the occurrence of an exacerbation may help physicians better manage the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Baiqiang Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease; National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China–Japan Friendship Hospital; National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, No. 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Wei M. How Does Smart Healthcare Service Affect Resident Health in the Digital Age? Empirical Evidence From 105 Cities of China. Front Public Health 2022; 9:833687. [PMID: 35127633 PMCID: PMC8813850 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.833687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of the digital age, smart healthcare services based on the new generation of information technologies play an increasingly important role in improving the quality of resident health. This study empirically examined the impact of regional smart healthcare services on resident health as well as the underlying mechanism by employing a two-way fixed effects model. We constructed a Regional Smart Healthcare Service Development Index and matched it with survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to validate the model. The results showed that (1) smart healthcare services have a significant positive impact on resident health. (2) The availability of outpatient services and inpatient services plays a mediating role in the relationship between regional smart healthcare services and resident health. (3) The influence of regional smart healthcare services on resident health is heterogeneous among different regions. Specifically, the effect of smart healthcare services on resident health is significant in the eastern regions, while it is not significant in the central, western, and northeastern regions. The effect of smart healthcare services on resident health is significant in rural regions but not in urban regions. This study enriches the nascent research stream of smart healthcare services. This study offers useful insights for practitioners and the government to guide them in formulating smart healthcare strategies.
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Zhao Q, Chen J, Li F, Li A, Li Q. An integrated model for evaluation of maternal health care in China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245300. [PMID: 33507961 PMCID: PMC7842919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, in the context of China’s continuous medical and health reforms, the health status of Chinese women and children has been significantly improved through the continuous efforts of staff at all levels of maternal and child health care institutions. Many indicators in maternal health care have improved significantly, but the speed and magnitude of changes have varied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic changes in China’s maternal health status from 2004 to 2018, in order to determine whether China’s medical and health reform measures in recent years have improved maternal health. A total of 6 evaluation indicators from the data of China Health Statistics Yearbook 2019 were selected. Then, based on the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDA) methodology, the entropy weighted technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), entropy weighted rank-sum ratio (RSR) method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were employed in this study. In addition, sensitivity analysis was engaged to validate the stability and accuracy of the achieved results. The study results shows the ranking values of various methods were not exactly the same, but the overall trend was consistent. Overall, the maternal health care in China improved from 2004 to 2018 year by year, of which the top four were ranked from 2015 to 2018, and relatively poor from 2004 to 2006. This means that the policies and measures implemented in China’s medical and health reform in the past few decades have effectively promoted China’s maternal health care, and this will also provide a theoretical basis for future decisions to promote maternal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlong Zhao
- Child and Adolescent Physical Examination and Health Management Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Clinical Blood Transfusion, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fulun Li
- Department of Child Psychology and Behavior, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aishu Li
- Child and Adolescent Physical Examination and Health Management Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Child and Adolescent Physical Examination and Health Management Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Selecting Indicators to Monitor and Assess Environmental Health in a Portuguese Urban Setting: A Participatory Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228597. [PMID: 33228088 PMCID: PMC7699361 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health (EH) is influenced by complex interactions between health and the built and natural environments, there being little research on its specificities in urban settings. The use of suitable indicators to monitor and assess EH is fundamental in informing evidence-based interventions at the local level. A participatory approach to selecting indicators to inform the monitoring and assessment of EH in Lisbon is herein considered. Evidence derived from a systematic review of literature and data from Lisbon and Portuguese databases were analyzed by 12 Portuguese experts in individual semi-structured interviews. The interviews aimed at identifying relevant indicators and important emerging issues in the Lisbon urban setting. The outputs from the interviews were validated by a two-round Web-Delphi process in which panelists (22 experts) from different areas of expertise expressed their views regarding the relevance of the indicators for the analysis of EH in urban settings. Seventeen indicators were validated in the Web-Delphi process. High participation achieved along this process supports the view that this participatory approach was useful for validation. Results from the adopted participatory approach point out gaps in the collection of noise and mobility indicators data and raise emerging issues on housing indicators that require further research. The results also suggest the need for local action to improve indicators and tools in order to help the monitorization of EH in urban contexts. The adopted participatory approach can be replicated for other Portuguese and European urban settings.
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