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Nesrallah S, Klepp KI, Budin-Ljøsne I, Luszczynska A, Brinsden H, Rutter H, Bergstrøm E, Singh S, Debelian M, Bouillon C, Katanasho MB. Youth engagement in research and policy: The CO-CREATE framework to optimize power balance and mitigate risks of conflicts of interest. Obes Rev 2023; 24 Suppl 1:e13549. [PMID: 36633924 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Including youth in the co-creation of policies that affect them has proven to be particularly impactful in public health. Using youth participatory action research methods, the CO-CREATE project engages European youth 16-18 years old in the co-creation of obesity prevention policies. To discuss the feasibility and implications of the policy, youth are invited to engage in an intergenerational dialogue. Given the youth-adult dynamic and policy discussion, conflicts of interests (COIs) can arise and impact the quality of the dialogue. COI frameworks are a tool that can help identify, mitigate, and address COIs. This paper presents a novel framework to mitigate COIs in intergenerational policy dialogues, with a focus on power imbalance. Following a series of youth consultations, interviews, and examination of existing frameworks, our findings suggest that safe, participatory, and empowering dialogues can take place if appropriate measures are integrated into all phases of a dialogue. The selection of stakeholders, use of accessible language, and youth moderation are all factors that can impact COI risks. Measures that promote mutual empowerment, such as equal representation of youth and adults, were deemed important. This framework provides a roadmap to ensure that youth participation in the formulation of policies is safe and empowering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knut-Inge Klepp
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Luszczynska
- CARE-BEH Center for Applied Research on Health Behavior and Health, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Elin Bergstrøm
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sudhvir Singh
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Del Giudice IM, Tsai KA, Arshonsky J, Bond S, Bragg MA. Food industry donations to patient advocacy organisations focussed on non-communicable diseases. Public Health Nutr 2022; 26:1-9. [PMID: 36305342 PMCID: PMC9989705 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used publicly available Form 990 tax documents to quantify food industry donations to patient advocacy organisations (PAO) dedicated to supporting patients with non-communicable diseases. DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional assessment of significant national and international food industry donations to US-based non-communicable disease-focussed PAO between 2000 and 2018. Researchers recorded and categorised the: (1) frequency and value of donations; (2) reason for donation; (3) name and type of PAO recipient and (4) non-communicable disease focus of the PAO. SETTING Form 990 tax documents. PARTICIPANTS Nine food and beverage companies that donated to non-communicable disease-focussed PAO. RESULTS Adjusting for inflation, nine food and beverage companies collectively donated $10 672 093 (n 2709) to the PAO between 2001 and 2018. The largest category of donations was ‘matching gifts’ (67·9 %, median amount = $115·16), followed by ‘general operations support’ (25·8 %, median amount = $107·79). Organisations focussing on cancer received the largest number and amount of donations ($6 265 861, n 1968). Eight of the nine companies made their largest monetary value of donation to PAO focussed on cancer. CONCLUSIONS Publicly available tax data provide robust information on food industry donation practices. Our findings document the food industry’s role in supporting patient advocacy organisations and raise questions regarding conflicts of interest. Increased awareness of food industry donation practices involving PAO may generate pressure for policies mandating transparency or encourage donors and recipients to voluntarily disclose donations. If public disclosure becomes widespread, constituents, advocates, researchers and policymakers can better supervise and address potential conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés M Del Giudice
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krystle A Tsai
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY10016, USA
| | - Josh Arshonsky
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY10016, USA
| | - Sara Bond
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie A Bragg
- Public Health Nutrition Program, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, 3rd Floor, New York, NY10016, USA
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Benjamin-Neelon SE, Grossman ER, Greenthal E, Lucas SA, Marx K, Ruffin M. Pouring rights contracts between universities and beverage companies: Provisions related to scientific research. Prev Med Rep 2022; 28:101897. [PMID: 35855921 PMCID: PMC9287474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pouring rights contracts between universities and beverage companies are common and grant companies the exclusive right to serve, sell, and market specific beverages on campuses. In exchange, universities receive financial payments and other incentives. At the same time, beverage industry-sponsored research at universities has increased. Pouring rights contracts may include provisions that allocate funds for or place limitations on scientific research. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed whether pouring rights contracts contained provisions that allocated funds for or placed limitations on scientific research. From 2019 to 2020, we obtained contracts through requests under public records laws from US universities (public, 4-year, ≥ 20,000 students) with contracts active 2018–2019. Of the 143 requests, 6 did not have contracts and 9 declined to provide contracts. Our final sample included 131 contracts from 124 universities in 38 states. Thirty contracts (22.9%) referenced research (18 Coke; 12 Pepsi). Three contracts (2.3%) included provisions that made direct grants or gifts of research funding, 3 (2.3%) permitted the university to acknowledge funding from competitors, and 26 (19.8%) allowed for research using beverages from competing companies. Given increases in industry-sponsored research, the absence of provisions that made direct grants or gifts of research funding suggests that sponsorship of research is occurring through other mechanisms. Additionally, universities must be able to acknowledge funding and conduct research on any beverage and should not need permission via contract provisions to do so. Future studies should consider practical implications of these provisions in pouring rights contracts and assess whether they facilitate or hinder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Department of International Health, Division of Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Corresponding author.
| | - Elyse R. Grossman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Eva Greenthal
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, United States
| | | | - Katherine Marx
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, United States
| | - Martha Ruffin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Marques de Brito B, Campos VDM, Neves FJ, Ramos LR, Tomita LY. Vitamin B12 sources in non-animal foods: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7853-7867. [PMID: 35343314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2053057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Interest in plant-based diets and vegetarianism is increasing worldwide, however, a concern for total vegetarians is vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency. We conducted a systematic review to investigate non-animal food sources of B12. Databases were PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, Embase and Google Scholar, up to September 9, 2020. Quality of the eligible studies were assessed. We identified 25 studies which assessed B12 content in seaweeds, mushrooms, plants and fermented foods. Initial studies were microbiological bioassay, ELISA and HPLC. In the last decade, more sensitive method for real B12 determination was used, the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry chromatograms. Real B12 content varied from mean (SD) mcg/portion size of seaweed hijiki 3 × 10-3/7 g to nori 1.03 - 2.68/sheet; mushroom white button cap 2 × 10-3(7 × 10-4)/20 g dry weight (dw) to shiitake 0.79(0.67)-1.12 (0.78)/20 g dw; and fermented foods from soy yogurt 20/cup. It is possible that daily recommendations for B12 can be met by a varied diet containing non-animal B12 food sources. Future research should consider different methods of storage, preparation, fermented foods and standardization of the production of certain foods.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2053057.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Marques de Brito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Menezes Campos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Félix Jesus Neves
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Ramos
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Yuki Tomita
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Miller A, Cassidy O, Greene T, Arshonsky J, Albert SL, Bragg MA. A Qualitative Analysis of Black and White Adolescents' Perceptions of and Responses to Racially Targeted Food and Drink Commercials on Television. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111563. [PMID: 34770078 PMCID: PMC8583111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food and beverage marketing is a major driver of childhood obesity, and companies target their least nutritious products to Black youth. However, little is known about adolescents' perceptions of and responses to racially targeted food marketing. In this qualitative study, we investigated how Black and White adolescents perceived and responded to racially targeted television commercials for food and beverages. We recruited 39 adolescents aged 12-17 years in New York City to watch a series of commercials and then participate in an in-depth interview using a semi-structured interview guide. The research team recorded, transcribed, and analyzed interviews using ATLAS.ti. Overall, participants responded positively to commercials that featured celebrities. They were also able to recognize the commercials and reported they had been exposed to marketing from these companies on social media and in subways/buses. Many participants considered the advertised brands as healthy or able to enhance athletic performance because of their endorsement by or association with athletes. Participants also understood that marketers were using racial targeting in their ads but that targeting did not translate into improved perceptions or responses towards advertised products. These findings suggest the need to empirically evaluate and further explore Black and White adolescents' responses to racially targeted food marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysa Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison St., 1059 BSB, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Omni Cassidy
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; (O.C.); (T.G.); (J.A.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Tenay Greene
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; (O.C.); (T.G.); (J.A.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Josh Arshonsky
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; (O.C.); (T.G.); (J.A.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Stephanie L. Albert
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; (O.C.); (T.G.); (J.A.); (S.L.A.)
| | - Marie A. Bragg
- Department of Population Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; (O.C.); (T.G.); (J.A.); (S.L.A.)
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, NYU School of Global Public Health, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Correspondence:
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