Social Inequalities and Loneliness as Predictors of Ageing Well: A Trend Analysis Using Mixed Models

Anxiety, Depression, and Associated Factors among General Population in Indonesia during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected the physical and mental health of individuals, families, and communities worldwide including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine anxiety and depression in the general population and factors related to anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

This study employed an online cross-sectional survey of 1149 respondents. We assessed self-reports regarding current health conditions and exposure to COVID-19, anxiety, and depression in the general population in Indonesia.

Results

The results showed that 26.6% and 30.5% of the participants experienced mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. The ordinal regression test showed that anxiety in the community was significantly related to age, feeling infected with COVID-19, feeling that a friend/colleague is infected with COVID-19, sufficient information regarding COVID-19, and the types of symptoms that are felt (fever, cough, and cold/sore throat, difficulty breathing). Besides, education level, occupation, feeling that family is infected with COVID-19, symptoms experienced, and anxiety were significantly related to depression.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and depression in the general population in Indonesia. This study's results can be a catalyst in providing psychological interventions for the general public facing the COVID-19 pandemic.

The relationship between loneliness and healthy aging indicators in Brazil (ELSI-Brazil) and England (ELSA): sex differences

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to estimate five harmonized healthy aging indicators covering functional ability and intrinsic capacity among older women and men from Brazil and England and evaluate their association with loneliness.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional study.

METHODS

We used two nationally representative samples of men and women aged ≥60 years from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) wave 2 (2019-2021; n = 6929) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging wave 9 (2018-2019; n = 5902). Healthy aging included five separate indicators (getting dressed, taking medication, managing money, cognitive function, and handgrip strength). Loneliness was measured by the 3-item University of California Loneliness Scale. Logistic regression models stratified by sex and country were performed.

RESULTS

Overall, age-adjusted healthy aging indicators were worse in Brazil compared with England for both men and women. Considering functional ability, loneliness was negatively associated with all indicators (ranging from odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.52] in English men regarding the ability to take medication to OR = 0.49 [95% CI 0.27-0.89] in Brazilian women regarding the ability to manage money). Considering intrinsic capacity, loneliness was negatively associated with a higher cognitive function (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.55-0.95 in English women) and a higher handgrip strength (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.45-0.83 in Brazilian women). Lonely women demonstrated lower odds of a higher number of healthy aging indicators than men in both countries.

CONCLUSIONS

Country-specific social environments should be targeted by public policies to decrease loneliness and promote healthy aging later in life.

Soledad y envejecimiento

El objetivo del estudio es conocer la prevalencia de soledad y aislamiento social en mayores de 65 años en Ourense y sus factores asociados. Métodos: estudio descriptivo trasversal, muestra aleatoria de personas mayores de 65 años a las que se realizó una entrevista entre junio de 2010 y junio de 2011. Tamaño muestral: 486 pacientes (soledad estimada del 35%). Se administró la escala OARS-MFAQ (Olders American Resource and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire), que recoge variables sociodemográficas, recursos sociales, económicos, salud física, mental y la capacidad para llevar a cabo actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) y actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). Se les hizo la pregunta «¿Se encuentra usted sola/solo?», con cuatro posibles respuestas: siempre, a menudo, casi nunca, nunca. Resultados: se entrevistó a 572 personas de una edad media de 79 años (desviación estándar [DE]: 6,79). Soledad: 32,7%; vive sola/solo: 17%; sin contacto semanal: 18,9%; aislamiento social: 1,4%. Fueron factores asociados a la percepción de soledad: ser mujer, tener pensión y nivel educativo bajos, depresión, deterioro cognitivo, pérdida de visión, dependencia para las AVBD, tomar psicofármacos en los 6 meses previos y la necesidad de mejoras en la vivienda. La práctica de ejercicio regular constituyó un factor protector. Conclusiones: la soledad en nuestra población es similar a la descrita en otros ámbitos, se asocia a desigualdad de género, factores sociales y demográficos, depresión y deterioro cognitivo. Los profesionales de Atención Primaria deben identificarla y abordarla. Palabras clave: soledad, personas mayores, aislamiento social, promoción de la salud, condicionantes sociales de la salud.

Typologies of Loneliness, Isolation and Living Alone Are Associated with Psychological Well-Being among Older Adults in Taipei: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Loneliness, isolation, and living alone are emerging as critical issues in older people's health and well-being, but the effects are not consistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the clustering of loneliness, isolation, and living alone, the risk factors and the associations with psychological well-being.

METHODS

The data were collected from the 2019 Taipei City Senior Citizen Condition Survey by face-to-face interviews and included a community-based sample (n = 3553). Loneliness, isolation, and living arrangement were analyzed by cluster analysis to define Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters, and linear regression was used to examine association of clusters with psychological well-being.

RESULTS

Five clusters of older adults were identified and named as follows: Not Lonely-Connected-Others (53.4%), Not Lonely-Isolated-Others (26.6%), Not Lonely-Alone (5.0%), Lonely-Connected (8.1%), and Lonely-Isolated-Others (6.9%). Demographics, financial satisfaction, physical function, family relationship, and social participation were related to the Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters. Compared with the Not Lonely-Connected-Others cluster, the Lonely-Connected cluster and Lonely-Isolated-Others cluster had higher depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction, and the Not Lonely-Isolated-Others cluster reported lower life satisfaction; the Not Lonely-Alone cluster was not different.

DISCUSSION

Loneliness and isolation are negatively associated with psychological well-being, and living arrangement is not the determinant to loneliness or isolation. Older adults are suggested to strengthen their informal social support, and the government may encourage social care and create an age friendly environment to reduce loneliness and isolation.