Association between Selected Dietary Habits and Lipid Profiles of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

From adolescence to adulthood: Mediterranean diet adherence and cardiometabolic health in a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Recent investigations suggest that specific dietary patterns during adolescence may predict cardiometabolic complications later in life. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between Mediterranean diet score (MDS) during adolescence and cardiometabolic outcomes when participants reached adulthood.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This cohort study was conducted on 668 subjects, aged 10-19 years, in framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The MDS was determined based on eight components using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profile data were measured both at baseline and after a 6.8 ± 2.9-year follow-up. Using multivariable linear regression, we explored the association between MDS and changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Moreover, multivariable-adjusted cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for cardiometabolic complications across MDS tertiles. The mean ± SD age of participants (43.5 % men) was 15.8 ± 2.47 years. The mean ± SD of MDS was 4.03 ± 1.56, with a median of 4.00 among all participants. Higher MDS was inversely associated with 6.8-year changes in waist circumference (WC), FBG, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (Ptrend<0.05). Based on the HR analysis, after controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of MDS had a significantly lower risk of high-TC(HR = 0.36,95%CI:0.18-0.74,Ptrend = 0.004) compared to those in the lowest tertile. However, no significant association was observed between MDS and other cardiometabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Greater adolescent adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet was associated with favorable cardiometabolic factors in adulthood, including improving the levels of WC, FBG, TC, as well as reduced risk of high-TC.

Food Behaviors and Its Association with Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases in Sowme'eh Sara (North of Iran): The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS)

Food behavior and dietary pattern are major parameters affecting the health status of people. The objective of this study was investigation of food behaviors in people inhabited in North of Iran to find out association of the effective indices (related to salt and fried foods) with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This large cross-sectional study was conducted on 10,520 participants and their sociodemographic, medical, and food behavior information were evaluated. Association of salt intake with CVDs and stroke was studied by portfolio at risk (PAR) formula. Association of food behavior with hypertension and CVDs was surveyed by chi-square test. Differences were significant at P≤0.05. Analysis of medical information revealed that 43.18% and 8.18% of the participants had hypertension and CVDs, respectively; mostly in women. Significant association was observed between salt-related behaviors and hypertension in the participants. Regarding salt intake, higher PARs were calculated in women than men (2.26 vs. 1.88 for PAR_CVDs and 3.66 vs. 3.05 for PAR_stroke), and urban than rural inhabitants (4.56 vs. 3.66 for PAR_CVDs and 7.27 vs. 5.88 for PAR_stroke). No significant contribution was observed between oil-related behaviors and CVDs. The majority of participants were well-informed about appropriate preparation and consumption of fried foods but not a healthy behavior about salt intake. Considering the significant association of salt-related behaviors with hypertension, conducting educational programs by healthcare practitioners in the population is suggested.

Association between Dietary Patterns and Low HDL-C among Community-Dwelling Elders in North China

We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and low HDL-C among the elderly population living in North China. The data were from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015. General information in terms of living habits, health status, and food intake using 24 h dietary recall for three consecutive days was procured, and the weight of edible oil and condiments recorded. Anthropometric index, blood pressure, and fasting serum lipids were measured using standard methods. Dietary patterns were derived from food categories by exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios of low HDL-C across quartiles of dietary patterns. Among 3387 elderly participants, 21.9% had low HDL-C levels. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with highest score versus lowest score in the balanced dietary pattern had a decreased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.88, p for trend = 0.013) in the group with a BMI of 27.1 kg/m² and above. Compared to the lowest quartile, there was a statistically significant negative association between the highest scores of the Western dietary pattern and low HDL-C (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17-0.82, p for trend = 0.018) in the group with a BMI of 21.6-24.8 kg/m². However, greater adherence to a thrifty dietary pattern (highest quartiles vs. lowest quartiles) was associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.05-10.40, p for trend = 0.044), especially in the subgroup with a BMI of 21.6 kg/m² and below. The study revealed that it is urgent to develop district-specific dietary improvement plans for dyslipidemia based on the nutritional status of the elderly population in North China.