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Araneda OF, Rosales-Antequera C, Contreras-Briceño F, Tuesta M, Rossi-Serrano R, Magalhães J, Viscor G. Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation/Oxidative Damage: Implications of General and Respiratory Muscle Training in Chronic Spinal-Cord-Injured Patients. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:828. [PMID: 37372113 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury affects several respiratory-function-related parameters, such as a decrease in respiratory volumes associated with weakness and a tendency to fibrosis of the perithoracic muscles, a predominance of vagal over sympathetic action inducing airway obstructions, and a difficulty in mobilizing secretions. Altogether, these changes result in both restrictive and obstructive patterns. Moreover, low pulmonary ventilation and reduced cardiovascular system functionality (low venous return and right stroke volume) will hinder adequate alveolar recruitment and low O2 diffusion, leading to a drop in peak physical performance. In addition to the functional effects described above, systemic and localized effects on this organ chronically increase oxidative damage and tissue inflammation. This narrative review describes both the deleterious effects of chronic spinal cord injury on the functional effects of the respiratory system as well as the role of oxidative damage/inflammation in this clinical context. In addition, the evidence for the effect of general and respiratory muscular training on the skeletal muscle as a possible preventive and treatment strategy for both functional effects and underlying tissue mechanisms is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort (LIBFE), Kinesiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo, Las Condes, Santiago 12455, Chile
| | - Cristián Rosales-Antequera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Contreras-Briceño
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering, Av. Vicuña Mackenna #4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Marcelo Tuesta
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rafael Rossi-Serrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - José Magalhães
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LaMetEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Danek N, Michalik K, Zatoń M. Warm-Up With Added Respiratory Dead Space Volume Mask Improves the Performance of the Cycling Sprint Interval Exercise: Cross-Over Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:812221. [PMID: 35370784 PMCID: PMC8964979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.812221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Special breathing exercises performed during warm-up lead to hypercapnia and stimulation of mechanisms leading to increased exercise performance, but the effect of a device that increases the respiratory dead space volume (ARDSv) during warm-up has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 min warm-up with ARDSv on performance, physiological and biochemical responses during sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE). During four laboratory visits at least 72 h apart, they completed: (1) an incremental exercise test (IET) on a cycloergometer, (2) a familiarization session, and cross-over SIE sessions conducted in random order on visits (3) and (4). During one of them, 1200 mL of ARDSv was used for breathing over a 10-min warm-up. SIE consisted of 6 × 10-s all-out bouts with 4-min active recovery. Work capacity, cardiopulmonary parameters, body temperature, respiratory muscle strength, blood acid-base balance, lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed. After warm-up with ARDSv, P ET CO2 was 45.0 ± 3.7 vs. 41.6 ± 2.5 (mm Hg) (p < 0.001). Body temperature was 0.6 (°C) higher after this form of warm-up (p < 0.05), bicarbonate concentration increased by 1.8 (mmol⋅L-1) (p < 0.01). As a result, work performed was 2.9% greater (p < 0.01) compared to the control condition. Respiratory muscle strength did not decreased. Warming up with added respiratory dead space volume mask prior to cycling SIE produces an ergogenic effect by increasing body temperature and buffering capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Danek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Zatoń
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Shaw KA, Butcher S, Ko JB, Absher A, Gordon J, Tkachuk C, Zello GA, Chilibeck PD. Wearing a Surgical Face Mask Has Minimal Effect on Performance and Physiological Measures during High-Intensity Exercise in Youth Ice-Hockey Players: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010766. [PMID: 34682512 PMCID: PMC8535201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 transmission is prevalent during ice-hockey; however, it is unknown whether wearing face masks as a mitigation strategy affects hockey players’ performance. We used a randomized cross-over study to compare wearing a surgical mask to a sham mask (control) in youth hockey players (21 males, 5 females, 11.7 ± 1.6 y) during a simulated hockey period (cycle ergometry; six shifts of 20 s of “easy” pedaling (40% peak power), 10 s of “hard” pedaling (95% peak power), 20 s of “easy” pedaling, with shifts separated by 5 min rests). A seventh shift involved two 20 s Wingate tests separated by 40 s rest. Heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation and vastus lateralis tissue oxygenation index (hemoglobin saturation/desaturation) was assessed each shift. On-ice testing was conducted with the maximal Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. No differences between mask and control conditions for performance were found (Wingate average power: 245 ± 93 vs. 237 ± 93 W, Peak power: 314 ± 116 vs. 304 ± 115 W, on-ice distance: 274 ± 116 vs. 274 ± 110 m) and for heart rate or arterial oxygen saturation during simulated hockey shifts. Tissue oxygenation index was lower from shifts one to six for males (p < 0.05) and shift seven for females (p < 0.01) while wearing a mask. Wearing a face mask had no effect on performance in hockey players with only minor effects on muscle oxygenation. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04874766) (accessed on 6 May 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A. Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.); (J.B.K.); (A.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Scotty Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
| | - Jong Bum Ko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.); (J.B.K.); (A.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Abdi Absher
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.); (J.B.K.); (A.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Julianne Gordon
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.); (J.B.K.); (A.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Cody Tkachuk
- Pediatric Physical Therapy, Jim Pattison Children’s Hospital, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
| | - Gordon A. Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (K.A.S.); (J.B.K.); (A.A.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(306)-966-1072
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