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Alencar RF, Longo E, Schiariti V, Jesus CCAF, Carrión RP, Alvarez CDL, Coelho MLG, Pereira TFC, Cruz MCL, Melgão SSV, Lindquist ARR. Implementation of the My Abilities First Tool: A qualitative study on the perceptions of professionals, caregivers, children, and adolescents with disabilities. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301718. [PMID: 38768147 PMCID: PMC11104674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the perceptions of professionals, caregivers, children, and adolescents with disabilities regarding the implementation of the My Abilities First (MAF) tool in Specialized Child Rehabilitation Centers (CERs). METHOD This is a qualitative research based on Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA). The study involved twenty-seven intentionally selected individuals, comprising 12 physiotherapists, 4 occupational therapists, 11 caregivers, 9 children and 2 adolescents. Participants completed sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires and took part in semi-structured online interviews, focusing on two themes: Positive health approaches and the MAF tool. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (opinion 4.779.175). RESULTS Reflexive Thematic Analysis of the interviews resulted in two themes: (1) Perceptions regarding the MAF tool as an educational and contributory process to enhance the inclusion and participation of children and adolescents with disabilities, and (2) Barriers and facilitators for the implementation process of the MAF tool. The implementation of MAF was identified as a driving factor in promoting equity and increased participation of children and adolescents with disabilities in various settings, including health, education, and leisure. Interviewees highlighted the need to confront attitudinal, communication, and social barriers that may hinder the implementation of the tool. CONCLUSION The implementation of the MAF tool was perceived as an innovation due to its focus on the abilities of individuals with disabilities. However, there is a need to restructure it to broaden its scope and access to different contexts in order to confront barriers and enhance the inclusion and participation of children and adolescents with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselene F. Alencar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Egmar Longo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Verónica Schiariti
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Caline C. A. F. Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Decision Models and Health, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rocío P. Carrión
- Faculty of Physiotherapy, Hemi Child-Research Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Carolina D. L. Alvarez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Monique L. G. Coelho
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health Collective Health Center Health Sciences Center, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F. C. Pereira
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neurosciences, Santos Dumont Institute, Postgraduate Program in Neuroengineering, Macaiba, Brazil
| | - Maria C. L. Cruz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Sanzia S. V. Melgão
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ana Raquel R. Lindquist
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Vaucheret Paz E, Giacchino M, Leist M, Chirila C, Petracca L, Agosta G. Telerehabilitation of subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders during confinement due to COVID-19. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 53:149-157. [PMID: 39127543 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic prevented many children with neurodevelopmental disorders from accessing face-to-face treatments. Telerehabilitation grew at this time as an alternative therapeutic tool. In this study we analysed remote cognitive rehabilitation in neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS This was a prospective, quasi-experimental (before-after) study that included 22 patients (mean age 9.41 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders who had telerehabilitation for over six months. RESULTS After six months of telerehabilitation, a statistically significant improvement was found with a large effect size in these areas: attention (sustained, selective and divided), executive functions (verbal and visual working memory, categorisation, processing speed), visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia) and language (comprehensive and expressive). On the Weiss Functional Impairment Scale, all areas (family, learning and school, self-concept, activities of daily living, risk activities) improved with statistical significance. We found a positive correlation between the number of sessions and the improvement observed in executive functions (visual working memory, processing speed), attention (sustained attention, divided attention) and visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia). We did not find statistical significance between the family structure and the number of sessions carried out. A high degree of perception of improvement and satisfaction was observed in the parents. CONCLUSIONS Telerehabilitation is a safe alternative tool which, although it does not replace face-to-face therapy, can achieve significant cognitive and functional improvements in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Vaucheret Paz
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Giacchino
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Leist
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Chirila
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Petracca
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermos Agosta
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fong VC, Baumbusch J, Khan K. "Can you hear me OK?": Caregivers of Children With Medical Complexity and Their Perspectives of Virtual Care During COVID-19. J Pediatr Health Care 2024; 38:30-38. [PMID: 37725030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rapid and widespread shift to virtual care during COVID-19 created new opportunities and unique challenges for families of children with medical complexity (CMC). However, few studies have examined perceptions of virtual care during the pandemic in this population. METHOD To address this gap, the current study used a qualitative approach and semistructured interviews via Zoom to explore parent perspectives of virtual care. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 30 parents residing with their CMC (aged 0-18 years) in British Columbia, Canada. RESULTS The findings identified from the data included (1) advantages and opportunities, (2) concerns and challenges, and (3) parent choice and preference. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate the need for healthcare professionals to receive training to use virtual care in their practice effectively. In addition, policies about standards for virtual care and ensuring families have access to the necessary technology will help reduce barriers and improve equity and inclusion for this population.
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Pons C, Brochard S, Grigoriu A, Newman CJ, Monbaliu E, Mensah-Gourmel J, Gaudin-Drouelle D, Toumi A, Konings M, de la Cruz J. Digital technologies for motor rehabilitation in children: protocol for a cross-sectional European survey. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069034. [PMID: 37185191 PMCID: PMC10151983 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Digital technologies can be used as part of paediatric motor rehabilitation to remediate impairment, promote recovery and improve function. However, the uptake of digital technologies in this clinical field may be limited.The aim of this study is to describe and explain digital technology use for paediatric motor rehabilitation. The specific objectives will be: (1) to describe the access to, acceptance of and use of digital technologies as a function of individual factors related to professionals practicing motor rehabilitation with children, and of environmental factors related to paediatric rehabilitation practice and (2) to explain digital technology use with a causal model based on the 'unified theory of acceptance and use of technology'. METHODS AND ANALYSIS RehaTech4child (Rehabilitation Technologies For children) is a cross-sectional study involving an online survey, that is sponsored by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD). The survey protocol follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and CHERRIES (Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys) guidelines. The survey includes 43 questions about (1) respondents' individual and environmental characteristics; (2) the ease of access to digital technologies, and the frequency, type and purpose of use of those technologies and (3) acceptance of technologies and barriers to their use. The survey is intended for professionals involved in paediatric motor rehabilitation. It is disseminated across Europe by the EACD network in 20 languages. Participation is anonymous and voluntary. We aim to include 500 respondents to ensure sufficient precision for the description of study outcomes and to perform stratified analyses by the main determinants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was waived by the Brest CHRU Institutional Review Board. The study is conducted according to current French legislation (loi Jardé (n°2012-300)) and the survey is GDPR compliant. Study findings will be presented at national and international meetings and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05176522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Pons
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, CHU Brest, Brest, France
- Pediatric rehabilitation department, Fondation Ildys, Brest, France
- Medicine Department, Western Brittany University, Brest, France
| | - Sylvain Brochard
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, CHU Brest, Brest, France
- Pediatric rehabilitation department, Fondation Ildys, Brest, France
- Medicine Department, Western Brittany University, Brest, France
| | - Anca Grigoriu
- National Center of Neurorehabilitation for Children "Dr.N.Robanescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christopher J Newman
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elegast Monbaliu
- Neurorehabilitation Technology Lab, KU Leuven Bruges, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Johanne Mensah-Gourmel
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, CHU Brest, Brest, France
- Pediatric rehabilitation department, Fondation Ildys, Brest, France
- Medicine Department, Western Brittany University, Brest, France
| | - Delphine Gaudin-Drouelle
- Laboratory of Medical Information Processing, INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Anis Toumi
- Pediatric rehabilitation department, Fondation Ildys, Brest, France
| | - Marco Konings
- Neurorehabilitation Technology Lab, KU Leuven Bruges, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Javier de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria imas12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Schiariti V, de Campos AC, Sudati IP, Seal AK, Springer PE, Thomson H, Wamithi S, Wei G, Spittle A, Gillick B. Global COVID-19 childhood disability data coordination: A collaborative initiative of the International Alliance of Academies of Childhood Disability. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2023; 16:275-286. [PMID: 36847026 DOI: 10.3233/prm-220035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The International Alliance of Academies of Childhood Disability created a COVID-19 Task Force with the goal of understanding the global impact of COVID-19 on children with disabilities and their families. The aim of this paper is to synthesize existing evidence describing the impact of COVID-19 on people with disabilities, derived from surveys conducted across the globe. METHODS A descriptive environmental scan of surveys was conducted. From June to November 2020, a global call for surveys addressing the impact of COVID-19 on disability was launched. To identify gaps and overlaps, the content of the surveys was compared to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. RESULTS Forty-nine surveys, involving information from more than 17,230 participants around the world were collected. Overall, surveys identified that COVID-19 has negatively impacted several areas of functioning - including mental health, and human rights of people with disabilities and their families worldwide. CONCLUSION Globally, the surveys highlight that impact of COVID-19 on mental health of people with disabilities, caregivers, and professionals continues to be a major issue. Rapid dissemination of collected information is essential for ameliorating the impact of COVID-19 across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Schiariti
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina de Campos
- Laboratory of Analysis of Child Development, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella Pessóta Sudati
- Laboratory of Analysis of Child Development, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnab K Seal
- Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Priscilla E Springer
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather Thomson
- Divisional of Developmental Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan Wamithi
- Department of Paediatrics, Child & Adolescent Health at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Guorong Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Alicia Spittle
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bernadette Gillick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Portillo-Aceituno A, Calderón-Bernal A, Pérez-Corrales J, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Güeita-Rodríguez J. The impact of digital physical therapy during COVID-19 lockdown in children with developmental disorders: A qualitative study. Braz J Phys Ther 2022; 26:100445. [PMID: 36179573 PMCID: PMC9477961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2022.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital physical therapy may be a solution for continuity during lockdown, yet its development appears complex. Implementation difficulties seem to relate to physical, attentional, and training factors. Technological accessibility, adaptation of the therapist and involvement of the whole family appear to be facilitators. Future possibilities may support a better follow-up with fluid communication between families and therapists.
Background Digital physical therapy was performed within early intervention sessions for children with developmental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no known qualitative study that addresses the perspectives of parents with digital practice for early intervention. Objective To describe the parents' experiences with digital physical therapy for early intervention in children during COVID-19 lockdown. Methods A qualitative phenomenological study. Purposive sampling was conducted, including 16 parents of the children participating in the early intervention program. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and researchers' field notes. An inductive analysis was performed. Results Four themes emerged: a) ambivalent experiences about digital physical therapy: telehealth can be a good solution in times of COVID-19, however, it was also perceived as difficult and insufficient; b) barriers encountered for its implementation: describing factors related to physical aspects, training, and time, and difficulties maintaining the child's attention; c) perceived facilitators during its use: based on digital accessibility, availability, and adaptability of the therapist and the rest of the family; d) future possibilities of digital physical therapy: suggested uses for after the lockdown, such as a complement that facilitates communication and as a follow-up with older children. Conclusions Our findings help shed light on the possible benefits of digital physical therapy in children with developmental disorders, considering the perspectives of families. However, there are several difficulties to be overcome to successfully implement this type of therapy and optimize its future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Calderón-Bernal
- COVID-19 Tracer Service, Primary care management of the Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Corrales
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain; Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain.
| | - César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain; Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Javier Güeita-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain; Research Group of Humanities and Qualitative Research in Health Science (Hum&QRinHS), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Health Science Faculty, Alcorcón, Spain
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Vaucheret Paz E, Giacchino M, Leist M, Chirilla C, Petracca L, Agosta G. [Telerehabilitation of Subjects with Neurodevelopmental Disorders During Confinement due to COVID-19]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2022:S0034-7450(22)00028-2. [PMID: 35600217 PMCID: PMC9112035 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Social distancing measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic prevented many children with neurodevelopmental disorders from accessing face-to-face treatments. Telerehabilitation grew at this time as an alternative therapeutic tool. In this study we analysed remote cognitive rehabilitation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods This was a prospective, quasi-experimental (before-after) study that included 22 patients (mean age 9.41 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders who had telerehabilitation for over six months. Results After six months of telerehabilitation, a statistically significant improvement was found with a large effect size in these areas: attention (sustained, selective and divided), executive functions (verbal and visual working memory, categorisation, processing speed), visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia) and language (comprehensive and expressive). On the Weiss Functional Impairment Scale, all areas (family, learning and school, self-concept, activities of daily living, risk activities) improved with statistical significance. We found a positive correlation between the number of sessions and the improvement observed in executive functions (visual working memory, processing speed), attention (sustained attention, divided attention) and visuospatial skills (spatial orientation, perceptual integration, perception, simultanagnosia). We did not find statistical significance between the family structure and the number of sessions carried out. A high degree of perception of improvement and satisfaction was observed in the parents. Conclusions Telerehabilitation is a safe alternative tool which, although it does not replace face-to-face therapy, can achieve significant cognitive and functional improvements in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Vaucheret Paz
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Giacchino
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Leist
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Chirilla
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Petracca
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Agosta
- Servicio de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sonnenschein S, Stites ML, Grossman JA, Galczyk SH. "This will likely affect his entire life": Parents' views of special education services during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:101941. [PMID: 35136282 PMCID: PMC8813595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research continues to emerge about the impact of COVID-19 on education; however, reports about the impact on students receiving special education services are more limited. This study examined parental views of distance learning for students with disabilities during the COVID-19 crisis. Using a survey disseminated via social media, we examined parents' views (N = 153) of PK-12 education for students receiving special education services during COVID-19. Results indicated three main themes: (1) special education and related service hours were decreased during virtual learning; (2) parents reported that their children were unable to participate in virtual learning without significant adult support; (3) parents often were unable to provide their children with assistance due to other commitments including work and childcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sonnenschein
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, United States
| | - Michele L Stites
- Department of Education, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 414 Sherman Hall, A Wing, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States
| | | | - Samantha H Galczyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, United States
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Schiariti V. Introduction to the Special Issue on Early Child Development: From Measurement to Optimal Functioning and Evidence-Based Policy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5154. [PMID: 34067979 PMCID: PMC8152269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early child development and overall children's developmental trajectories have long-term implications for health, functioning, and earning potential as these children become adults [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Schiariti
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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