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Felici G, Lachowicz JI, Milia S, Cannizzaro E, Cirrincione L, Congiu T, Jaremko M, Campagna M, Lecca LI. A pilot study of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles during 3D printing in research laboratories. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144475. [PMID: 37333549 PMCID: PMC10272752 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction 3D printing is increasingly present in research environments, and could pose health risks to users due to air pollution and particulate emissions. We evaluated the nanoparticulate emissions of two different 3D printers, utilizing either fused filament fabrication with polylactic acid, or stereolithography (SLA) with light curing resin. Methods Nanoparticulate emissions were evaluated in two different research environments, both by environmental measurements in the laboratory and by personal sampling. Results The SLA printer had higher nanoparticulate emissions, with an average concentration of 4,091 parts/cm3, versus 2,203 particles/cm3 for the fused filament fabrication printer. The collected particulate matter had variable morphology and elemental composition with a preponderance of carbon, sulfur and oxygen, the main byproducts. Discussion Our study implies that when considering the health risks of particulate emissions from 3D printing in research laboratories, attention should be given to the materials used and the type of 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Felici
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simone Milia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Cirrincione
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Isaia Lecca
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
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Zhang S, Breitner S, Pickford R, Lanki T, Okokon E, Morawska L, Samoli E, Rodopoulou S, Stafoggia M, Renzi M, Schikowski T, Zhao Q, Schneider A, Peters A. Short-term effects of ultrafine particles on heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120245. [PMID: 36162563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of epidemiological studies have examined the association between ultrafine particles (UFP) and imbalanced autonomic control of the heart, a potential mechanism linking particulate matter air pollution to cardiovascular disease. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes studies on short-term effects of UFP on autonomic function, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). We searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles published until June 30, 2022. We extracted quantitative measures of UFP effects on HRV with a maximum lag of 15 days from single-pollutant models. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies regarding confounding, selection bias, exposure assessment, outcome measurement, missing data, and selective reporting. Random-effects models were applied to synthesize effect estimates on HRV of various time courses. Twelve studies with altogether 1,337 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. For an increase of 10,000 particles/cm3 in UFP assessed by central outdoor measurements, our meta-analysis showed immediate decreases in the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) by 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1%, -0.9%] and root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) by 4.7% (95% CI: 9.1%, 0.0%) within 6 h after exposure. The immediate decreases in SDNN and RMSSD associated with UFP assessed by personal measurements were smaller and borderline significant. Elevated UFP were also associated with decreases in SDNN, low-frequency power, and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power when pooling estimates of lags across hours to days. We did not find associations between HRV and concurrent-day UFP exposure (daily average of at least 18 h) or exposure at lags ≥ one day. Our study indicates that short-term exposure to ambient UFP is associated with decreased HRV, predominantly as an immediate response within hours. This finding highlights that UFP may contribute to the onset of cardiovascular events through autonomic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Pickford
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timo Lanki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Enembe Okokon
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Rodopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qi Zhao
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; IBE-Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Partner-Site Munich, German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich, Germany
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Stockfelt L, Xu Y, Gudmundsson A, Rissler J, Isaxon C, Brunskog J, Pagels J, Nilsson PT, Berglund M, Barregard L, Bohgard M, Albin M, Hagerman I, Wierzbicka A. A controlled chamber study of effects of exposure to diesel exhaust particles and noise on heart rate variability and endothelial function. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:159-170. [PMID: 35475948 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2065388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse cardiovascular effects are associated with both diesel exhaust and road traffic noise, but these exposures are hard to disentangle epidemiologically. We used an experimental setup to evaluate the impact of diesel exhaust particles and traffic noise, alone and combined, on intermediary outcomes related to the autonomic nervous system and increased cardiovascular risk. METHODS In a controlled chamber 18 healthy adults were exposed to four scenarios in a randomized cross-over fashion. Each exposure scenario consisted of either filtered (clean) air or diesel engine exhaust (particle mass concentrations around 300 µg/m3), and either low (46 dB(A)) or high (75 dB(A)) levels of traffic noise for 3 h at rest. ECG was recorded for 10-min periods before and during each exposure type, and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) computed. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness were assessed after each exposure using EndoPAT 2000. RESULTS Compared to control exposure, HRV in the high frequency band decreased during exposure to diesel exhaust, both alone and combined with noise, but not during noise exposure only. These differences were more pronounced in women. We observed no synergistic effects of combined exposure, and no significant differences between exposure scenarios for other HRV indices, endothelial function or arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION Three-hour exposure to diesel exhaust, but not noise, was associated with decreased HRV in the high frequency band. This indicates activation of irritant receptor-mediated autonomic reflexes, a possible mechanism for the cardiovascular risks of diesel exposure. There was no effect on endothelial dysfunction or arterial stiffness after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stockfelt
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brunskog
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik T Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Berglund
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Bohgard
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Hagerman
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Tremper AH, Jephcote C, Gulliver J, Hibbs L, Green DC, Font A, Priestman M, Hansell AL, Fuller GW. Sources of particle number concentration and noise near London Gatwick Airport. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107092. [PMID: 35074633 PMCID: PMC8885425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of potential health impacts from both aircraft noise and aircraft-associated ultrafine particles (UFP). Measurements of noise and UFP are however scarce near airports and so their variability and relationship are not well understood. Particle number size distributions and noise levels were measured at two locations near Gatwick airport (UK) in 2018-19 with the aim to characterize particle number concentrations (PNC) and link PNC sources, especially UFP, with noise. Positive Matrix Factorization was used on particle number size distribution to identify these sources. Mean PNC (7500-12,000 p cm-3) were similar to those measured close to a highly trafficked road in central London. Peak PNC (94,000 p cm-3) were highest at the site closer to the runway. The airport source factor contributed 17% to the PNC at both sites and the concentrations were greatest when the respective sites were downwind of the runway. However, the main source of PNC was associated with traffic emissions. At both sites noise levels were above the recommendations by the WHO (World Health Organisation). Regression models of identified UFP sources and noise suggested that the largest source of noise (LAeq-1hr) above background was associated with sources of fresh traffic and urban UFP depending on the site. Noise and UFP correlations were moderate to low suggesting that UFP are unlikely to be an important confounder in epidemiological studies of aircraft noise and health. Correlations between UFP and noise were affected by meteorological factors, which need to be considered in studies of short-term associations between aircraft noise and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Calvin Jephcote
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - John Gulliver
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Leon Hibbs
- Environmental Health, Reigate & Banstead Borough Council, Town Hall, Reigate, Surrey, UK
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Font
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Max Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna L Hansell
- Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Marín-Farrona MJ, León-Jiménez M, García-Unanue J, Gallardo L, Liguori G, López-Fernández J. Influence of Non-Occupational Physical Activity on Burnout Syndrome, Job Satisfaction, Stress and Recovery in Fitness Professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189489. [PMID: 34574412 PMCID: PMC8465796 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed (1) to analyse the effect of non-occupational physical activity (NOPA) on the stress levels of fitness professionals, and (2) to apply a questionnaire to workers measuring burnout syndrome, working conditions and job satisfaction, and to compare the results with physiological stress and recovery measured objectively through heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS The HRV of 26 fitness instructors was recorded during 2-5 workdays using Firstbeat Bodyguard 2. Participants also completed a questionnaire (CESQT) measuring working conditions and job satisfaction variables and occupational burnout syndrome. RESULTS NOPA showed a negative association with both the percentage of stress (p < 0.05) and stress-recovery ratio (p < 0.01), and a positive association with the percentage of recovery (p < 0.05). Better work conditions (working hours, salary satisfaction and length of service) were associated with lower stress in fitness professionals. CONCLUSION NOPA appears to improve the stress levels of fitness instructors in this study cohort. Self-reported burnout levels measured through the CESQT questionnaire do not coincide with the physiological stress responses measured through HRV. Better working conditions appear to reduce the stress response in fitness professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Marín-Farrona
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (M.J.M.-F.); (M.L.-J.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuel León-Jiménez
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (M.J.M.-F.); (M.L.-J.); (L.G.)
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (M.J.M.-F.); (M.L.-J.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-653-86-65-48
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (M.J.M.-F.); (M.L.-J.); (L.G.)
| | - Gary Liguori
- College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 55 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
| | - Jorge López-Fernández
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS), Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; or
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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