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Alzahrani AM, Alzhrani AA, Felix HC, Alharbi KK, Shahzad MW, Arbaein TJ, Monshi SS. Patient Satisfaction with Private Community Pharmacies versus Pharmacies in Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102091. [PMID: 38757070 PMCID: PMC11097056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Saudi Arabia has begun reforming its government-run health care system to increase efficiency and reduce costs. One effort is the adoption of an electronic prescribing system (Wasfaty) and outsourcing pharmaceutical services from government-run clinics to community pharmacies (CP). This study aims to compare satisfaction with pharmaceutical services offered in the two systems. Materials and methods This cross-sectional observational study used existing survey data collected from patients (≥15 years of age) visiting government primary health care centers from January 2022 to June 2022. Satisfaction with three pharmaceutical services (availability of medications, pharmacist's explanation of the prescription, and waiting time to get medications) were the main outcomes. Results The study comprised 91,317 participants, 74.06 % of them were CP/Wasfaty users. CP/Wasfaty patients had lower odds of satisfaction with the three pharmaceutical services: availability of medications (OR = 0.49, 95 % CI = 0.47-0.51), pharmacists' explanation of prescription (OR = 0.55, 95 % CI = 0.53-0.58), and waiting time to get medications (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI = 0.75-0.88). Additional findings showed variations in satisfaction levels based on demographic factors and clinic types. Conclusions The significant differences observed in satisfaction levels based on demographic characteristics and type of clinics visited emphasize the importance of tailoring pharmaceutical services to meet the specific needs and expectations of different patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alzahrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrhman A. Alzhrani
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Holly C. Felix
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Khulud K. Alharbi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Turky J. Arbaein
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Monshi
- Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Alshehri AM, Alqahtani WH, Moaili AA, Almogbel YS, Almalki ZS, Alahmari AK, Albassam AA, Ahmed NJ. An analysis of the intention of female pharmacy students to work in community pharmacy settings in Saudi Arabia using the theory of planned behavior. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101996. [PMID: 38414782 PMCID: PMC10897891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the intention of female Saudi pharmacy students to work in community pharmacies and the factors associated with this intention. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2022 and June 2022 and included female students from pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia. The survey was created based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. It included items that measure student intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding working in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia. The study also included items that assessed sociodemographic characteristics, pharmacy program degrees, training, and job preferences of students. Results A total of 407 participants completed the survey. The average age was 21.8 (±1.6) years, and most participants were Saudi nationals (97.79 %). The intention of participants to work in community pharmacies after graduation was low (mean = 3.2 ± 1.8; range: 1-7). Slightly positive attitudes toward working in a community pharmacy after graduation were revealed as participants showed an overall attitude mean of 4.5 ± 1.6 (range: 1-7). Furthermore, the participants perceived a low social pressure toward working in a community pharmacy after graduation (mean of 3.3 ± 1.9; range: 1-7). The intention of female pharmacy students to work in community pharmacies was significantly predicted by attitudes (p-value < 0.0001), perceived behavioral control (p-value = 0.0017), nationality (p-value = 0.0151), residence in the Saudi Arabian region (p-value = 0.0013), monthly income (p-value = 0.0231), pharmacy degree program (p-value = 0.0035), training received in community pharmacies (p-value = 0.0145), had a relative working in a community pharmacy (p-value = 0.0257), and preference to work in community pharmacies after graduation (p-value = 0.0001). Conclusion Female pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia had a low intention to work in community pharmacies, a positive attitude toward working in community pharmacies, and perceived no social pressure to work in them. A positive attitude and behavioral perception of control toward working in community pharmacies were demonstrated among pharmacy students who study at a university outside Riyadh, undertaking a bachelor's degree in pharmacy, have a monthly income higher than 5000 Saudi riyals (USD 1,333.3), previously received training in community pharmacies, having a relative working in a community pharmacy, prefer to work in community pharmacies after graduation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Alshehri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa H Alqahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljoharah A Moaili
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser S Almogbel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad S Almalki
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah K Alahmari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Albassam
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad J Ahmed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D. Reproductive health services: attitudes and practices of Saudi community pharmacists. Ir J Med Sci 2024; 193:497-503. [PMID: 37436656 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services are a crucial provision of public health. The consequences of having suboptimal SRH services include unplanned pregnancies, unsafe abortions, reproductive cancers, and sexually transmitted and bloodborne infections. This study was conducted to assess the role community pharmacists play in providing SRH, their practices, and their attitudes toward fulfilling the exciting demand. METHODS A cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire was used. The study was conducted among community pharmacies across the Asir region. RESULTS A total of 196 community pharmacists were included in this study. The majority of pharmacy chains reported selling pregnancy tests (93.9%) compared to independent pharmacies (72.9%), p value (0.0001). Similarly, community pharmacists working in pharmacy chains educated patients on pregnancy tests (78.2%) more often than those working in independent pharmacies (62.6%), p value (0.03). Ovulation tests were sold more frequently in pharmacy chains (74.3%) than in independent pharmacies (52.08%), p value (0.004). Providing education on these products followed the same pattern with (72.9%, 47.9%), respectively, p value (0.003). CONCLUSION The majority of pharmacists reported selling pregnancy tests and ovulation and educated patients regarding both these test kits. However, these services were more widely available in pharmacy chains than in independent pharmacies. Pharmacists exhibited a positive attitude toward SRH, exhibiting social accountability and an ethical responsibility to fulfill their role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, PO Box 1882, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia.
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Alrasheedy AA. Trends, Capacity Growth, and Current State of Community Pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: Findings and Implications of a 16-Year Retrospective Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:2833-2847. [PMID: 38146313 PMCID: PMC10749569 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s443325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Community pharmacies provide access to medicines and pharmaceutical services. Consequently, adequate availability and sufficient workforce capacity must be ensured for effective healthcare delivery. This study assessed the community pharmacy sector in Saudi Arabia, including density, workforce capacity, and evolution from 2007 to 2022. Methods This retrospective study measured community pharmacy infrastructure and workforce capacity using international indicators and standardized measures, including community pharmacy and community pharmacist density per 10,000 people and ratio of community pharmacists per pharmacy. Several data sources and platforms were used to collect the data including the Ministry of Health, Saudi General Authority for Statistics, and Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development. Results The number of community pharmacies increased by 89.30%, from 5466 in 2007 to 10,347 in 2022, and density increased from 2.25 to 3.22. However, density varied by region, from 3.97 to 1.95. The number of community pharmacists increased by 98.02%, from 10,932 in 2007 to 21,648 in 2022, and community pharmacist density increased from 4.51 to 6.73. However, the ratio of community pharmacists per pharmacy remained unchanged (2.0 in 2007 and 2.1 in 2022). Female pharmacists were first issued licenses to practice in community pharmacies in 2016, and the proportion of female pharmacists to total increased from 0.29% (n=42) in 2016 to 10.95% (n=2370) in 2022. The nationalization policy for community pharmacies was implemented in 2020, and the proportion of Saudi pharmacists increased from 3.08% (n=581) in 2019 to 19.90% (n=4306) in 2022, while proportion of expatriate pharmacists decreased from 96.92% (n=18,292) to 80.10% (n=17,342). Conclusion The findings showed that the community pharmacy sector in Saudi Arabia recently experienced substantial growth comparable to high-income countries. However, further improvements are required in some regions to increase community pharmacy density. Moreover, the ratio of pharmacists per pharmacy should be improved to meet the healthcare system needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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AlGhadeer SZ, AlAbdullah M, Alibrahim Z, AlSalman Z, AlHaddad HM. Patients' satisfaction towards Wasfaty services in Al Ahsa province, Saudi Arabia - 2022. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:2950-2955. [PMID: 38186837 PMCID: PMC10771168 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1117_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The e-prescriptions service connects primary healthcare centers and hospitals to selected community pharmacies in various locations to allow easy access to the nearest pharmacy in the neighborhood, thus facilitating the process of drug dispensing. This study aims to assess patients' satisfaction towards Wasfaty services delivered by Ministry of Health healthcare centers. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al Ahsa province in Saudi Arabia among adult patients who used Wasfaty services. An electronic Arabic questionnaire including demographic characteristics of patients and questions to assess their satisfaction level with the e-prescription "Wasfaty" service in terms of different aspects. Results A total of 481 participants were included in the study. Females represented 53.4% of them, and 28.1% were aged 50 years or over. Overall, most of the patients (84.1%) were either satisfied or strongly satisfied with the service (4.28 ± 0.57). After controlling for confounding, patients with chronic diseases were more satisfied with the "wasfaty" service compared to those without chronic diseases. The history of chronic disease was responsible for approximately 2.4% variability of patient satisfaction (r-square = 0.024). Patients' geographic region, age, sex, and educational level were not significantly associated with their satisfaction with "wasfaty" service. Conclusion The majority of patients, particularly those with chronic diseases, were satisfied with Wasfaty service. However, less satisfaction was observed regarding medication availability.
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Alenezi S, Alanazi M, Aljazaeri R, Almuzaini M, Alrasheidi S, Shamlan WB, Aljohani R, Alhawiti G, Alqarni M, Aljabri E, Qmmash M, Kanan M. Community Pharmacies in the Asian Countries of Developing Health System: Formation, Regulation, and Implication. PHARMACY 2023; 11:127. [PMID: 37624082 PMCID: PMC10460015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacies (CPs) in Asian countries are often the first point of contact for patients withinthe healthcare system and their preferred place to purchase medicines. The number of CPs may vary across Asian countries, and each country has developed its own design and functioning. The regulatory environment plays a crucial role in shaping and governing CPs. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive literature review in order to enhance understanding of the establishment and regulation of CPs. By undertaking this review, the researchers, policymakers, and practitioners sought to gain a deeper insight into the performance and functions of CPs and the regulatory frameworks that govern them. Moreover, this review shed light on implementation strategies, effects on patient outcomes, and the barriers and challenges associated with their establishment. A narrative literature review method was adopted with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Significant disparities can be observed when comparing the stated intentions of regulations with their actual implementation. Recently, there has been an inclusion of public health practices. Unfortunately, pharmacy procedures conducted in such environments have been characterized by inadequate understanding and inappropriate care. This poor performance can be attributed to employees' focus on maximizing profits. Several shortcomings can arise, including incomplete patient history documentation, failure to refer patients who require medical attention, unauthorized dispensing of prescription-only medicines (POM), dispensing clinically inappropriate or excessive medication doses, selling incomplete antibiotic courses, and inadequate information and counseling services. Regulatory interventions can help strengthen these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Alenezi
- Al-Dawaa Pharmacy, Raiydh 12211, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Mona Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Reaam Aljazaeri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Marwah Almuzaini
- Al-Dawaa Pharmacy, Raiydh 12211, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Wafa Bin Shamlan
- Community Pharmacist, United Pharmaceutical Company, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raghad Aljohani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ghadeer Alhawiti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alkadi Medical Group, Tabuk 47311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Meaad Alqarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Ehdaa Aljabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nahdi Medical Co., Riyadh 13515, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (R.A.); (R.A.); (M.A.); (E.A.)
| | - Majd Qmmash
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D. An analysis of pharmacy workforce capacity in Saudi Arabia. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219528. [PMID: 37601049 PMCID: PMC10434764 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous reports have highlighted the core issues with the intelligence of the national pharmacy workforce reliance on non-native pharmacists, despite the increasing supply of local pharmacy graduates; limited participation of female pharmacists in the workforce; and inadequate proportions of pharmacists in primary healthcare centres, resulting in pharmaceutical services being provided without a pharmacist's supervision. Methods: The current study used a retrospective cross-sectional design and data was collected from January to May 2023. Data was retrieved from the Health Statistics Yearbook, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. The data included the total number of pharmacists, the number of Saudi pharmacists, the number of foreign pharmacists, the distribution of the proportions of male and female pharmacists, and the distribution of the workforce by region, sector and nationality. Data was also obtained relating to pharmacy education, including the number of pharmacy colleges, the number of pharmacy students and the number of pharmacy graduates. Results and conclusion: The capacity of the pharmacy workforce, meaning the number of pharmacists per 10,000 population, fluctuated between 2017 and 2021, with the lowest number being in 2020, a mere 7.9 pharmacists per 10,000 population. However, in 2021, the overall density of pharmacists increased to (9.04), which is above the global average (7.36 per 10,000 population). The proportion of women working in the pharmacy profession increased from 12% to 22%, and in community pharmacies from 0.3% to 7.2%, between 2016 and 2021. Another issue that still exists is a lack of proportionate and imbalance in the distribution of the pharmacy workforce across the regions. The renationalisation initiatives increased the overall proportion of Saudi pharmacists to 39% in 2021, compared to 22% in 2016. There is a need for a policy mechanism that will overcome the identified issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A. A cross-sectional study on Saudi pharmacists working as medical representatives: What attracted them and what is keeping them in this sector—Misconceptions and reality. Front Public Health 2023; 11:996536. [PMID: 36969657 PMCID: PMC10030677 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.996536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe government in Saudi Arabia issued a labor reform initiative to renationalize the pharmacy profession in pharmaceutical companies to generate more employment for Saudi pharmacists. Considering the nationalization of the pharmacy workforce employed in this sector, as well as the pharmacists' preferences toward working in this setting, the current study was conducted determine the reasons to choose this career pathway, to clarify the common misconceptions about this sector and to assess job satisfaction, work commitment, and intentions to leave.MethodsAn online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from pharmacists working as medical representatives across Saudi Arabia. A total of 133 medical representatives participated in the study.ResultsThe main factors that motivated study participants to join this sector included performing a socially important job, receiving a high salary, and further career development. The common misconceptions about the sector, such as lacking honor and value and considering commercial values to be accepted, were found to be incorrect by the medical representatives. A high job satisfaction level, high work commitment, and low intentions to leave the sector were reported by participants.ConclusionWorking as a medical representative in a pharmaceutical company is an appealing career choice that fulfills pharmacists' career ambitions and may help in creating more jobs for the increasing numbers of pharmacy graduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Dalia Almaghaslah
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Thabit AK, Alghamdi DI, Alaqi RO, Alsufyani MA, Bagalagel AA. Factors influencing future career interests of pharmacy interns in Saudi Arabia: a survey from 25 colleges of pharmacy. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:35. [PMID: 36650501 PMCID: PMC9847190 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of pharmacists graduate from pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia, and various factors influence their choice of career pathway. Very few single-institution studies assessed career choices of pharmacy students with or without evaluating the influencing factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate career choices and the associating factors of pharmacy interns from multiple colleges in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that surveyed pharmacy interns from 25 pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia using an online questionnaire. The survey was sent during the last rotation month in the internship year (May-June 2022). RESULTS Of 454 participants, 411 (90.5%) were enrolled in Doctor of Pharmacy programs. While most participants were interested in becoming clinical pharmacists (n = 183; 40.3%), a considerable number were also interested in working in different sectors of pharmaceutical companies and industry (n = 127; 28%). Internship training significantly correlated with selecting clinical pharmacy specialist career (r = 0.19; P = 0.0001), whereas salary/financial incentives significantly influenced the choice of working as sales and marketing representatives and pharmacy product specialists in pharmaceutical companies (r = 0.29 and 0.24; P < 0.0001 for both). College courses correlated with choosing academia in pharmaceutical sciences (r = 0.20; P < 0.0001), whereas summer training correlated with the community pharmacy career (r = 0.11; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Pharmacy colleges should utilize results from this study to enhance the exposure of pharmacy students during their academic years to different pharmacy career pathways by allowing the opportunity to shadow pharmacists from different sectors as part of college courses, inviting previous graduates, and activating the role of academic advisors in career orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar K Thabit
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027, Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Doaa I Alghamdi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027, Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem O Alaqi
- College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alaa A Bagalagel
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027, Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd, Jeddah, 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
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Almanasef M. Attitudes of the general public toward community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1092215. [PMID: 36908423 PMCID: PMC9998947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This research was conducted to evaluate the attitudes of the general public toward community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Methods The current study followed a cross-sectional design using an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted in Saudi Arabia between February and April 2022. The study participants were selected and recruited using a convenience sampling strategy. The questionnaire was adapted from previous work and involved four sections: demographic information, use of community pharmacy, perception and willingness to use community pharmacist services, and barriers to approaching a community pharmacist for advice. Results and conclusions A total of 449 participants agreed to take part in this study and completed the questionnaire. Just above half (55%) of the participants indicated that they had visited a community pharmacy at least once a month over the last 12 months. The most frequently reported reason for visiting community pharmacies was to buy over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The majority (n = 318) of the participants were satisfied or highly satisfied with community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. A willingness to use community pharmacy services was expressed mostly for the essential community pharmacist roles, involving selecting over-the-counter products, management of minor ailments, selecting non-pharmaceuticals and receiving counseling on using medications. However, an unwillingness was noted to approach a community pharmacist for counseling on alcohol dependence and drug misuse. Lack of privacy in the community pharmacy was found to be the most frequently reported barrier that would hinder individuals from approaching community pharmacists to get help or advice. Policymakers in Saudi Arabia could considerably advance the community pharmacy practice and improve the public utilization of various community pharmacist services beyond their limited essential roles such as dispensing and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Almanasef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Almalki OS, Alqarni TA, Alharthi RM, Algarni MA, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Asiri YA, Fathelrahman AI. Career Readiness Among Saudi Pharmacy Students: Exploring the Need for and the Impact of Career Counseling Services. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:1267-1277. [PMID: 36254266 PMCID: PMC9569190 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s375929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Employers place emphasis on graduates' work experience and interpersonal skills while academia mainly focuses on developing students' learning ability. One proposed strategy is through career guidance by universities; however, supportive evidence is lacking. This study explored the career readiness of pharmacy students for the Saudi job market. It also examined the availability of career guidance services for pharmacy students and alumni in Saudi Arabia and the impact of such services on recipients' career path choices and development of competencies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study utilized an online-based survey. Pharmacy students in the last three years of their program and recent graduates participated in the survey. The study used descriptive statistics to describe participants' demographic data. Respondents were asked to rate aspects related to career readiness on a 5-point Likert scale, and their responses were reported as frequencies with percentages or means as appropriate. Comparisons between groups were made using t-test or one- way ANOVA as required. RESULTS A total of 576 responses were collected. About 25% of participants acknowledged the career guidance services provided at their pharmacy college, whereas the majority indicated that they have never reached out to a career counselor at their university (89.6%). The highest level of disagreement was noticed in impact of career guidance services on participants' establishment of their CV/portfolio (50.7%). Using the work readiness scale, the lowest mean was seen in the social intelligence domain (3.64 ± 0.94). CONCLUSION Although substantial proportion of students reported the presence of career guidance services in their university or college, very few stated that they had utilized such services. This could have impacted the students' career readiness for the rapidly changing Saudi job market. Therefore, proper measures to advertise the availability of career guidance services in Saudi pharmacy schools have to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud S Almalki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thekra A Alqarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Ahmed Algarni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yousif A Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Effect of Occupational Stress on Pharmacists’ Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081441. [PMID: 36011097 PMCID: PMC9408447 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Work stress occurs when employees have to deal with pressures that do not align with their skills, knowledge, or expectations. This study aimed to assess the impact of work stress on job satisfaction among pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a cross-sectional, self-administered, paper-based survey was conducted between August 2019 and October 2020 using three scales. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed. A linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction among Saudi pharmacists. A total of 284 questionnaires were completed. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant negative relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction (β = −0.456, 95% CI, −0.561 to −0.350), a positive relationship between confirmation and satisfaction (β = 0.147, 95% CI, 0.005 to –0.290), and a negative relationship between working in hospitals and job satisfaction (β= −3.009; 95% CI, −5.424 to −0.593) when other variables were kept constant. The results of this study indicated that occupational stress and satisfaction negatively influenced pharmacists, whereas confirmation was associated with better satisfaction. Moreover, hospital pharmacists had lower job satisfaction. The job satisfaction of pharmacists may help improve medication safety and ensure an adequate pharmacist workforce.
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Alrasheedy AA, Ibrahim MH, Alsahali S, Alfadly SO, Siddeeg K, Salah GB, Kassem LM, Alsaikhan R. Current state of career placement and employment opportunities for Doctor of Pharmacy graduates: A cross-sectional analysis from a college of pharmacy, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1479-1485. [PMID: 36387335 PMCID: PMC9649351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditionally, graduates from colleges of pharmacy in Saudi Arabia work mainly in hospital settings, and only a few graduates work in other practice settings. However, several initiatives and national plans have recently been introduced to facilitate employment in community pharmacies and the pharmaceutical industry/companies. Consequently, the objectives of this study were to explore the current state of career placement, type of employment sectors, and practice settings that Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduates join based on recent developments in the profession. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. The target population was PharmD graduates from Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Consequently, all 162 graduates from three recent cohorts (2018–2020) were contacted to participate in this survey. Results A total of 157 graduates participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96.91 %. Of the participants, 92 (58.6 %) were female graduates. The overall rate of employment was 84.7 %. Moreover, a higher proportion of male graduates than female graduates (97.1 % versus 73.7 %, P = 0.006) were employed. In this study, the three main sectors that the graduates joined were the pharmaceutical industry and companies (41.2 %), community pharmacies (29.4 %), and medical cities, hospitals and clinics (23.5 %). In addition, almost the same proportions of male and female graduates joined the pharmaceutical industry and companies (40.3 % versus 42.1 %). However, a higher proportion of male graduates than female graduates joined community pharmacies (32.3 % versus 26.3 %). Conversely, a higher proportion of female graduates joined medical cities, hospitals and clinics compared to male graduates (28.1 % versus 19.4 %). Conclusion The current employment of PharmD graduates in the job market is generally high, but further improvement could be made, especially for female graduates. Moreover, the study findings showed that jobs are shifting toward community pharmacies and the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, we believe that decision-makers in pharmacy education and curriculum developers must consider these trends and ensure that there is adequate preparation for careers in community pharmacy practice and other sectors of the profession in the curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A. Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohammed H. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alsahali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed O. Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Siddeeg
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Ben Salah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamyaa M. Kassem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alsaikhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D, Al-Haqan A, Al-jedai A, Alsayari A. Adopting global tools for the advancement of pharmacy practice and workforce in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:954-963. [PMID: 35903527 PMCID: PMC9315300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Almaghaslah D. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Community Pharmacists Toward Non-pharmaceutical Products in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2022; 10:771308. [PMID: 35570966 PMCID: PMC9099022 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.771308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Community pharmacy is a rapidly changing sector in Saudi Arabia. Customers visit local community pharmacies for a variety of reasons including disease-related advice, buying OTC medication, cosmetic products and re-filling a prescription for a chronic illness. The current study was conducted to fill the gap in the literature regarding community pharmacists' knowledge, attitude and practice toward non-pharmaceutical products. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 211 community pharmacists working in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia were included. The questionnaire was adopted from a previous study with the same purpose. Results Products sold in community pharmacies were mainly pharmaceutical products (69.7%) compared to 30.3% non-pharmaceutical products. The most commonly sold non-pharmaceutical products were mother and baby products (26%) and skin care products (19%). Pharmacists showed good mean knowledge (3.96 out of 5), mean positive attitude (3.79 out of 5) and mean positive practice (3.32 out of 5). Conclusion Community pharmacists showed considerable knowledge pertaining to non-pharmaceutical products. Respondents demonstrated positive attitudes toward the non-pharmaceutical products and were interested in expanding their knowledge on the topic through continuing education. Additionally, they showed social accountability by assuming responsibility for providing patient counseling on non-pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A, Almaghaslah S, Alsanna H. Patients’ Satisfaction with E-Prescribing (Wasfaty) in Saudi Arabia: A Survey of Country-Level Implementation. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050806. [PMID: 35627943 PMCID: PMC9141395 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was conducted to assess patient satisfaction with the e-prescription service implemented by the Ministry of Health hospitals and primary healthcare centres in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected using a random sampling technique, and an online questionnaire was distributed among the study population. A five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all satisfied) to 5 (very satisfied), was used to assess patient satisfaction. Results and Conclusions: A total of 400 patients participated in the study. More than half (57.5%) of them were males, and approximately one-third were between the ages of 30 and 39. Aspects related to the pharmacy, i.e., accessibility of pharmacies in terms of numbers, location, and opening hours, as well as pharmacy facilities, including waiting area, counselling area, dispensing area and parking lots, were skewed towards 5 (very satisfied). Aspects related to pharmacy personnel, i.e., knowledge, skills, and competencies, as well as friendliness and approachability, were also skewed towards 5 (very satisfied). Factors related to patient experience with Wasfaty, the new service, as compared with old primary healthcare centres’ pharmaceutical services, such as the availability of pharmacists, procedures for refills, waiting time, privacy, and confidentiality, were also skewed towards 5 (very satisfied).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-563885832
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sokinh Almaghaslah
- Department of Family Medicine, Family Medicine Academy, Dammam 32210, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Haytham Alsanna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Prince Sultan Hospital, First Health Cluster Estren Province, Mulija 32210, Saudi Arabia;
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Career Preference and Factors Influencing Career Choice among Undergraduate Pharmacy Students at University of Khartoum, Sudan. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10010026. [PMID: 35202075 PMCID: PMC8880343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacy profession has expanded and adapted to changes in community needs. Although career planning and understanding the determinants of career choice are essential, there remains a lack of studies exploring factors influencing future career plans. This study was conducted to identify career preferences and factors influencing future career choices among undergraduate pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from randomly selected participants. Out of 220 respondents, 85.9% were females. The average age of the respondents was 21.7 ± 1.5 years. Clinical pharmacy was selected as the most preferred future career domain (30%), followed by academia and research (12%), the pharmaceutical industry (11%), and community pharmacy (10.5). Approximately 20% of participants reported a preference for moving abroad for work. Regarding factors influencing future career domain choice, participants ranked training in the workplace (80%) and curriculum content (70%) as the top faculty-related factors, while interaction with practicing pharmacists (71.8%) and salary (78%) were the major personal-related and job-related factors. This study emphasized the importance of understanding job preferences and the factors influencing career choice, and could be useful in ensuring a future balance between professional domains and meeting society’s evolving expectations.
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Almanasef M, Almaghaslah D, Kandasamy G, Vasudevan R, Batool S. Involvement of community pharmacists in public health services in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14940. [PMID: 34606135 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners worldwide and their services are used by a large proportion of the population. Expanding the roles of community pharmacists could contribute to reducing pressure on general health practice and other areas of the health services. This research aimed to evaluate the contribution of community pharmacists in the provision of public health services and to investigate the perceived barriers for the provision of these services in Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study followed a cross-sectional design using an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The study took place in Asir region, Saudi Arabia, between September 2019 and February 2020. A convenience sampling strategy was used to select and recruit the study participants. The questionnaire was adapted from previous research and involved three sections: demographics, involvement in public health services and barriers for practising public health roles. RESULTS The total number of respondents was 193. The proportion of respondents who reported that they were "very involved" or "involved" in each service was 61.7% for weight management, 60.6% for sexual health, 57.5% for healthy eating, 53.4% for physical activity promotion, 51.3% for dental health, 46.1% for smoking cessation, 39.4% for screening for diabetes, 35.7% for screening for hypertension, 31.1% for alcohol dependence and drug misuse counselling, 30.6% for screening for dyslipidaemia, and 21.8% for vaccination and immunisation. Most of the barriers in the current research were rated as having low relevance to the provision of public health services. CONCLUSION Findings in the current research suggest that community pharmacists in Asir region have varying levels of involvement in public health roles. Further research needs to be undertaken to understand the barriers to the provision of public health services and what strategies would be beneficial for enhancing the public health role of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Almanasef
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geetha Kandasamy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajalakshimi Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Batool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A. Using a Global Systematic Framework Tool to Identify Pharmacy Workforce Development Needs: A National Case Study on Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3233-3245. [PMID: 34393530 PMCID: PMC8354774 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s322577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare is one of the key focuses of the Saudi Vision 2030. Identifying and acknowledging the strengths and weakness of the healthcare manpower, including pharmacy, are crucial for workforce development and for achievement of the vision. Methods This paper used a global systematic framework tool, the International Pharmaceutical Federation the International 21 Development Goals (FIP DGs), as a roadmap to identify pharmacy workforce development needs. Results An increase in the number of qualified Saudi pharmacy employees was successfully achieved by increasing the number of pharmacy education institutions. Several postgraduate pharmacy programs (Master’s and Ph.D.) were also established. Some pharmacy colleges around the country obtained national and international accreditation/certification from reputable quality assurance organizations, such as the NAAA, ACPE and CCAPP. Clinical pharmacy residency programs were expanded to cover various specialties. No comprehensive competency framework exists for pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. A wide range of CDP programs, including electronic courses, have been offered for healthcare practitioners and accredited by SCFHS. While a certain number of CME hours are required for re-registration as a pharmacist, these CME hours are currently not linked to a needs-based health initiative. Several initiatives and strategies have been developed and implemented to address pharmaceutical workforce gender and diversity balances. The pharmacy profession is regulated by the MOH, the SCFHS, and the HRSD. Discussion and Conclusion Among the three clusters of the DGs – Academia, Professional Development, and Systems – Cluster 2, Professional Development, was identified as a priority area for improvement. Within this cluster, these particular DGs were selected as top priority: competency development (DG 5), leadership development (DG 6), and working with others (DG 8). Two DGs in Cluster 3, Systems, were also highlighted as priorities: continuing professional development strategies (DG 9) and impact and outcome (DG 11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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