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Johannes C, Roman NV, Onagbiye SO, Titus S, Leach LL. Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Physical Activity among Undergraduate Students from a South African University. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:441. [PMID: 38673352 PMCID: PMC11050680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Psychosocial factors such as mental health, motivation, and social support are key determinants of behavior that play a significant role in physical activity participation. Limited studies have investigated the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical activity among university students in Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical activity participation among undergraduate university students at a historically disadvantaged university (HDU) in South Africa. This was a cross-sectional study that used convenience sampling (n = 534, majority female, 53.6% with a mean age of 20.69). The study was conducted through an online, self-administered, and hard-copy, valid questionnaire in September 2022. Data on sociodemographic information were collected. Psychosocial factors were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-21 Scale for mental health, the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale for motivation, and the Perceived Social Support Scale for social support. Physical activity (calculated as MET-min/week) was assessed using the international physical activity questionnaire in short form. Results revealed that almost a third (29%) of undergraduate students were physically inactive, 31.1% were minimally active, and 39.9% were in the health-enhancing category. Physical activity was positively related to stress (r = 0.11, p < 0.05) and anxiety (r = 0.10, p < 0.05). Motivational factors were positively related to psychological condition and others' expectations (r = 0.10, p < 0.05), and depression and others' expectations (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). Results from this study highlighted that psychosocial factors were related to physical activity participation among undergraduate university students. Psychosocial factors should be considered a coping mechanism when implementing health-promoting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanté Johannes
- Department of Sports, Recreation, and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.O.O.); (S.T.); (L.L.L.)
| | - Nicolette V. Roman
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies of Children, Families and Society, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Sunday O. Onagbiye
- Department of Sports, Recreation, and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.O.O.); (S.T.); (L.L.L.)
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Frederick Community College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Simone Titus
- Department of Sports, Recreation, and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.O.O.); (S.T.); (L.L.L.)
- Centre for Health Professions Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Lloyd L. Leach
- Department of Sports, Recreation, and Exercise Science, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (S.O.O.); (S.T.); (L.L.L.)
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Elmose-Østerlund K, Dalgas BW, Bredahl TVG, Lenze L, Høyer-Kruse J, Ibsen B. Motives for leisure-time physical activity participation: an analysis of their prevalence, consistency and associations with activity type and social background. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2399. [PMID: 38042783 PMCID: PMC10693154 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies argue that knowledge about motives for physical activity participation can inform activities, initiatives and interventions to promote physical activity. However, most of these studies are based on small sample sizes and only include participants within a few selected types of PA. Further, they have not examined the consistency of individuals' motives across different activity types. As a result, this article examines RQ1: the most prevalent motives, RQ2: the association of motives with activity type and social background characteristics, and RQ3: the consistency of motives across different activity types. METHODS We utilised data from a survey of physical activity participation among 163,000 adult Danes (aged 15 + years). In the survey, the participants were asked about their participation in thirteen activity types and about their motives for practising the activity types they reported to do at least weekly. The motive items were operationalised based on the eight dimensions in the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). We conducted analyses of mean values and standard deviations as well as multilevel regression analyses. RESULTS We identified large differences in the importance of different motives for physical activity participation. The three most important motives were psychological condition (M = 4.54), physical condition (M = 4.48) and enjoyment (M = 4.36). We also found significant associations between motives and activity types in particular, but also between motives and social background characteristics (gender, age and educational level). For instance, we found that compared to running, physical condition was a much less important motive in outdoor activities (b = -3.01), activities on water (b = -2.44) and street sports (b = -2.38). Finally, our analysis showed how individuals' motives are not consistent across different activity types. CONCLUSIONS Our study contributes to the literature on motives for physical activity participation by using a large sample of individuals and by differentiating motives according to a wide range of activity types. The results underline the need to study motives in relation to activity types, as there are large differences in the prevalence of different motives. Our findings suggest that motives are not consistent across activity types, but rather they develop in an interplay between the individual and the activity type practised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Elmose-Østerlund
- Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Westerskov Dalgas
- Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Viskum Gjelstrup Bredahl
- Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lenze
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Education, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Jens Høyer-Kruse
- Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne Ibsen
- Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Aznar-Ballesta A, Peláez-Barrios EM, Salas-Morillas A, Vernetta M. Motivation by, Perceived Quality of and Satisfaction with Sports Services among Young Athletes: A Psychological Approach. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1476. [PMID: 36291412 PMCID: PMC9601206 DOI: 10.3390/children9101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the psychological approach of young athletes to sports services in terms of motivation, perceived quality and satisfaction. A total of 307 adolescents (55.7% male and 44.3% female) between 12 and 18 years old participated. Three questionnaires were applied: an ad hoc questionnaire, the Self-Report of Motivation to Practice Physical Exercise (AMPEF) and the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Sports Services (EPOD2). A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted, applying regression analysis to determine the predictive nature of the factors in the questionnaires. Individual sports players and non-competitors rated the motivational factors lower than those who practised collective sports and competed, and the results were reversed with regard to the perceived quality of, satisfaction with and value of the service. They valued human and personal treatment more highly, correlating it moderately and positively with service value (r = 0.422 for the monitor and r = 0.442 for the organisation's staff) and satisfaction (r = 0.43 for the monitor and r = 0.552 for the organisation's staff). Satisfaction was a negative predictor of extrinsic motivation, and vice versa (β = -0.207 and β = -0.143). Young athletes, in general, have an orientation towards intrinsic motivation and therefore a low tendency towards sports dropout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aznar-Ballesta
- Research Group “Science and Sport” SEJ 470, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eva María Peláez-Barrios
- Research Group “Analysis and Evaluation of Physical-Sports Activity” CTS 171, Ministry of Education and Sports, Junta de Andalucía, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alicia Salas-Morillas
- Research Group “Analysis and Evaluation of Physical-Sports Activity” CTS 171, Department of Dance, Acrobatics and Circus, Alicia Alonso University Institute, 28942 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vernetta
- Research Group “Analysis and Evaluation of Physical-Sports Activity” CTS 171, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Physical and Sports Education, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Pérez-de la Cruz S, Gonzalez-Gerez JJ, Arellano de León Ó, Vargas Rodriguez A. Spanish Validation of the PALMS (Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10064. [PMID: 36011695 PMCID: PMC9408067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although there is abundant evidence supporting an active lifestyle, it is necessary to promote the practice of physical activity among the population. To understand this phenomenon, several studies have been conducted to describe the reasons why people participate in sports activities. The PALMS (Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale) was created as a comprehensive tool to measure the reasons for practicing sports. This tool consists of 40 items related to sports and is designed for the young and adult population. Each of the subscales is formed of five items (mastery, enjoyment, psychological condition, physical condition, appearance, the expectations of others, affiliation, competition/ego) that reflect the possible reasons for practicing sports. This study sought to validate the PALMS in the cultural context of Spain, for the type of population for which it is designed. In total, 596 voluntary participants completed the study from Spain, aged 18 to 53, who regularly practice sports. The adequacy of the model obtained in the exploratory study was confirmed, since a model composed of eight factors and 40 indicators in total was obtained. The parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and the factor loadings presented values greater than 0.5. Regarding internal consistency, the values of Cronbach’s alpha and those of the composite reliability were above 0.8. In conclusion, the validation of the Spanish PALMS proved to be a valid and reliable measurement instrument for the evaluation of the reasons that lead the population to perform sports physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Óscar Arellano de León
- Physical Education Department, Training and Improvement Division, National Police School, 05004 Ávila, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas Rodriguez
- Physical Education Department, Training and Improvement Division, National Police School, 05004 Ávila, Spain
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Validation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale in Adolescent School Children in Spain (PALMS-e). SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the physical activity and leisure motivation scale (PALMS) into Spanish, and to analyse its validity and reliability. The sample comprised 867 adolescents, with a mean age of 14.04 ± 1.19 years, 53.9% of whom were male. During the translation process, some of the items in the instrument were modified slightly, improving its comprehensibility. On the other hand, the exploratory factor analysis did not present an adequate factor structure, so a more in-depth analysis was carried out, using item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis; the conclusion was that it would be appropriate to eliminate several items from the scale. From this, a final shortened version, consisting of 25 items, was produced, with adequate fit indices—CFI = 0.933, TLI = 0.918, SRMR = 0.042, RMSEA = 0.052 (90% CI 0.048; 0.056)—and good reliability for each of the dimensions, ranging from 0.625 to 0.835. It can be concluded that the abbreviated version of the PALMS instrument, adapted for Spanish adolescents (PALMS-e), is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing their motives for doing physical activity.
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