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Ortega-Benavent N, Menescardi C, Romero-Martínez J, Barnett LM, Estevan I. Perceived physical literacy in children and early adolescents: Two valid and reliable versions of the PL-C Quest. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102694. [PMID: 38944402 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Perceived physical literacy contributes to the understanding of individuals' physical activity (PA) engagement. It is important a scale is validated in the population of interest. Also, the type of administration may affect reliability and validity. So, the aim of this study was twofold: 1) to examine evidence of validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Physical Literacy for Children Questionnaire (PL-C Quest) in a cohort of children and adolescents and 2) to assess two versions of administering the scale. The study was conducted in two stages, depending on the administration format of the PL-C Quest (double-dichotomous, and four-point response style) in a cohort of 2004 (n1 = 916; n2 = 1088) students. In both administration forms, evidence of validity (relation with other variables, i.e., concurrent and predictive, and structural validity), invariance (between boys and girls) and reliability (test-retest and internal consistency) were examined. There was evidence of validity for both administration types, with adequate reliability and good to excellent test-retest reliability for both administration forms. Both methods of administration for the PL-C Quest can capture perceived physical literacy in Spanish 8- to 14-year-old children and early adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ortega-Benavent
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music. University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Menescardi
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music. University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Romero-Martínez
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music. University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Isaac Estevan
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music. University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Gomwe H, Phiri L, Marange CS. The moderating effect of gender on physical activity participation and physical fitness in children. Health SA 2024; 29:2672. [PMID: 39229319 PMCID: PMC11369578 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v29i0.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The level, direction or presence of the relationship between perceived physical activity (PA) participation and physical fitness (PF) in children may differ by gender and this will assist in designing gender-specific interventions to promote PA participation, which in turn improves PF levels. Aim This study aimed to establish the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with a cohort of 870 primary school children aged 9-14 years old. Perceived PA participation was measured using the PAQ-C questionnaire while PF levels were measured using cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e. VO2 max). Results The results showed significant gender differences for perceived PA participation levels (t = -3.40, p ≤ 0.001) and PF (t = -11.59, p ≤ 0.001), with boys reporting higher levels than the girls. Perceived PA participation had a positive, weak and statistically significant correlation with PF (r = 0.251; p ≤ 0.001). Gender significantly moderates the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF (β3 = 3.518; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.642 to 6.395; p = 0.017). Conclusion The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF highlights the differences in physiology as well as the societal PA associated roles played by boys and girls. Contribution The study has established that the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF is more pronounced among boys than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Gomwe
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesego Phiri
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chioneso Show Marange
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa
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Gomwe H, Phiri L, Marange CS. The mediating role of social support in promoting physical activity among children in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2023; 79:1896. [PMID: 37928649 PMCID: PMC10623640 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v79i1.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low physical activity (PA) participation levels and increasing non-communicable diseases in children are concerning in South Africa and globally. Objectives We sought to assess the mediating role of perceived social support factors on the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA levels among rural, peri-urban and urban school children. Method A cross-sectional study was adopted to assess peer, family and teacher encouragement as mediators on the relationship between perceived PA enjoyment and perceived physical activity participation among children, using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The sample comprised a random sample of primary school learners aged 9-14 years. Results The sample consisted of 870 primary school learners with a mean age of 11.0 ± 1.49 years. Most participants were girls (n = 519; 59.7%). The findings suggest low levels of perceived PA participation (mean = 2.33, standard deviation [s.d.]: 0.43). Peer (β = 0.0187, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0088, 0.0307), family (β = 0.0280, 95% CI: 0.0155, 0.0425) and teacher (β = 0.0242, 95% CI: 0.0127, 0.0378) encouragement partially mediates the relationship between perceived PA enjoyment and perceived PA participation. Family encouragement (β = 0.0158, 95% CI: 0.0017, 0.0311) has the most considerable mediating effect, followed by teacher encouragement (β = 0.0125, 95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0269). Conclusion The findings demonstrated low levels of perceived PA participation in school learners. Therefore, we recommends including social factors as mediators in PA intervention programmes in primary schools. Clinical implications Social support factors as mediators on the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA participation among children may improve children's PA participation levels and help prevent non-communicable diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Gomwe
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesego Phiri
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chioneso Show Marange
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa
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Menescardi C, De Meester A, Álvarez O, Castillo I, Haerens L, Estevan I. The mediational role of motivation in the model of motor development in childhood: A longitudinal study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102398. [PMID: 37665860 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the stability of the hypothesized conceptual model of motor development (without and with including various types of motivation) when children are followed up one-year later, and second to examine longitudinally whether changes in one model variable predict changes in other variables, according to the hypothesized pathways in the model. A sample of 361 Spanish students (50.7% girls, 8-11 years old) voluntarily participated in this study. In relation to the first aim, structural equation modeling revealed the expected positive relationship between the model variables in both measurement times. That is: actual motor competence (MC) predicted physical activity (PA) (p < .001), perceived MC mediated the relationship between actual MC and PA (p < .001), and autonomous motivation mediated the relationship between perceived MC and PA (p < .05). Moreover, the comparison of the invariance analysis showed non-practical differences between the unconstrained model and the constrained model, supporting the stability of the model over time. In relation to the second aim, the hypothesized model in Time 2 controlling for Time 1 values showed that changes in children's actual MC positively predicted changes in their perceived MC (p < .001), which in turn, predicted changes in their autonomous motivation (p < .001), and PA (p < .001) at Time 2. Based on these findings Physical Education teachers are recommended to foster children's actual and perceived MC as well as their autonomous motivation over time in order to promote PA strategies for lifelong health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Menescardi
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, Valencia, Spain.
| | - An De Meester
- University of South Carolina, Department of Physical Education, Columbia, USA; Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Octavio Álvarez
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Social Psychology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Social Psychology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leen Haerens
- Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isaac Estevan
- Physical Activity and Health Promotion (AFIPS) Research Group, Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, Valencia, Spain
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Relationship between Perceived Physical Competence and Outdoor Play among Children Aged 9-12 Years-Focused Sex-Specific Differences. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010135. [PMID: 36670685 PMCID: PMC9857092 DOI: 10.3390/children10010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor play (OP), which is considered important for children's development, is declining every year. Perceived physical competence (PPC) is a vital factor that promotes physical activity such as OP, sports clubs, etc., but the relationship between PPC and OP was unknown. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between PPC and OP in children and consider whether there were any sex-specific changes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Japan with 288 children (134 girls, age: 10.6 ± 1.01 years). OP was assessed using an original self-report questionnaire. Each weekday, the children reported the time of OP and were classified as "high" if they played outside for at least an hour three times. PPC was evaluated with a self-report questionnaire developed by Okazawa et al. (1996). It has 12 questions and was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, screen time, sports club participation, and the number of friends, logistic regression analyses were carried out. RESULTS Children with better PPC were significantly more likely to be classified as "high" [crude odds ratio (OR): 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.08; adjusted OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.08]. Only girls with better PPC were significantly more likely to be classified as "high" in a sex-based stratified analysis [crude OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15, adjusted OR 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.17]. CONCLUSIONS Particularly among girls, OP could be promoted as a voluntary physical activity with improved PPC.
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Estevan I, Bowe SJ, Menescardi C, Barnett LM. Self and proxy (parents and teachers') reports of child motor competence: A three-year longitudinal study. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 64:102331. [PMID: 37665815 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to: 1) analyse the longitudinal trends in the evolution of the association between children's actual and perceived motor competence (AMC and PMC, respectively) according to the source of information: children, parents, and Physical Education (PE) teachers; 2) assess whether children, parents, and PE teachers can report on children's AMC longitudinally (considering the children's age, sex, and the type of motor competence). DESIGN AND METHOD A sample of 108 typically developing Spanish children (47.12% girls) from five schools participated in this study. AMC and PMC (locomotion, object control and overall MC) data was collected at three time points one year apart. Longitudinal mixed effects models with repeated measures were conducted. RESULTS Regardless of the domain of MC, no longitudinal association between children's AMC and PMC was found. Parents also exhibited limited capability to proxy report their children's AMC longitudinally. PE teachers' proxy reports of children' AMC were associated over time with object control and overall level. CONCLUSION This study confirms the necessity of specific training in AMC to effectively report on children's motor competence. PE teachers can be seen as a potential source to empower children's AMC and PMC development over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Estevan
- AFIPS Research Group, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3125, Australia; School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Cristina Menescardi
- AFIPS Research Group, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
| | - Lisa M Barnett
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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