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Chen W, Wang D, Ma L, Wu F, Ren Q, Tao J, Chen X, Zhang A. Chronic arsenite exposure induced skeletal muscle atrophy by disrupting angiotensin II-melatonin axis in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1350-1359. [PMID: 37966059 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant and emerging evidence suggests that arsenic exposure has potential skeletal muscle toxicity; however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation among adverse effects of subchronic and chronic environmental arsenic exposure on skeletal muscle as well as specific myokines secretion and angiotensin II (AngII)-melatonin (MT) axis in rats. Four-week-old rats were exposed to arsenite (iAs) in drinking water at environmental relevant concentration of 10 ppm for 3 or 9 months. Results indicated that the gastrocnemius muscle had atrophied and its mass was decreased in rats exposed to arsenite for 9 months, whereas, they had no significant changes in rats exposed to arsenite for 3 months. The levels of serum-specific myokine irisin and gastrocnemius muscle insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were increased in 3-month exposure group and decreased in 9-month exposure group, while serum myostatin (MSTN) was increased significantly in 9-month exposure group. In addition, serum AngII level increased both in 3- and 9-month exposure groups, while serum MT level increased in 3-month exposure group and decreased in 9-month exposure group. Importantly, the ratio of AngII to MT level in serum increased gradually with the prolongation of arsenite exposure. It showed a certain correlation between AngII-MT axis and gastrocnemius muscle mass, gastrocnemius muscle level of IGF-1 or serum levels of irisin and MSTN. In conclusion, the disruption of AngII-MT axis balance may be a significant factor for skeletal muscle atrophy induced by chronic environmental arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Junyan Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Clemens Z, Wang K, Ambrosio F, Barchowsky A. Arsenic disrupts extracellular vesicle-mediated signaling in regenerating myofibers. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:231-245. [PMID: 37527016 PMCID: PMC10535782 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to environmental arsenic is a public health crisis affecting hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. Though arsenic is known to contribute to many pathologies and diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, and neurological impairment, the mechanisms for arsenic-promoted disease remain unresolved. This is especially true for arsenic impacts on skeletal muscle function and metabolism, despite the crucial role that skeletal muscle health plays in maintaining cardiovascular health, systemic homeostasis, and cognition. A barrier to researching this area is the challenge of interrogating muscle cell-specific effects in biologically relevant models. Ex vivo studies investigating mechanisms for muscle-specific responses to arsenic or other environmental contaminants primarily utilize traditional 2-dimensional culture models that cannot elucidate effects on muscle physiology or function. Therefore, we developed a contractile 3-dimensional muscle construct model-composed of primary mouse muscle progenitor cells differentiated in a hydrogel matrix-to study arsenic exposure impacts on skeletal muscle regeneration. Muscle constructs exposed to low-dose (50 nM) arsenic exhibited reduced strength and myofiber diameter following recovery from muscle injury. These effects were attributable to dysfunctional paracrine signaling mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from muscle cells. Specifically, we found that EVs collected from arsenic-exposed muscle constructs recapitulated the inhibitory effects of direct arsenic exposure on myofiber regeneration. In addition, muscle constructs treated with EVs isolated from muscles of arsenic-exposed mice displayed significantly decreased strength. Our findings highlight a novel model for muscle toxicity research and uncover a mechanism of arsenic-induced muscle dysfunction by the disruption of EV-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Clemens
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Discovery Center for Musculoskeletal Recovery, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fabrisia Ambrosio
- Discovery Center for Musculoskeletal Recovery, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Chen X, Chen W, Wang D, Ma L, Tao J, Zhang A. Subchronic Arsenite Exposure Induced Atrophy and Erythropoietin Sensitivity Reduction in Skeletal Muscle Were Relevant to Declined Serum Melatonin Levels in Middle-Aged Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:689. [PMID: 37624196 PMCID: PMC10458431 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a kind of widespread environmental toxicant with multiorgan-toxic effects, and arsenic exposure is associated with the occurrence and development of many chronic diseases. The influence of environmental arsenic exposure on skeletal muscle, which is a vital organ of energy and glucose metabolism, has received increasing attention. This study aimed to investigate the types of inorganic arsenic-induced skeletal muscle injury, and the potential regulatory effects of melatonin (MT) and erythropoietin (EPO) in young (3-month-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. Our results showed that 1 mg/L sodium arsenite exposure for 3 months could accelerate gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and promote the switch of type II fibers to type I fibers in middle-aged rats; however, it did not cause significant pathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle in young rats. In addition, arsenite could inhibit serum MT levels, and promote serum EPO levels but inhibit EPO receptor (EPOR) expression in gastrocnemius muscle in middle-aged rats, while serum MT levels and EPOR expression in gastrocnemius muscle showed an opposite effect in young rats. Importantly, exogenous MT antagonized the arsenite-induced skeletal muscle toxic effect and restored serum EPO and gastrocnemius muscle EPOR expression levels in middle-aged rats. There was a positive correlation among gastrocnemius muscle index, serum MT level, and gastrocnemius muscle EPOR protein level in arsenite-exposed rats. This study demonstrated that inorganic arsenic could accelerate skeletal muscle mass loss and type II fiber reduction in middle-aged rats, which may be related to decreased MT secretion and declined EPO sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.C.)
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Perego MC, McMichael BD, McMurry NR, Ventrello SW, Bain LJ. Arsenic Impairs Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cholinergic Motor Neurons. TOXICS 2023; 11:644. [PMID: 37624150 PMCID: PMC10458826 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure during embryogenesis can lead to improper neurodevelopment and changes in locomotor activity. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that arsenic inhibits the differentiation of sensory neurons and skeletal muscle. In the current study, human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were differentiated into motor neurons over 28 days, while being exposed to up to 0.5 μM arsenic. On day 6, neuroepithelial progenitor cells (NEPs) exposed to arsenic had reduced transcript levels of the neural progenitor/stem cell marker nestin (NES) and neuroepithelial progenitor marker SOX1, while levels of these transcripts were increased in motor neuron progenitors (MNPs) at day 12. In day 18 early motor neurons (MNs), choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) expression was reduced two-fold in cells exposed to 0.5 μM arsenic. RNA sequencing demonstrated that the cholinergic synapse pathway was impaired following exposure to 0.5 μM arsenic, and that transcript levels of genes involved in acetylcholine synthesis (CHAT), transport (solute carriers, SLC18A3 and SLC5A7) and degradation (acetylcholinesterase, ACHE) were all downregulated in day 18 early MNs. In day 28 mature motor neurons, arsenic significantly downregulated protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and ChAT by 2.8- and 2.1-fold, respectively, concomitantly with a reduction in neurite length. These results show that exposure to environmentally relevant arsenic concentrations dysregulates the differentiation of human iPS cells into motor neurons and impairs the cholinergic synapse pathway, suggesting that exposure impairs cholinergic function in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chiara Perego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R. McMurry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Scott W. Ventrello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lisa J. Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Camacho JA, Welch B, Sprando RL, Hunt PR. Reproductive-Toxicity-Related Endpoints in C. elegans Are Consistent with Reduced Concern for Dimethylarsinic Acid Exposure Relative to Inorganic Arsenic. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11020018. [PMID: 37218812 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to arsenic and mercury are known to pose significant threats to human health; however, the effects specific to organic vs. inorganic forms are not fully understood. Caenorhabditis elegans' (C. elegans) transparent cuticle, along with the conservation of key genetic pathways regulating developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART)-related processes such as germ stem cell renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and embryonic tissue differentiation and growth, support this model's potential to address the need for quicker and more dependable testing methods for DART hazard identification. Organic and inorganic forms of mercury and arsenic had different effects on reproductive-related endpoints in C. elegans, with methylmercury (meHgCl) having effects at lower concentrations than mercury chloride (HgCl2), and sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) having effects at lower concentrations than dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Progeny to adult ratio changes and germline apoptosis were seen at concentrations that also affected gravid adult gross morphology. For both forms of arsenic tested, germline histone regulation was altered at concentrations below those that affected progeny/adult ratios, while concentrations for these two endpoints were similar for the mercury compounds. These C. elegans findings are consistent with corresponding mammalian data, where available, suggesting that small animal model test systems may help to fill critical data gaps by contributing to weight of evidence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Camacho
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Bonnie Welch
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Piper R Hunt
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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6
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Nivetha N, Srivarshine B, Sowmya B, Rajendiran M, Saravanan P, Rajeshkannan R, Rajasimman M, Pham THT, Shanmugam V, Dragoi EN. A comprehensive review on bio-stimulation and bio-enhancement towards remediation of heavy metals degeneration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137099. [PMID: 36372332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of heavy metals is one of the risky contaminations that should be managed for all intents and purposes of general well-being concerns. The bioaccumulation of these heavy metals inside our bodies and pecking orders will influence our people in the future. Bioremediation is a bio-mechanism where residing organic entities use and reuse the squanders that are reused to one more form. This could be accomplished by taking advantage of the property of explicit biomolecules or biomass that is equipped for restricting by concentrating the necessary heavy metal particles. The microorganisms can't obliterate the metal yet can change it into a less harmful substance. In this unique circumstance, this review talks about the sources, poisonousness, impacts, and bioremediation strategies of five heavy metals: lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, and manganese. The concentrations here are the ordinary strategies for bioremediation such as biosorption methods, the use of microbes, green growth, and organisms, etc. This review demonstrates the toxicity of heavy metal contamination degradation by biotransformation through bacterioremediation and biodegradation through mycoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nivetha
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Srivarshine
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Sowmya
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, UCE - BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thi Hong Trang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Natural Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - VenkatKumar Shanmugam
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- "Cristofor Simionescu" Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Iasi, Bld Mangeron No 73, 700050, Romania
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7
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Sumi D, Taguchi H, Takeuchi K, Fujishiro H. CHAC1 exacerbates arsenite cytotoxicity by lowering intracellular glutathione levels. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:487-494. [PMID: 37661365 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We here examined whether CHAC1 is implicated in arsenite (As(III))-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells. We found that HaCaT cells in which the intracellular GSH levels were elevated by transfection with CHAC1 siRNA showed decreased sensitivity to As(III) compared to the control cells. Treatment with BSO (an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis) abolished the decrease in sensitivity to As(III), suggesting that an increase in intracellular GSH levels was involved in the decrease in sensitivity to As(III) due to the decrease in the levels of CHAC1 expression. When we examined the expression of CHAC1 after exposure of HaCaT cells to As(III), the levels of CHAC1 were increased. Since CHAC1 is a proapoptotic factor, we examined appearance of apoptotic cells and cleavage of caspase-3 after exposure to As(III) to determine whether As(III)-induced CHAC1 up-regulation was involved in apoptosis induction. The results showed that induction of apoptosis by As(III) exposure was not detected in CHAC1 siRNA-transfected cells. Together, our findings indicate that CHAC1 is involved in the sensitivity of HaCaT cells to As(III) by regulating the intracellular GSH levels, and in particular, CHAC1 is involved in As(III)-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Sumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Hiroki Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Kumiko Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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Khan MI, Ahmad MF, Ahmad I, Ashfaq F, Wahab S, Alsayegh AA, Kumar S, Hakeem KR. Arsenic Exposure through Dietary Intake and Associated Health Hazards in the Middle East. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102136. [PMID: 35631276 PMCID: PMC9146532 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary arsenic (As) contamination is a major public health issue. In the Middle East, the food supply relies primarily on the import of food commodities. Among different age groups the main source of As exposure is grains and grain-based food products, particularly rice and rice-based dietary products. Rice and rice products are a rich source of core macronutrients and act as a chief energy source across the world. The rate of rice consumption ranges from 250 to 650 g per day per person in South East Asian countries. The source of carbohydrates through rice is one of the leading causes of human As exposure. The Gulf population consumes primarily rice and ready-to-eat cereals as a large proportion of their meals. Exposure to arsenic leads to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as dysbiosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart disease, cancer, and maternal and fetal complications. The impact of arsenic-containing food items and their exposure on health outcomes are different among different age groups. In the Middle East countries, neurological deficit disorder (NDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases are alarming issues. Arsenic exposure might be a causative factor that should be assessed by screening the population and regulatory bodies rechecking the limits of As among all age groups. Our goals for this review are to outline the source and distribution of arsenic in various foods and water and summarize the health complications linked with arsenic toxicity along with identified modifiers that add heterogeneity in biological responses and suggest improvements for multi-disciplinary interventions to minimize the global influence of arsenic. The development and validation of diverse analytical techniques to evaluate the toxic levels of different As contaminants in our food products is the need of the hour. Furthermore, standard parameters and guidelines for As-containing foods should be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Idreesh Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Arras, Qassim University, Buraydah 58883, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence: or (M.F.A.); (S.W.)
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fauzia Ashfaq
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (M.F.A.); (S.W.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Sachil Kumar
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences (NAUSS), Riyadh 14812, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al- Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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Ro SH, Bae J, Jang Y, Myers JF, Chung S, Yu J, Natarajan SK, Franco R, Song HS. Arsenic Toxicity on Metabolism and Autophagy in Adipose and Muscle Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040689. [PMID: 35453374 PMCID: PMC9028583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, a naturally occurring metalloid derived from the environment, has been studied worldwide for its causative effects in various cancers. However, the effects of arsenic toxicity on the development and progression of metabolic syndrome, including obesity and diabetes, has received less attention. Many studies suggest that metabolic dysfunction and autophagy dysregulation of adipose and muscle tissues are closely related to the development of metabolic disease. In the USA, arsenic contamination has been reported in some ground water, soil and grain samples in major agricultural regions, but the effects on adipose and muscle tissue metabolism and autophagy have not been investigated much. Here, we highlight arsenic toxicity according to the species, dose and exposure time and the effects on adipose and muscle tissue metabolism and autophagy. Historically, arsenic was used as both a poison and medicine, depending on the dose and treatment time. In the modern era, arsenic intoxication has significantly increased due to exposure from water, soil and food, which could be a contributing factor in the development and progression of metabolic disease. From this review, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms by which arsenic alters metabolism and autophagy regulation could become a cornerstone leading to the development of therapeutic strategies against arsenic-induced toxicity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.); (J.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-5424; Fax:+1-402-472-7842
| | - Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.); (J.F.M.)
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.); (J.F.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jacob F. Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (J.B.); (Y.J.); (J.F.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Jefferson College of Life Sciences, MD-PhD Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Jiujiu Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (J.Y.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (J.Y.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Hyun-Seob Song
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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