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Atay N, Bolacali ET, Dere S. Examination of parents' sensitivity levels to violence against children during the COVID-19: A post-pandemic evaluation. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 78:e464-e470. [PMID: 39153921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate parents' thoughts, and sensitivity levels about violence against children during the COVID-19 period after the pandemic. DESIGN AND METHODS The population of this descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational, and multicenter study consisted of parents registered in six family health centers in a city in southern Turkey. Study data were collected between April and November 2023 using information forms that included questions about parents' personal information, and their thoughts about violence against children during the pandemic and the Sensitivity to Violence Against Children Scale and analyzed. RESULTS According to 42.3% of parents, children's exposure to violence increased during the pandemic; 64.7% stated that children experienced emotional violence the most. Parents who thought that there was a decrease in the reports of violence due to school closures, social distancing, and restriction of children's access to health, and social and legal services had higher SVACS mean scores than those who did not think so (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Most of the parents thought that children's exposure to violence increased and reports of violence decreased during the pandemic. In addition, parents' thoughts toward violence against children during the pandemic period were associated with their level of sensitivity to violence against children. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE During the pandemic period, it is important that pediatric nurses, who are in direct contact with children, are in contact with parents and take an active role in the process in the prevention, early detection and reporting of violence against children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Atay
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Edanur Tar Bolacali
- Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, First and Emergency Aid Program, Kırsehir, Türkiye.
| | - Sıla Dere
- Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Osmaniye, Turkey
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Enríquez Y, Cahui CR, Díaz GM. Ecological approach to the characteristics and determinants of sexual violence against adolescents in Perú. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2024; 44:230-247. [PMID: 39088530 PMCID: PMC11374119 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.7131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction. Sexual violence against adolescents is a global problem that affects young people around the world. The ecological model examines its forms and determinants through interconnected levels. Objective. To determine the frequency, characteristics, and predictors of sexual violence in adolescents attending school in Perú. Materials and methods. This was a cross-sectional study that secondarily analyzed data from the Encuesta Nacional de Relaciones Sociales (2019). A stratified probabilistic sample involved 1,579 youth aged 12-17 from 93 schools. The questionnaire evaluated physical, psychological, and sexual violence in the family and at school. Models were estimated using logistic regression analysis, calculating odds ratio (OR). Results. Eighteen point sixty eight per cent (95% CI: 16.80-20.60) suffered some type of sexual assault. In addition, 9.75% (95% CI: 8.28-11.21) reported having been touched in some part of the body and 1.84% (95% CI: 1.17-2.50) reported that was a victim of rape. Age was identified as a risk factor in the microsystem (OR = 1.48) (95% CI: 1.26-1.74), while the age of the first experienced sexual violence acted as a protective factor (OR = 0.61) (95% CI: 0.54-0.69). In addition, in the macrosystem, the perception that violence occurs mainly outside the home increased the risk (OR = 2.06) (95% CI: 1.01-4.19). Conclusions. Approximately two out of ten respondents reported having experienced some type of sexual violence, with verbal harassment and invasive personal contact being the most common. No single level or factor can fully explain adolescent sexual violence without considering its ecological interconnectedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanis Enríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae, Lima, Perú
| | - Claudia Rebeca Cahui
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae, Lima, Perú
| | - Giovani Martín Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae, Lima, Perú
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Cardozo MFI, de Jesus GC, de Sousa MH, Iatecola A, Melgaço Maia FL, de Carvalho GMA, Silva VR, Buchaim DV, Moura Cardozo AG, Correia RR, Buchaim RL, da Cunha MR. Mapping the learning styles of medical students in Brazil. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38200477 PMCID: PMC10782527 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical education has evolved based on the application of pedagogical actions that place the student as the protagonist of the learning process through the use of active teaching methodologies. Within this context, higher education teachers should use strategies that focus on the student and his/her context and avoid traditional teaching methods. Specifically in medical schools, there is an even greater challenge since the teaching methods of medical curricula differ from those used in previous schooling. Consequently, students acquire their own style of processing information that is often incompatible with the profile of medical schools. This may be one of the factors responsible for the lack of motivation among undergraduates. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the learning styles of students enrolled in a Brazilian medical school using the Felder-Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS). METHODS This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study that included students from the 1st to the 6th year of a Brazilian medical school. The students participating in this study voluntarily answered 44 questions about learning styles of the Felder-Silverman instrument validated in Brazil. The instrument was divided so that each domain consisted of 11 questions with two response options in which only one could be selected. For each domain, a score (1 point) was assigned to the selected option (a, b) of the question and the learning style category was determined as the difference between these values. For data collection and tabulation, we used the Learning Syle Platform (EdA Platform) developed based on Felder's studies since this system processes information about the dimension analyzed, the preferred style, and the most striking characteristics of each style. RESULTS The results showed that sensing was the preferred learning style of the students, followed by the sequential and visual styles. It was not possible to determine whether gender or age influences the choice of learning methods because of the homogeneity of the results. CONCLUSIONS The present data will enable teachers of the institution involved in this study to plan pedagogical actions that improve the students' self-awareness, as well as their teaching-learning skills, by choosing the most adequate active methodologies for the medical education programs considering the individuality of each student and class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilmar Cardozo de Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, 13202-550, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, 13202-550, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Amilton Iatecola
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, 13202-550, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vinícius Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of San Francisco (USF), 12916- 900, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Daniela Vieira Buchaim
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), 17525-902, Marilia, Brazil
- Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), 17800-000, Adamantina, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ronny Rodrigues Correia
- Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), 18618-687, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Leone Buchaim
- Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-270, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo (FOB/USP), 17012-901, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues da Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, 13202-550, Jundiaí, Brazil.
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Sector, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, 13202-550, Jundiaí, Brazil.
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Grzejszczak J, Gabryelska A, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Strzelecki D. Evaluation of Psychological and Physical Violence towards Children and Adolescents before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Lodz Voivodship. Brain Sci 2023; 14:24. [PMID: 38248239 PMCID: PMC10813170 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that the course of COVID-19 infection in the under-18 population was in many cases sparsely symptomatic. In contrast, the impact of the pandemic on the psychological state is quite different. The risk of psychopathological symptoms in children and adolescents increased and the course of already present psychiatric disorders has often been exacerbated. OBJECTIVES Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychological and physical violence among children and adolescents and its change during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to investigate various factors that might affect violence. METHODS In this survey study, 782 responses were included, with 480 collected during the second and 302 during the fourth wave of COVID-19. In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, medical history, mental state, psychopathological symptoms, as well as the presence of psychological, physical violence, and suicidal self-harm behaviors before (retrospectively) and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the under-18 population of the Lodz Voivodship. The survey was prepared using Google Forms. RESULTS A decrease in the prevalence of physical violence during both waves of the pandemic has been observed (6.39% vs. 3.45%; p < 0.001), with only a similar trend present for psychological violence 16.75% vs. 14.71%; p = 0.081). No difference between physical and psychological violence was present in different pandemic waves, type of flat or house individuals lived in, availability of one's room, number of people living in the house, number of siblings, and type of school classes (p > 0.050). Older children (>15 years old) were more likely to be victims of psychological violence before and during the pandemic (both p < 0.001). A statistically significant model was obtained for psychological violence before (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.011) and during the pandemic (p = 0.007, R2 = 0.032). Risk factors for psychological violence before the pandemic included male gender (B = 0.531, p = 0.009, OR = 1.700), older age (B = 0.869, p = 0.001, OR = 2.385), and smaller city size (B = -0.187, p = 0.004, OR = 0.829), while for psychological violence during the pandemic, the risk factors were only male gender (B = 0.482, p = 0.022, OR = 1.620) and older age (B = 0.555, p = 0.046, OR = 1.742). No statistically significant models were created for physical violence (p > 0.050). CONCLUSIONS The observed decrease in physical violence during the COVID-19 pandemic suggests that in the studied group, home environment was not the main source of physical violence. Yet, we did not find any predicting factors for this form of violence. Violence, both physical and psychological, is a dangerous phenomenon in the under-18 population both in the pre-pandemic period and in crisis situations such as the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Grzejszczak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
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Avezum MDMDM, Altafim ERP, Linhares MBM. Spanking and Corporal Punishment Parenting Practices and Child Development: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3094-3111. [PMID: 36177799 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221124243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children is a significant problem, particularly during early childhood development. Spanking and other forms of corporal punishment in child-rearing have been used by families worldwide to correct children's unwanted behaviors. Despite previous studies focusing on the negative consequences of these parental practices, open questions remain. The present study aimed to systematically review the empirical studies published in scientific literature that examined the associations between parenting practices of spanking and corporal punishment of mothers and their children's behaviors and development in early childhood. Search was performed in PubMed, APA PsycNet, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS databases using the combination of the following keywords: ((spank OR physical punishment OR physical abuse OR physical maltreatment OR corporal punishment) AND (parenting)) AND (child* development OR child* behavior). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and 34 articles were selected for review. The inclusion criteria were the following: studies that evaluated associations between maternal spanking or corporal punishment practices and behaviors or development of 0-to-6-year-old children; quantitative studies; studies published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese language. The results showed that in 94% of the studies, there were significant associations between maternal spanking and corporal punishment with deteriorated child behavior and development, concurrently or later. In addition, maternal physical practices also acted as mediators or moderator variables in models that explained behavioral and developmental problems in early childhood.
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Nam GP, Choi WS, Cho JS, Lim YS, Woo JH, Jang JH, Choi JY. Comparison of pediatric injury patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: a retrospective study. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND INJURY 2023; 36:343-353. [PMID: 39381577 PMCID: PMC11309247 DOI: 10.20408/jti.2023.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant changes in the lifestyle patterns of children and affected the patterns of pediatric injuries. This study analyzed the changing patterns of pediatric injury overall and by age groups, based on the datasets before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This study is based on the data of patients who presented with injuries at 23 hospital emergency departments participating in the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance (EDIIS) conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The surveillance data was categorized by injury mechanism, location, activity, and severity. We analyzed the injury patterns of pediatric patients aged 0 to 15 years. Subgroup analysis was conducted by age group in children aged 7 to 15 years, 1 to 6 years, and <1 year. Results When comparing the COVID-19 pandemic period to the pre-COVID-19 period, the total number of pediatric patients with injuries decreased by 38.7%, while the proportions of in-home injuries (57.9% vs. 67.9%), and minor injuries (38.9% vs. 39.7%) increased. In the 7 to 15 years group, bicycle riding injuries (50.9% vs. 65.6%) and personal mobility device injuries (2.4% vs. 4.6%) increased. The 1 to 6 years group also showed an increase in bicycle accident injuries (15.8% vs. 22.4%). In the <1 year group, injuries from falls increased (44.5% vs. 49.9%). Self-harm injuries in the 7 to 15 years group also increased (1.6% vs. 2.8%). Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the overall number of pediatric injuries decreased, while injuries occurring at home and during indoor activities increased. Traffic accidents involving bicycles and personal mobility devices and self-harm injuries increased in the 7 to 15 years group. In the <1 year group, the incidence of falls increased. Medical and societal preparedness is needed so that we might anticipate these changes in the patterns of pediatric injuries during future infectious disease pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geom Pil Nam
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo Sung Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Su Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyug Woo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jea Yeon Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Roman-Lazarte V, Roman LA, Galeas-Torre MK. Characteristics and Factors Associated With Age and Gender Among Peruvian Children and Adolescents Who Are Victims of Sexual Violence. Glob Pediatr Health 2023; 10:2333794X231190526. [PMID: 37533962 PMCID: PMC10392208 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x231190526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To identify the characteristics and factors associated with the gender and age of victims and aggressors. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations. Linear regression and Poisson regression were used to determine β coefficients and prevalence ratios (PR) between general characteristics and victim gender and age. Results. A total of 6929 records were analyzed. Factors associated with victim gender included urban area of residence (P < .001), alcohol consumption (P < .001). Factors associated with older victim age were being female (β = 3.08) and not being related to the aggressor (β = 1.73). Aggressors were older if they were the father (β = 7.58) or stepfather (β = 5.08), and if the rape had occurred previously (β = 6.11). Conclusions. There are factors directly associated with the gender and age of the victim. Strategies to prevent sexual assaults, especially within the family context, should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Roman-Lazarte
- Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Lima, Perú
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Perú
| | - Luz Angela Roman
- Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Cerro de Pasco, Pasco, Perú
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina Humana Daniel Alcides Carrión (SOCIEMDAC), Cerro de Pasco, Pasco, Perú
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Jensen SKG, Murray SM, Placencio-Castro M, Kajani U, Amponsah D, Sezibera V, Betancourt TS. Family Violence Reduction Within a Parenting Intervention in Rwanda: A Mixed-Methods Study. Pediatrics 2023; 151:191223. [PMID: 37125890 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-060221l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A mixed-methods study of mechanisms of change through which a home-visiting-based early childhood development intervention, Sugira Muryango ("strong family"), reduced violent discipline and intimate partner violence in Rwanda. METHODS The cluster-randomized trial of Sugira Muryango enrolled socioeconomically vulnerable families with children aged 6 to 36 months in rural Rwanda. We interviewed 18 female caregivers early in the intervention, and 21 female caregivers and 11 male intimate partners were interviewed after the intervention. Coded interviews identify risk factors for violence and mechanisms of intervention-related change in violence. Quantitative analyses included 931 caregivers (52.6% female) who lived with an intimate partner to examine risk factors for violence, intervention effects, and mechanisms of violence reduction. RESULTS The qualitative data identified daily hardships and alcohol problems as risk factors for violent discipline and intimate partner violence. Through Sugira Muryango, caregivers learned that strong relationships between partners and engagement of male caregivers in child care has positive impacts on children's development. Techniques taught by community lay workers improved communication, promoted positive parent-child interactions, and reduced intimate partner violence and violent discipline. Quantitative analyses also found that daily hardships predict violent discipline and intimate partner violence. Sugira Muryango reduced violent discipline, increased father engagement, and increased female caregiving warmth. Moreover, pre- to postintervention change in caregiving warmth was associated with reduced use of violent discipline among female caregivers and marginally associated with reduced female victimization. CONCLUSIONS Violence reduction can be integrated into early child development programs to reduce violent discipline and intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shauna M Murray
- School for Global Inclusion and Social Development, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matias Placencio-Castro
- School of Social Work
- Lynch School of Education, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Vincent Sezibera
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Geprägs A, Bürgin D, Fegert JM, Brähler E, Clemens V. Parental stress and physical violence against children during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic: results of a population-based survey in Germany. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:25. [PMID: 36804027 PMCID: PMC9940081 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents and caregivers belonged to those with the highest burdens during the COVID-pandemic. Considering the close link between parental stress and child maltreatment, identifying families with high parental stress is of utmost importance to prevent violence against children. Within this study, we thus aimed to investigate the interplay of parental stress, changes in parental stress, and physical violence against children during the second year of the COVID-pandemic on an exploratory level. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study in Germany from July to October 2021. By using different sampling steps, a representative probability sample of the German population was generated. A subsample of these participants with children under the age of 18 was included for analysis within this study (N = 453, 60.3% females, Mage = 40.08; SD = 8.53). RESULTS Higher parental stress levels were associated with more physical violence against children, higher levels of own experiences of child maltreatment, and mental health symptoms. An increase in parental stress during the pandemic was associated with female sex, the use of physical violence against children, and parental experience of child maltreatment. Parents who have ever used physical violence against their children have been characterized by higher parental stress levels, a stronger increase in parental stress during the pandemic, own experience of child maltreatment, mental health symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics. Higher parental stress levels, a stronger increase of parental stress during the pandemic, having pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and parental experience of child maltreatment predicted an increased use of physical violence against children during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our results underscore the importance of parental stress for the risk of physical violence against children, more so in times of overall increased stress due to the pandemic and underline the need for low threshold support for families at risk in times of crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Geprägs
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Bürgin
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department (UPKKJ), Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M. Fegert
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- grid.410607.4Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vera Clemens
- Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Silva DPAD, Ribeiro MRC, Branco MDRFC, Marques MTS, Almeida JDS, Gomes JA, Silva AAMD. Deaths, crimes and violence not classified as a crime among children and adolescents in Maranhão, Brazil (2014 to 2020). CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:421-435. [PMID: 36651397 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023282.08342022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares temporal trends in violent deaths of children and adolescents and analyzes differences in incidents of violence classified and not classified as a crime. We analyzed data from the Mortality Information System and State of Maranhão Public Security Department for the period 2014 to 2020. Child and adolescent were defined as aged 0-11 and 12-17 years old, respectively. Types of violence were organized according to the groups, subgroups, and types of crimes set out in Brazil's penal code. A total of 1,326 deaths and 8,187 incidents of violence were reported, both of which were more frequent in adolescents. The most frequent types of violence in children and adolescentes, respectively, were: abduction of incapable persons (p < 0.001), abandonment of incapable persons (p = 0.045), rape of vulnerable persons (p = 0.003); homicides (p < 0.001), crimes against individual freedom (p = 0.004), crimes against sexual freedom (p < 0.001), psychological violence (p = 0.034). Domestic violence with bodily harm was more frequent in girls (p < 0.001), while severe bodily harm (p=0.002), homicide (p < 0.001), and harassment (p < 0.001) were more frequent in boys. The findings reveal differences over time in deaths and incidents of violence classified and not classified as crime among both children and adolescents.
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Silva DPAD, Ribeiro MRC, Branco MDRFC, Marques MTS, Almeida JDS, Gomes JA, Silva AAMD. Deaths, crimes and violence not classified as a crime among children and adolescents in Maranhão, Brazil (2014 to 2020). CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023282.08342022en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study compares temporal trends in violent deaths of children and adolescents and analyzes differences in incidents of violence classified and not classified as a crime. We analyzed data from the Mortality Information System and State of Maranhão Public Security Department for the period 2014 to 2020. Child and adolescent were defined as aged 0-11 and 12-17 years old, respectively. Types of violence were organized according to the groups, subgroups, and types of crimes set out in Brazil’s penal code. A total of 1,326 deaths and 8,187 incidents of violence were reported, both of which were more frequent in adolescents. The most frequent types of violence in children and adolescentes, respectively, were: abduction of incapable persons (p < 0.001), abandonment of incapable persons (p = 0.045), rape of vulnerable persons (p = 0.003); homicides (p < 0.001), crimes against individual freedom (p = 0.004), crimes against sexual freedom (p < 0.001), psychological violence (p = 0.034). Domestic violence with bodily harm was more frequent in girls (p < 0.001), while severe bodily harm (p=0.002), homicide (p < 0.001), and harassment (p < 0.001) were more frequent in boys. The findings reveal differences over time in deaths and incidents of violence classified and not classified as crime among both children and adolescents.
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Shukla S, Ezebuihe JA, Steinert JI. Association between public health emergencies and sexual and reproductive health, gender-based violence, and early marriage among adolescent girls: a rapid review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:117. [PMID: 36650493 PMCID: PMC9844939 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As COVID-19 continues to impact lives and livelihoods around the world, women and girls are disproportionately affected. Crisis situations and related response measures, such as lockdowns, school closures, and travel restrictions, often exacerbate the adversities and human rights violations faced by adolescent girls. We conducted a rapid review to synthesise evidence on the impact of public health emergencies (PHEs) related to gender-based inequalities among adolescent girls. METHODS We systematically searched five major databases. Records were imported into the online screening tool Rayyan, and 10% of the records were triple screened for eligibility. We included qualitative, mixed-methods, and quantitative studies that assessed the relationship between PHEs and any of the following outcomes: (1) gender-based violence, (2) early/forced marriage, and (3) sexual and reproductive health. Due to the heterogeneity of included study designs, no meta-analysis was performed, and studies were summarised narratively. FINDINGS Out the initial 6004 articles, 11 studies met our eligibility criteria. Five of these assessed the impact of natural disasters and six were focused on consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven studies focused on the impact of PHEs on gender-based violence, three focused on sexual and reproductive health, and only one study looked at early marriage. The main impacts highlighted by the studies included (1) increases in physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, (2) increase in the occurrence of teenage pregnancy, (3) poor menstruation hygiene management, and (4) occurrence of early marriages. Mechanisms underlying these impacts were PHE-specific response strategies like home confinement, closure of schools, the worsening of families' financial situation such as the inability to pay for school fees or day-to-day living costs, and the disempowerment of and increased workloads for adolescent girls. CONCLUSION Although evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on gender-based violence, sexual and reproductive health, and especially forced or early marriage of adolescent girls is limited, results from studies on other PHEs indicate that during crises, these detrimental outcomes are exacerbated. Findings from our review have important implications for policies and programs providing life skills training, financial literacy training, credit support, and safe spaces for adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shukla
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Janina Isabel Steinert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yosep I, Hikmat R, Mardhiyah A, Lukman M. Interventions Focused by Nurses for Reducing Negative Effect of Traumatic Experience on Victims of Sexual Violence: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010125. [PMID: 36611585 PMCID: PMC9819366 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence has increased quite rapidly. Sexual violence can be in the form of physical or verbal violence. The impact of sexual violence causes a traumatic experience that causes physical problems, psychological problems, loss of the future, and causes the risk of death. Nurses have an important role in reducing the impact of sexual violence on victims. The purpose of this study is to describe nursing interventions to reduce the impact of traumatic experiences experienced by victims of sexual violence. This study used a scoping review method. The literature used in this study is from CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus. Keywords in this study are sexual violence, traumatic experience, impact, and victims. Search strategy used PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews to select articles for this study. The inclusion criteria were that the sample was female victims of sexual violence, studies employed a randomized control trial or quasi-experimental research design, and the publication period was of the last 10 years (2013-2022). We found 10 articles that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings from this scoping review show that nursing interventions can reduce the impact of traumatic experiences on victims of sexual violence. There are three methods of nursing intervention, namely cognitive behavior, counseling, and web-based intervention. The samples are from developing and developed countries. The range of the samples are from 35-1250 respondents. Nursing interventions focus on victims in order to improve mental health and reduce the traumatic impact experienced by victims of sexual violence. The activities carried out were psychoeducation, keeping a daily journal, and discussions related to the traumatic experiences experienced. Nurses as health workers have a role to provide comprehensive nursing care to victims of sexual violence by taking into account the characteristics and impact of trauma experienced by victims of sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyus Yosep
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +62-81394665577
| | - Rohman Hikmat
- Professional Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ai Mardhiyah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Mamat Lukman
- Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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14
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Grzejszczak J, Gabryelska A, Gmitrowicz A, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Strzelecki D. Are Children Harmed by Being Locked up at Home? The Impact of Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13958. [PMID: 36360840 PMCID: PMC9657348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of violence against children is a very complex one. There are many types of child abuse, and they are culturally dependent to a significant degree. Although studies show that children generally only suffer from mild COVID-19 infection, some social restrictions introduced during the pandemic, such as home isolation, may have many severe consequences on the population's mental health. Studies on this topic suggest that violence against children increased during lockdown due to the COVID-10 pandemic. This narrative review summarizes this available literature on the subject and discusses the different forms of violence against children, their cultural aspects, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the phenomenon of violence, the long-term consequences of the above, and forms of assistance for abused minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Grzejszczak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gmitrowicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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15
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Jollant F, Roussot A, Corruble E, Chauvet-Gelinier JC, Falissard B, Mikaeloff Y, Quantin C. Prolonged impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm hospitalizations in France: A nationwide retrospective observational study. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 65:e35. [PMID: 35694827 PMCID: PMC9251820 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France was associated with a reduced number of hospitalizations for self-harm, with the exception of older people. The on-going pandemic may have both sustained and delayed effects. Methods Data were extracted from the French national hospital database (PMSI), a nationwide exhaustive database. The number of self-harm hospitalizations (ICD-10 codes X60–84) between September 1, 2020 and August 31, 2021 (N = 85,679) was compared to 2019 (N = 88,782) using Poisson regression models. Results There was a decrease in the total number of self-harm hospitalizations during the studied period versus 2019 (−3.5%; Relative Risk [RR] [95% Confidence Intervals] = 0.97 [0.96–0.97]; p < 0.0001). However, sex and age effects were identified. While adults aged 30–59-years-old showed a decrease (monthly decreases: −12.6 to −15.0%), we found an increase in adolescent girls (+27.7%, RR = 1.28 [1.25–1.31]; p < 0.0001), notably since January 2021. Moreover, the numbers were similar to 2019 in adolescent boys, in youths aged 20–29 years, and in people aged 70 and more. Hospitalizations in intensive care units decreased (−6.7%, RR = 0.93 [0.91–0.96]; p < 0.0001) and deaths at hospital following self-harm remained stable (+0.6%, Hazard Ratio = 0.99 [0.91–1.08], p = 0.79). Conclusions During this second stage, the number of self-harm hospitalizations remained at a lower level than in the prepandemic period. However, significant variations over time, age, and sex were observed. Young people (notably adolescent girls) appear to have particularly suffered from the persistence of the pandemic, while older people did not show any decrease since the beginning. Vigilance and continuing prevention are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jollant
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany.,CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France.,Université Paris Cité, Paris, France & GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.,McGill Group for suicide studies, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Moods Team, INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Roussot
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France; Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Dijon, France
| | - E Corruble
- Moods Team, INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Psychiatry department, Bicêtre Hospital, GHU Paris-Saclay; APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - J C Chauvet-Gelinier
- Service de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Psychologie Médicale, EA 4452, IFR Santé STIC 100, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - B Falissard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Developmental psychiatry, CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Y Mikaeloff
- Pediatrics department, GHU Paris-Saclay; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Developmental psychiatry, CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - C Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France; Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Dijon, France.,Inserm, CIC 1432, Dijon, France; Dijon University Hospital, Clinical Investigation Center, clinical epidemiology/clinical trials unit, Dijon, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, High-Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics, CESP, Villejuif, France
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Stivaros S, Paddock M, Rajai A, Cliffe H, Connolly DJ, Dineen RA, Dixon R, Edwards H, Evans E, Halliday K, Jackson K, Landes C, Oates AJ, Stoodley N, Offiah AC. Rate and severity of radiological features of physical abuse in children during the first UK-wide COVID-19 enforced national lockdown. Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:575-581. [PMID: 35177407 PMCID: PMC8882637 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-323444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rate and severity of radiological features of physical abuse in children during the first UK-wide COVID-19 enforced national lockdown. OBJECTIVE To assess the number, type and outcome of radiological investigations for children presenting to hospital with suspected physical abuse (SPA; including abusive head trauma) during the first national COVID-19 enforced lockdown compared with the prelockdown period. DESIGN Multicentre, retrospective, observational, interrupted time series analysis. SETTING Eight secondary/tertiary paediatric centres between January 2018 and July 2020 inclusive. PARTICIPANTS 1587 hospital assessed children undergoing radiographic skeletal surveys (SkS) and head CT imaging performed for SPA/child protection concerns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence and severity of fractures identified on SkS; head injury (composed of incidence rates and ratios of skull fracture, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and hypoxic ischaemic injury (HII)) on head CT imaging; and ratio of antemortem and postmortem SkS. RESULTS 1587 SkS were performed: 1282 (81%) antemortem, 762 (48%) male, and positive findings in 582 (37%). Median patient age was 6 months. There were 1.7 fractures/child prelockdown versus 1.1 fractures/child during lockdown. There was no difference between positive/negative SkS rates, the absolute ratio of antemortem/postmortem SkS or absolute numbers of head injury occurring between January 2018 and February 2020 and the lockdown period April-July 2020. Likewise, prelockdown incidence and rates of skull fracture 30/244 (12%), ICH 28/220 (13%) and HIE 10/205 (5%) were similar to lockdown, 142/1304 (11%), 171/1152 (15%) and 68/1089 (6%), respectively. CONCLUSION The first UK COVID-19 lockdown did not lead to an increase in either the number of antemortem or postmortem radiological investigations performed for SPA, or the number or severity of fractures and intracranial injuries identified by these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Stivaros
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Radiology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging, and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Paddock
- Department of Medical Imaging, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Damer Street Building, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Azita Rajai
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Manchester Academic Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Research & Innovation, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Cliffe
- Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Daniel Ja Connolly
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert A Dineen
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel Dixon
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Harriet Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
- Department of Radiology, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Emily Evans
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Coventry, Coventry, UK
| | - Katherine Halliday
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kandise Jackson
- Department of Radiology, Royal Oldham Hospital, Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Caren Landes
- Department of Radiology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Adam J Oates
- Department of Radiology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil Stoodley
- Department of Radiology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, Damer Street Building, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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Villaveces A, Shankar V, Palomeque F, Padilla M, Kress H. Association between violence and mental distress, self-harm and suicidal ideation and attempts among young people in Malawi. Inj Prev 2022; 28:injuryprev-2021-044510. [PMID: 35523567 PMCID: PMC10895876 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems ranging from depression to more severe acts such as self-harm or suicidal behaviours are a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Exposure to violence during the life of young people can increase mental health issues for youth. This study examines the relationship between exposure to violence and mental health issues among youth using a nationally representative study in Malawi. METHODS We analysed data from the nationally representative Violence Against Children Survey from Malawi (2013) to quantify the association between exposures to violence (physical, sexual and emotional) and their relationship with mental distress, self-harm behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts among youth aged 13-24 years. We evaluated the association of exposures to violence against children with reported mental health conditions among women and men. We used ordinal logistic regression models with appropriate survey weights to assess exposures to violence and the three outcomes of interest. RESULTS Children and youth aged 13-24 years exposed to violence in childhood reported higher levels of adverse mental health effects, including mental distress, self-harm behaviours and suicidal ideation and attempts. The odds of reporting these outcomes increased as the number of violence types increased. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the risks based on different combinations of exposures to violence in Malawi can help identify populations at higher risk and optimise violence prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, NCIPC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viswanathan Shankar
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Palomeque
- State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Task Support Force, COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mabel Padilla
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard Kress
- Division of Violence Prevention, NCIPC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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