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Steff N, Badau D, Badau A. Study on the Impact of Implementing an Exercise Program Using Fitlight Technology for the Development of Upper Limb Coordinative Abilities in Basketball Players. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3482. [PMID: 38894272 PMCID: PMC11174618 DOI: 10.3390/s24113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing a basketball-specific exercise program using Fitlight technology on the coordinative abilities (reactive coordination, reactive reaction time, and reactive movement combination capacity) of U14 and U16 junior basketball players. This study included 70 male basketball players, 36 subjects U14 and 34 subjects U16, divided into two equal groups for each age category: the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG). This study included an initial and a final test, between which, training was conducted over a period of 18 weeks. For the EG, the program aimed to develop coordinative abilities through an experimental program that utilized Fitlight technology, while the control groups underwent an identically timed program, but their training did not include the use of technology. Four tests were adapted and applied: the Reactive Reaction Test, Choice Reactive Reaction Test, Reactive Hand-Eye Coordination Test, and a test to evaluate the reactive capacity for combining movements. The results of this study showed statistically significant progress between the initial and final tests for the experimental group, p < 0.05. The Cohen's d values for the experimental groups were above 0.8, indicating a very large effect size, while for the control group, these values were small to medium. The comparative analysis of the experimental groups U14 and U16 and control groups shows statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental groups U14 and U16. This study highlights the effectiveness of implementing specific training programs that use modern technologies in developing coordinative abilities in the training and evaluation process of junior basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Steff
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Brasov, Romania (A.B.)
- Petru Maior Faculty of Science and Letters, G.E. Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Mures, Romania
| | - Dana Badau
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Brasov, Romania (A.B.)
| | - Adela Badau
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Brasov, Romania (A.B.)
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Buscemi A, Mondelli F, Biagini I, Gueli S, D’Agostino A, Coco M. Role of Sport Vision in Performance: Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:92. [PMID: 38921628 PMCID: PMC11204951 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sport Vision is a speciality of multidisciplinary interest aimed at improving the performance of the visual system to achieve benefits in practiced sports, as well as in daily life and in preventive care. The type of training practiced by the athlete, his or her physical condition, cognitive level, and level of fatigue condition affects the speed of the reaction time and, consequently, the speed of motor response. Specific orthoptic exercises, the use of technological devices, the recovery of static and dynamic postural stability by using unstable platforms and the dual-task paradigm can help to achieve the expected results. The aim of this systematic review of Sport Vision was to assess the overall existing literature on Sport Vision, paying particular attention to the effects of visual training and its application in different sports and in rehabilitation and preventive settings. We analysed published English language studies about the role of sport vision in athletic performance from 1950 to 2023. We searched through the Medline database. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was used to assess the transparency and reproducibility of this review. The enrolled papers were evaluated with the Jadad Scale, Amstar 2 Scale and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. 25 (16 studies, 5 reviews, 2 comments, 1 editorial, 1 descriptive paper) out of 476 studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to the variability in the age of the samples, the different techniques, the treatments among the participants in the studies and the finding of non-evaluable articles, a meta-analysis was not conducted. The limitations of this review are the single database research, the studies analyzed contain a non-statistically representative sample size and the lack of a control group. There is no standardized test to measure performance. It was shown that the development of visual skills can benefit athletes in injury prevention, and can lead to improved sports performance and motor function at any age, acquiring adaptive motor behaviour even when the visual system is impaired, due to task repetition and familiarity of the gesture. We intended to identify a multidisciplinary approach and a manual treatment scheme to optimize the circuitry involved in sport vision in order to increase the results that are achieved, but further studies will be needed to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Buscemi
- Italian Association of Orthoptists Assistants in Ophthalmology, 98039 Taormina, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (I.B.)
- Italian Osteopathic Study Center, 95100 Catania, Italy; (S.G.); (A.D.)
- Social Cooperative Horus, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Flora Mondelli
- Italian Association of Orthoptists Assistants in Ophthalmology, 98039 Taormina, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (I.B.)
| | - Ilaria Biagini
- Italian Association of Orthoptists Assistants in Ophthalmology, 98039 Taormina, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (I.B.)
- Department Neurofarba, University of Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stella Gueli
- Italian Osteopathic Study Center, 95100 Catania, Italy; (S.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Angela D’Agostino
- Italian Osteopathic Study Center, 95100 Catania, Italy; (S.G.); (A.D.)
| | - Marinella Coco
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
- B.R.I.T. (Bio-Nanotech Research and Innovation Tower) Service Center, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
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Al-Amad SH, Alhammouri QM, Jaser S, Inshasi FK. Association between stereoacuity and simulated clinical performance among dental students: an exploratory investigation. J Dent Educ 2024; 88:418-424. [PMID: 38031318 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dentistry is a profession that requires a high level of the hand-eye coordination. Although considerable attention has been put on dental students' manual dexterity, little emphasis was made on students' visual competency as a variable influencing their competency. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between dental students' stereopsis and their pre-clinical performance. METHODS Dental students (n = 49) were required to perform the porcelain-fused-to-crown preparation for a lower first molar and an upper central incisor plastic teeth mounted on phantom heads. Performance was assessed by two faculty members based on two rubrics, which collectively included 11 assessment criteria. Afterward, students undertook a stereoacuity test using Randot stereotest. Stereopsis values greater than 40 arc/s were considered abnormal. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was seen between stereopsis scores and students' grades for the upper incisor (p < 0.01), but not for the lower molar. An association was also seen between abnormal stereopsis and students' poor performance in preparing the finish line of the incisor tooth (p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Abnormal stereopsis can impact dental students' performance, particularly when preparing teeth indirectly using a dental mirror. Dental educators should give attention to students' stereoacuity, in a manner similar to that given to students' manual dexterity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Jaser
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Ji Q, Zhou C, Wang Y. Influence of conflicting prior information on action anticipation in soccer players: an ERP study. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1320900. [PMID: 38131060 PMCID: PMC10733450 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1320900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Prior probability information and visual kinematic information are essential for action anticipation in athletes. The aims of this study were to examine how conflicting prior information influences anticipatory judgment in athletes vs. non-athletes and to explore the underlying cognitive mechanisms. Methods The aim of Experiment 1 was to determine the moment when prior information influenced action anticipation in athletes vs. non-athletes. To that end, 17 semi-elite soccer goalkeepers and 18 non-athletes received prior information about the probability of the direction that a player on a video would kick a ball into the goal. Participants then anticipated the trajectory of the ball when the action of the player's kick on the video was truncated at the moment the foot contacted the ball (time T) or one frame (T-1; 50 ms) or two frames (T-2; 100 ms) before the foot-ball contact. The aim of Experiment 2 was to elucidate the adaptive cognitive-motor behavior exhibited by highly trained soccer players at the moment when their anticipatory performance was most influenced by prior information. Experiment 2 included 27 different semi-elite soccer players with many years of experience as a goalkeeper and 27 different non-athletes. Participants anticipated the direction of the kick when the kinematic action of the kicker at the moment the anticipatory performance of the participants was most influenced by prior information (as determined in Experiment 1) was congruent, incongruent, or neutral. Action anticipation accuracy and response time were evaluated for both experiments, whereas event-related potential components N1, N2, and P3 were assessed only in Experiment 2. Results The results of Experiment 1 showed that anticipatory accuracy was significantly higher among athletes than non-athletes and that anticipatory accuracy with directional information given was significantly higher than that when no prior information was given or when prior information without directional information was given (p < 0.001) for both T-1 (p's ≤ 0.034) and T-2 (p's < 0.001) occlusion points. In Experiment 2 using those two video occlusion times, the amplitude of the N1 component, which reflects selective attention to stimulus properties, was significantly higher in athletes than in non-athletes (p < 0.001). The amplitude of the N2 component, which has been associated with conflict monitoring, for the incongruent condition was significantly higher than that for both neutral (p < 0.001) and congruent (p < 0.001) conditions in athletes. Non-athletes exhibited no significant N2 amplitude differences for any prior information condition. Conclusion Integrating prior information enhanced action anticipation in semi-elite soccer players, particularly 50 and 100 ms before the foot-ball contact. Semi-elite soccer players prioritized early selective attention and conflict monitoring of kinematic information, facilitating action anticipation using the prior information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Ji
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
- Sports Economic Management Research Center, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor Cognitive Assessment and Regulation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor Cognitive Assessment and Regulation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Vella-Fondacaro D, Romano-Smith S. The Impact of a Psychological Skills Training and Mindfulness-Based Intervention on the Mental Toughness, Competitive Anxiety, and Coping Skills of Futsal Players-A Longitudinal Convergent Mixed-Methods Design. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:162. [PMID: 37755839 PMCID: PMC10536553 DOI: 10.3390/sports11090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the sport's popularity, there is a paucity in futsal psychological interventional research. This study analysed the impact of a ten-session psychological skills training and mindfulness-based intervention (PSTMI) on the mental toughness, competitive anxiety, and athletic coping skills of national league futsal players (n = 13). It also analysed whether these variables were predicted by playing experience. Pre-/post-intervention questionnaires were filled in and analysed (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire, and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with seven athletes; quantitative and qualitative data were integrated in a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Results revealed significant medium-to-large improvements in mental toughness, cognitive anxiety, and coping skills following the PSTMI. Years of playing experience positively and significantly predicted better self-confidence and coping skills. Thematic analysis generated five themes: (1) post-intervention enhancement in athletic performance and well-being; (2) the non-athletic commitments of futsal players; (3) diverse views on how to improve the intervention; (4) instilling social identity through sport psychology sessions; and (5) the impact of years of experience on skill learning. Results mirrored those from other sporting disciplines. The PSTMI was well-received and equipped athletes with beneficial psychological skills, stressing the need for more sport psychology resources in futsal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vella-Fondacaro
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Malta, ATD 9033 Attard, Malta
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Stephanie Romano-Smith
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK;
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Badau D, Stoica AM, Litoi MF, Badau A, Duta D, Hantau CG, Sabau AM, Oancea BM, Ciocan CV, Fleancu JL, Gozu B. The Impact of Peripheral Vision on Manual Reaction Time Using Fitlight Technology for Handball, Basketball and Volleyball Players. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:697. [PMID: 37370628 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to identify the impact of peripheral (unilateral and bilateral) vision on manual reaction time to visual stimuli in handball, basketball and volleyball players by implementing a 6-week experimental program of specific exercises and some adapted tests using Fitlight technology. The research included 412 players (212 male-51.5%; 200 female-48.5%) from three team sports: basketball-146 (35.4%), handball-140 (40%) and volleyball-126 (30.6%). The experimental program carried out over 6 weeks was identical for all handball, basketball and volleyball players participating in the study; two training sessions per week were performed, with each session lasting 30 min; 15 exercises were used for the improvement of manual reaction time to visual stimuli involving peripheral vision. Through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), we identified statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means of the samples of handball, basketball and volleyball players, as well as according to general samples also of gender (male and female), p = 0.000. Male and female handball samples achieved the greatest progress in manual reaction time to visual stimuli involving peripheral vision for the Reaction time test with a unilateral right visual stimulus (30 s) and the Reaction time test with a unilateral left visual stimulus (30 s), while general sample also of male and female basketball samples, for the Reaction time test with bilateral visual stimuli (30 s) and the Reaction time test with six Fitlights (1 min); male and female volleyball samples recorded the lowest progress in all tests compared to handball and basketball groups. According to our results, female samples made greater progress in reaction time than male groups for all four tests of the present study. The implemented experimental program led to an improvement in manual reaction time to visual stimuli due to the use of Fitlight technology and the involvement of peripheral vision for all research samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Transylvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Alina Mihaela Stoica
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marin Florin Litoi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Badau
- Petru Maior Faculty of Sciences and Letters, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Daniel Duta
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Cezar Gheorghe Hantau
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Sabau
- Faculty of Geography, Tourism and Sports, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania
| | - Bogdan Marian Oancea
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transylvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
| | - Catalin Vasile Ciocan
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania
| | - Julien Leonard Fleancu
- Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, University of Pitesti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania
| | - Bogdan Gozu
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Bucharest, 050107 Bucharest, Romania
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Sánchez-Tena MÁ, Rodríguez-Alonso X, Martinez-Perez C, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Sanchez-Ramos C, Alvarez-Peregrina C. Comparison of Visual Skills between Federated and Non-Federated Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1047. [PMID: 36673806 PMCID: PMC9859395 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: To perform motor tasks, athletes must gather a considerable amount of visual information quickly. Evidence shows that visual skills vary between athletes and non-athletes, and impact athletic performance. However, there is no scientific evidence suggesting that there are any differences between the visual skills of federated and non-federated athletes. As such, the objective of this paper was to compare how visual skills influence the sports performance of federated and non-federated athletes, respectively. Methods: A visual examination has been conducted on a total of 52 athletes between 18 and 37 years of age. The COI-Sport Vision system screen (International Optometry Center, Madrid, Spain) was used to examine static visual acuity, dynamic visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, fixation disparity, visual memory, identification, anticipation time, peripheral awareness, and hand-eye coordination. Results: On average, federated athletes train more hours per day than non-federated athletes (1.4 ± 0.8) (p = 0.046). A significant correlation was observed between the average time of visual memory (β = −0.0683, p < 0.001), the average time of anticipation (β = 0.006, p = 0.009), the average time of peripheral awareness (β = 0.026, p = 0.002), hand-eye coordination (β = 0.028, p = 0.004), dynamic visual acuity (β = 0.055, p < 0.001), and the number of training hours. Conclusion: Results suggest that federated athletes are more concerned about their ocular health. Nonetheless, no differences were found in the oculomotor skills of both groups. Further investigation is required to consider each sport discipline individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- ISEC LISBOA—Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Xabier Rodríguez-Alonso
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Martinez-Perez
- ISEC LISBOA—Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 00928-1345, Colombia
| | - Celia Sanchez-Ramos
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Visión y Oftalmología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Ambrosini L, Presta V, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Gobbi G, Condello G. Interlink Between Physiological and Biomechanical Changes in the Swim-to-Cycle Transition in Triathlon Events: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 36224433 PMCID: PMC9556684 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Triathlon is a multisport composed of swim, cycle, and run segments and two transition periods. The swim-to-cycle transition is considered a critical period for the change in body position and the modifications in physiological (heart rate, VO2, lactate) and biomechanical parameters (cycling power and cadence, swimming stroke rate). Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence regarding the physiological and biomechanical changes and their interlink during the swim-to-cycle transition hinting at practical recommendations for coaches and athletes. The influence of the swim segment on cycle one is more evident for short-distance events. Greater modifications occur in athletes of lower level. The modulation of intensity during the swim segment affects the changes in the physiological parameters (heart rate, blood lactate, core temperature), with a concomitant influence on cycling gross efficiency. However, gross efficiency could be preserved by wearing a wetsuit or by swimming in a drafting position. A higher swim leg frequency during the last meters of the segment induces a higher cadence during the cycle segment. Training should be directed to the maintenance of a swimming intensity around 80–90% of a previous maximal swim test and with the use of a positive pacing strategy. When athletes are intended to train consecutively only swim and cycle segments, for an optimal muscle activation during cycling, triathletes could adopt a lower cadence (about 60–70% of their typical cadence), although an optimal pedaling cadence depends on the level and type of athlete. Future research should be focused on the combined measurements of physiological and biomechanical parameters using an intervention study design to evaluate training adaptations on swim kick rate and their effects on cycling performance. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the understanding of the physiological and biomechanical changes occurring during the swim-to-cycle transition to optimize the overall triathlon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ambrosini
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Presta
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy ,grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Clinical Movement Analysis Laboratory, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Millard L, Breukelman GJ, Mathe N, Shaw I, Shaw BS. A review of the essential visual skills required for soccer: Beyond 20-20 optometry. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:965195. [PMID: 36311213 PMCID: PMC9596797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.965195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In ball sports such as soccer, the visual system is critical in guiding a player's search for crucial information that underpins skillful behavior, which requires the incorporation of all of the relevant information in the environment in order to make successful decisions under pressure. However, vision in sport, and focusing on the specific visual skills required to be successful in a particular sport has largely been a practice ignored by experts and coaches as being an essential component of athletic performance. This is the first attempt to summarize and compile the necessary visual skills for soccer. This review's evidence suggests that, while current research still tends to focus on visual skills as a whole, there is a need to streamline this focus to the necessities of a particular sport. Furthermore, in identifying the visual skills essential for soccer, it allows for the effective training and testing of these skills, as well as for talent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Millard
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Gerrit Jan Breukelman
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Mathe
- Department of Human Movement Science, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Ina Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon S. Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Coetzee D, de Waal E. An Exploratory Investigation of the Effect of a Sports Vision Program on Grade 4 and 5 Female Netball Players' Visual Skills. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9864. [PMID: 36011502 PMCID: PMC9408284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vision is one of the most complex and dominant sensory systems necessary for information feedback from the environment. Few studies have already reported a positive effect of a sport vision program on elite sport teams' visual skills; however, few studies have focused on the effect of sport vision programs on children's visual skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a sports vision program on Grade 4 and 5 female netball players' visual skills. Girls (N = 25) with a mean age of 10.08 years (SD = 0.65) formed part of this study. A pre-test-post-test design was followed with a retention test. The eight-week sports vision program was executed twice a week for 60 min on the experimental group (n = 13). The Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI-4), the Wayne Saccadic Fixator (WSF) and the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test were used to evaluate the girls' visual skills, hand-eye coordination, visual reaction time, peripheral vision and saccadic eye movements. No statistical differences were found between the two groups before starting with the sports vision program. After intervention, significant differences between the two groups were reported, with the experimental group performing better in hand-eye coordination (p = 0.001) and reaction time (p = 0.001). Results further indicated that the experimental group experienced significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in motor coordination, hand-eye coordination, reaction speed and visual tracking after intervention with significant lasting effects (p ≤ 0.05). The control group performed significantly worse in reaction time (p = 0.01). A sports vision program can be recommended for Grade 4 and 5 female netball players to improve certain visual skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dané Coetzee
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Focus Area, Faculty of Health Science, School of Human Movement Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Elna de Waal
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Focus Area, Faculty of Health Science, School of Human Movement Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
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