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Cavaggioni L, Scurati R, Tosin M, Vernole R, Bonfanti L, Trecroci A, Formenti D. Are Dryland Strength and Power Measurements Associated with Swimming Performance? Preliminary Results on Elite Paralympic Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:94. [PMID: 38668562 PMCID: PMC11054501 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the relationship between dryland tests and swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers. Fifteen competitive swimmers (age: 27.4 ± 5.4 years, height: 1.70 ± 6.8 m, body mass: 67.9 ± 9.2 kg; 9 males, 6 females) performed a lat pull-down and a bench press incremental load test to determine maximum power (Pmax), the strength corresponding to maximum power (F@Pmax), and the barbell velocity corresponding to maximum power (V@Pmax) from the force-velocity and power-velocity profiles. These outcomes were also normalized by the athlete's body mass. Swimming performance was carried out from the best result in a 100 m freestyle race registered during an international competition. Lat pull-down F@Pmax was significantly associated with 100 m freestyle chronometric time (ρ = -0.56, p < 0.05), and lat pull-down V@Pmax presented a relationship with mean swimming velocity (ρ = 0.71, p < 0.01). Similarly, bench press F@Pmax and the normalized F@Pmax were significantly related to the mean swimming velocity (ρ = -0.51, ρ = -0.62, p < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression showed that lat pull-down V@Pmax, bench press normF@Pmax, and V@Pmax accounted for 40.6%, 42.3%, and 65.8% (p < 0.05) of the mean swimming velocity variance. These preliminary results highlighted that simple dryland tests, although with a moderate relationship, are significantly associated with 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite Paralympic swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cavaggioni
- Obesity Unit—Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Raffaele Scurati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Massimiliano Tosin
- Italian Paralympic Swimming Federation, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Riccardo Vernole
- Italian Paralympic Swimming Federation, 00144 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (R.V.)
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.B.); (D.F.)
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Price T, Cimadoro G, S Legg H. Physical performance determinants in competitive youth swimmers: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:20. [PMID: 38238793 PMCID: PMC10797935 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ METHODS: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. RESULTS Cross-sectional studies scored between 4-8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8-9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. KEY POINTS • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Price
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Giuseppe Cimadoro
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Hayley S Legg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England.
- School of Education and Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England.
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Chalkiadakis I, Arsoniadis GG, Toubekis AG. Dry-Land Force-Velocity, Power-Velocity, and Swimming-Specific Force Relation to Single and Repeated Sprint Swimming Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:120. [PMID: 37606415 PMCID: PMC10443377 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between dry-land and in-water strength with performance and kinematic variables in short-distance, middle-distance, and repeated sprint swimming. Fifteen competitive swimmers applied a bench press exercise to measure maximum strength (MS), maximum power (P), strength corresponding to P (F@P), maximum velocity (MV), and velocity corresponding to P (V@P) using F-V and P-V relationships. On a following day, swimmers performed a 10 s tethered swimming sprint (TF), and impulse was measured (IMP). On three separate days, swimmers performed (i) 50 and 100 m, (ii) 200 and 400 m, and (iii) 4 × 50 m front crawl sprint tests. Performance time (T), arm stroke rate (SR), arm stroke length (SL), and arm stroke index (SI) were calculated in all tests. Performance in short- and middle-distance tests and in 4 × 50 m training sets were related to dry-land MS, P, TF, and IMP (r = 0.51-0.83; p < 0.05). MS, P, and TF were related to SR in 50 m and SI in 50 and 100 m (r = 0.55-0.71; p < 0.05). A combination of dry-land P and in-water TF variables explains 80% of the 50 m performance time variation. Bench press power and tethered swimming force correlate with performance in short- and middle-distance tests and repeated sprint swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Chalkiadakis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Gavriil G. Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Argyris G. Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (I.C.); (G.G.A.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
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Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148580. [PMID: 35886433 PMCID: PMC9318784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Rój
- Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
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Chortane OG, Amara S, Barbosa TM, Hammami R, Khalifa R, Chortane SG, van den Tillaar R. Effect of High-Volume Training on Psychological State and Performance in Competitive Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7619. [PMID: 35805277 PMCID: PMC9266180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of four weeks of aquatic high-volume training (HVT) on the psychological state (somatic, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence) and sprint swimming performance (50 m front crawl) compared to the standard training program (moderate volume training) in competitive swimmers. Twenty-eight male competitive swimmers participated in this study and were randomly allocated into two groups: HVT group (n = 14; age = 16.4 ± 0.31 years) and control group that underwent the standard training program (n = 14; age = 16.1 ± 0.30 years). All psychological state variables and swimming performance were measured in pre and post-test. Our findings showed a significant increase in anxiety state (34.13% to 45.83%; ES = 3.26 to 3.38) and a significant decrease in self-confidence (18.43%; ES = 2.39) after four weeks of HVT, while all psychological state variables remained unchanged in the control group (p > 0.05). In addition, our results showed no significant enhancement in swimming performance in both groups (p > 0.05). The sudden increase in training mileage negatively affected the anxiety, decreasing the state of self-confidence of the participants. In addition, four weeks of high training volume are insufficient to improve swimming performance. To conclude, gradually increasing the volume of the training load may be an adequate solution to promote adaptation to the effort, thus maintaining the stability of the psychological state of swimmers. In addition, it is recommended to integrate a concurrent mental preparation program with high-volume training to monitor the psychological state of competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sofiene Amara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta., 5301-856 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
| | - Riadh Khalifa
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
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Amara S, Barbosa TM, Chortane OG, Hammami R, Attia A, Chortane SG, van den Tillaar R. Effect of Concurrent Resistance Training on Lower Body Strength, Leg Kick Swimming, and Sport-Specific Performance in Competitive Swimmers. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020299. [PMID: 35205165 PMCID: PMC8869390 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Resistance training in and out of the water aims to improve swimming performance. Previous studies have shown that dry land resistance training has positive effects on improving strength and therefore this could optimize swimming performance. The present study investigated the effect of 9 weeks of combined resistance training (aquatic and dry land resistance) on maximum lower body strength, leg kick, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. The results demonstrated that 9 weeks of combined resistance training could improve the maximum lower body strength and leg kick swimming performance. These improvements can be the essential factors that subsequently positively affected swimming start and turn performance. Abstract The present study investigated the effect of 9 weeks of combined resistance training (aquatic and dry land resistance) on maximum lower body strength, leg kick, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Twenty-two male national competitive swimmers were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental group (EG: age = 16.2 ± 0.3 years) or control group (CG: age = 16.3 ± 0.3 years). The EG performed a combined resistance training while the CG group completed their usual training. One repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 30 m leg kick, and swimming performance (100 m front crawl, start and turn) were evaluated in pre and post test. The findings showed a significant increase in 1RM back squat (d = 1.90; 14.94 ± 1.32%) after 9 weeks of combined resistance training. In addition, ours results revealed a significant improvement in 30 m leg kick swimming (d = 2.11; 5.84 ± 0.16%) and in all swimming, start and turn performances (d = 1.83 to 2.77; 2.69 ± 0.18% to 15.14 ± 1.06%) in EG. All dependent variables remained unchanged in the CG. To sum up, 9 weeks of combined resistance training can improve the maximum lower body strength and leg kick swimming performance. These improvements can be the essential factors that subsequently positively affected swimming, start and turn performances. Combined resistance training is an effective training that can be incorporated by coaches and swimmers into their programs to improve strength, leg kick swimming, and, subsequently, swimming performance in competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiene Amara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.v.d.T.)
| | - Tiago Manuel Barbosa
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta., 5301-856 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Oussama Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Attia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.v.d.T.)
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Palucci Vieira LH, Santiago PRP, Pinto A, Aquino R, Torres RDS, Barbieri FA. Automatic Markerless Motion Detector Method against Traditional Digitisation for 3-Dimensional Movement Kinematic Analysis of Ball Kicking in Soccer Field Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1179. [PMID: 35162201 PMCID: PMC8834459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kicking is a fundamental skill in soccer that often contributes to match outcomes. Lower limb movement features (e.g., joint position and velocity) are determinants of kick performance. However, obtaining kicking kinematics under field conditions generally requires time-consuming manual tracking. The current study aimed to compare a contemporary markerless automatic motion estimation algorithm (OpenPose) with manual digitisation (DVIDEOW software) in obtaining on-field kicking kinematic parameters. An experimental dataset of under-17 players from all outfield positions was used. Kick attempts were performed in an official pitch against a goalkeeper. Four digital video cameras were used to record full-body motion during support and ball contact phases of each kick. Three-dimensional positions of hip, knee, ankle, toe and foot centre-of-mass (CMfoot) generally showed no significant differences when computed by automatic as compared to manual tracking (whole kicking movement cycle), while only z-coordinates of knee and calcaneus markers at specific points differed between methods. The resulting time-series matrices of positions (r2 = 0.94) and velocity signals (r2 = 0.68) were largely associated (all p < 0.01). The mean absolute error of OpenPose motion tracking was 3.49 cm for determining positions (ranging from 2.78 cm (CMfoot) to 4.13 cm (dominant hip)) and 1.29 m/s for calculating joint velocity (0.95 m/s (knee) to 1.50 m/s (non-dominant hip)) as compared to reference measures by manual digitisation. Angular range-of-motion showed significant correlations between methods for the ankle (r = 0.59, p < 0.01, large) and knee joint displacements (r = 0.84, p < 0.001, very large) but not in the hip (r = 0.04, p = 0.85, unclear). Markerless motion tracking (OpenPose) can help to successfully obtain some lower limb position, velocity, and joint angular outputs during kicks performed in a naturally occurring environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
| | - Paulo R. P. Santiago
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, EEFERP School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil; (P.R.P.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Allan Pinto
- Reasoning for Complex Data Laboratory (RECOD Lab), Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, EEFERP School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil; (P.R.P.S.); (R.A.)
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- LabSport, Department of Sports, CEFD Center of Physical Education and Sports, UFES Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Ricardo da S. Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
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What Is the Optimal Strength Training Load to Improve Swimming Performance? A Randomized Trial of Male Competitive Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211770. [PMID: 34831529 PMCID: PMC8620783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of high, moderate, and low resistance training volume-load of maximum strength training on muscle strength and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three male swimmers were randomly allocated to high (age = 16.5 ± 0.30 years), moderate (age = 16.1 ± 0.32 years) and a low resistance training volume-load group (age = 15.9 ± 0.31). This study was carried out in mid-season (January to March). Pre and post strength (e.g., repetition maximum [1RM] leg extension and bench press tests), swimming (25, 50 m front-crawl), start (speed, time, distance) and turn (time of turn) performance tests were conducted. Our findings revealed a large main effect of time for 1RM bench press: d = 1.38; 1RM leg extension: d = 1.55, and for 25 (d = 1.12), and 50 m (d = 1.97) front-crawl, similarly for start and turn performance (d = 1.28-1.46). However, no significant Group × Time interactions were shown in all strength swimming performances, start and turn tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low training loads have been shown to elicit the same results as moderate, and high training loads protocol. Therefore, this study shows evidence that the addition of low training volume-loads as a regular part of a maximal strength training regime will elicit improvements in strength and swimming performance.
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