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Zhou Y, Jin Z, Wen Y. The influence of competitive anxiety of Chinese elite swimmers. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1392137. [PMID: 39193026 PMCID: PMC11348790 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Competitive anxiety is a common stress response in competitive environments, influencing sports performance, particularly among elite swimmers. Purpose This study aims to examine how the characteristics of competitive anxiety impact sports performance across different phases of competitive preparation, alongside its correlation with trait anxiety. Methods A longitudinal research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches, was employed with 20 swimmers from the Chinese national swimming team participating in both the 2023 Fukuoka World Championships and the Hangzhou Asian Games. The mental readiness form-3 (MRF-3) scale was employed at four time points during the preparation period for longitudinal tracking, complemented by the trait anxiety inventory (T-AI) scale to assess trait anxiety. Results The study identified a negative correlation between cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety among elite swimmers, with confidence demonstrating a positive correlation. Additionally, there was a significant between trait anxiety and competitive anxiety (p < 0.05). Variations in competitive anxiety were found at different stages of the preparation cycle (F = 15.074; 11.627; 19.552, p < 0.05), impacting sport performance. Conclusion To optimise performance, tailored psychological intervention programs should be developed and implemented to address the distinct characteristics of competitive anxiety experienced by elite swimmers throughout the preparation phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhou
- School of Recreational Sports and Tourism, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- China Swimming College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Wen
- School of Recreational Sports and Tourism, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Sport Training of General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Jin G, Jin Y, Zhang H, Fu X, Yang Y, Lin SC. The methodology of resistance training is crucial for improving short-medium distance front crawl performance in competitive swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1406518. [PMID: 39129754 PMCID: PMC11310150 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1406518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training is often a part of the routine training regimen for competitive swimmers. However, due to the variety of resistance training methodology, the results can be inconsistent and sometimes unsatisfactory. Clear recommendations are still lacking at present. Aims 1) Quantify the impact of resistance training on swimmers' upper limb maximum strength, front crawl performance and key technical parameters; 2) Find out the key technical parameters for improving front crawl performance-stroke rate or length; 3) Through subgroup analysis determine the best methodology of resistance training to enhance the front crawl. Methods Systematic search in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Meta-analyses using the inverse-variance are performed to compare swimmers' upper limb maximum strength, front crawl performance and key technical parameters in resistance training and habitual aquatic training. A subgroup analysis was performed to examine whether the results were affected by the methodology of resistance training. Results Thirteen studies (267 competitive swimmers) met the inclusion criteria. The results of meta-analysis showed that resistance training significantly improved upper limbs maximum muscle strength, and 25, 50, 100, and 200 m front crawl performance in competitive swimmers. And improvements in swimming performance may simply resulted from resistance training increasing stroke rate rather than stroke length. In addition, the results of subgroup analysis showed that only concurrent resistance training (CRT) and power training (PT) ultimately improved swimming performance by increasing the maximum muscle strength of the upper limbs. Conclusion Resistance training significantly enhances competitive swimmers' upper limb strength and front crawl performance across various distances. The improvement in performance is likely attributed to an increased stroke rate rather than stroke length. In addition, CRT and PT are particularly effective, indicating the importance of selecting the appropriate methodology of resistance training for optimal swimming performance enhancement. Systematic review registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3JEGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Jin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yangqin Jin
- Physical Training Research Laboratory, Belarusian National Technical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- Physical Training Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xueying Fu
- Physical Training Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Physical Training Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Chaohu University, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Lin
- Department of Sport, Leisure and Health Management, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Study of strength training on swimming performance. A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148580. [PMID: 35886433 PMCID: PMC9318784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sport diagnostics is still in pursuit of the optimal combination of biochemical and hematological markers to assess training loads and the effectiveness of recovery. The biochemical and hematological markers selected for a panel should be specific to the sport and training program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of selected biochemical and hematological variables in professional long-distance and sprint swimming. Twenty-seven participants aged 15–18 years took part in the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine (Cr), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB) and iron concentrations were measured for 10 weeks and compared with the traditional sport diagnostic markers of creatine kinase (CK) activity and urea (U) concentration. Additionally, capillary blood morphology was analyzed. An effective panel should consist of measurements of CK and AST activities and urea, TB, DB and ferritin concentrations. These markers provide a good overview of athletes’ post-training effort changes, can help assess the effectiveness of their recovery regardless of sex or competitive distance and are affordable. Moreover, changes in ferritin concentration can indicate inflammation status and, when combined with iron concentration and blood morphology, can help to avoid iron deficiencies, anemia and adverse inflammatory states in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Konrad Rój
- Student of ”Sports Diagnostics”, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 40b Piastów Al., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudyna Lewandowska
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza Str., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. Al., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.C.); (K.L.)
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Chortane OG, Amara S, Barbosa TM, Hammami R, Khalifa R, Chortane SG, van den Tillaar R. Effect of High-Volume Training on Psychological State and Performance in Competitive Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7619. [PMID: 35805277 PMCID: PMC9266180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of four weeks of aquatic high-volume training (HVT) on the psychological state (somatic, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence) and sprint swimming performance (50 m front crawl) compared to the standard training program (moderate volume training) in competitive swimmers. Twenty-eight male competitive swimmers participated in this study and were randomly allocated into two groups: HVT group (n = 14; age = 16.4 ± 0.31 years) and control group that underwent the standard training program (n = 14; age = 16.1 ± 0.30 years). All psychological state variables and swimming performance were measured in pre and post-test. Our findings showed a significant increase in anxiety state (34.13% to 45.83%; ES = 3.26 to 3.38) and a significant decrease in self-confidence (18.43%; ES = 2.39) after four weeks of HVT, while all psychological state variables remained unchanged in the control group (p > 0.05). In addition, our results showed no significant enhancement in swimming performance in both groups (p > 0.05). The sudden increase in training mileage negatively affected the anxiety, decreasing the state of self-confidence of the participants. In addition, four weeks of high training volume are insufficient to improve swimming performance. To conclude, gradually increasing the volume of the training load may be an adequate solution to promote adaptation to the effort, thus maintaining the stability of the psychological state of swimmers. In addition, it is recommended to integrate a concurrent mental preparation program with high-volume training to monitor the psychological state of competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sofiene Amara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta., 5301-856 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
| | - Riadh Khalifa
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit Sports Performance, Health and Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (R.K.); (S.G.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
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Amara S, Barbosa TM, Chortane OG, Hammami R, Attia A, Chortane SG, van den Tillaar R. Effect of Concurrent Resistance Training on Lower Body Strength, Leg Kick Swimming, and Sport-Specific Performance in Competitive Swimmers. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020299. [PMID: 35205165 PMCID: PMC8869390 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Resistance training in and out of the water aims to improve swimming performance. Previous studies have shown that dry land resistance training has positive effects on improving strength and therefore this could optimize swimming performance. The present study investigated the effect of 9 weeks of combined resistance training (aquatic and dry land resistance) on maximum lower body strength, leg kick, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. The results demonstrated that 9 weeks of combined resistance training could improve the maximum lower body strength and leg kick swimming performance. These improvements can be the essential factors that subsequently positively affected swimming start and turn performance. Abstract The present study investigated the effect of 9 weeks of combined resistance training (aquatic and dry land resistance) on maximum lower body strength, leg kick, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. Twenty-two male national competitive swimmers were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental group (EG: age = 16.2 ± 0.3 years) or control group (CG: age = 16.3 ± 0.3 years). The EG performed a combined resistance training while the CG group completed their usual training. One repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 30 m leg kick, and swimming performance (100 m front crawl, start and turn) were evaluated in pre and post test. The findings showed a significant increase in 1RM back squat (d = 1.90; 14.94 ± 1.32%) after 9 weeks of combined resistance training. In addition, ours results revealed a significant improvement in 30 m leg kick swimming (d = 2.11; 5.84 ± 0.16%) and in all swimming, start and turn performances (d = 1.83 to 2.77; 2.69 ± 0.18% to 15.14 ± 1.06%) in EG. All dependent variables remained unchanged in the CG. To sum up, 9 weeks of combined resistance training can improve the maximum lower body strength and leg kick swimming performance. These improvements can be the essential factors that subsequently positively affected swimming, start and turn performances. Combined resistance training is an effective training that can be incorporated by coaches and swimmers into their programs to improve strength, leg kick swimming, and, subsequently, swimming performance in competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiene Amara
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.v.d.T.)
| | - Tiago Manuel Barbosa
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Sta., 5301-856 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Oussama Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Attia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sports Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, Universite de la Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Sabri Gaied Chortane
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia; (O.G.C.); (R.H.); (A.A.); (S.G.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Roland van den Tillaar
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (R.v.d.T.)
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