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Gosadi IM, Hakami R, Zogel B, Gadi W, Hakami MS. Period Prevalence of COVID-19 and Influenza Symptoms in 2022 Among Adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e45143. [PMID: 37842350 PMCID: PMC10570656 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza and the circulating new variants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were predicted to increase the risk of developing respiratory symptoms in 2022. The objective of this study was to estimate the period prevalence of respiratory symptoms associated with COVID-19 and influenza among adults in 2022. METHODS This cross-sectional study targeted adults in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Data collection was performed in February 2023 and utilized an online approach. The assessment was performed via a self-administered questionnaire, which measured demographics, vaccination practices against COVID-19 and influenza, and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in 2022. RESULTS This study involved 625 participants, 65% of whom were women with a mean age of 23 years. Only 80 participants (13%) reported receiving the influenza vaccine in 2022. The most frequently reported symptoms were headache (55%), sore throat (43.7%), and fever (43%). Nearly 34% were diagnosed with influenza, 17% were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 8% reported coinfection of both diseases. Sixty-one percent reported the occurrence of symptoms more than once in 2022. The presence of a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms was associated with gender, age, social status, employment, asthma, and obesity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A majority of the participants reported multiple occurrences of respiratory symptoms in 2022. The uptake of the influenza vaccine was low in the same year, suggesting a need for a targeted approach to enhance vaccination rates among vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Raghad Hakami
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Basem Zogel
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Wala Gadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Manar S Hakami
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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Busili A, Makrami A, Keni A, Khardily A, Alzahrani D, Busaily I, Busayli F. COVID-19 exposure and depression-anxiety levels among Saudi adults in the Jazan region: a study with a predominantly female and undergraduate sample. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200052. [PMID: 37645641 PMCID: PMC10462401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant mental health challenges worldwide, as evidenced by numerous studies indicating high levels of depression and anxiety among individuals. However, the extent of mental health disorders following the pandemic and the association between anxiety and depression and COVID-19 exposure levels in the Jazan region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have received little research attention. Methods A convenience sample of 377 participants, predominantly female (85.4%) with undergraduate education (74.5%) and Saudi nationality (92.8%), was included in the study. The study utilized a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from participants between 1st August and 8th September 2022. The questionnaire consisted of four parts, including demographic characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety evaluation. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), and regression analysis were employed to analyze the collected data. Results The mean age of the study participants was 30.97 years (SD = 9.072). The mean score for COVID-19 exposure was 2.98 (SD = 1.48). The mean level of depression was 7.83 (SD = 6.43), with 20% of participants experiencing moderate to severe depression. Additionally, the study found that the mean score of anxiety level among participants was 6.75 (SD = 6.57), with 26% of the participants experiencing moderate to severe anxiety. Independent t-test revealed significant differences in mean depression and anxiety scores between participants with varying COVID-19 exposure levels (p = 0.001). The regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety levels were significant predictors of depression (p < 0.001). There is a significant difference in the depression mean between participants with high levels of anxiety (≥10) compared to others with levels <10. Furthermore, significant predictors of anxiety levels included either student or unemployment status (p < 0.001), increased age (≥35) (p = 0.049), female gender (p = 0.009), marital status of not being married, divorced, or widowed (p = 0.004), low monthly income (p = 0.019), and increased depression level (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study provides evidence of significant depression and anxiety levels among participants, with higher COVID-19 infection exposure correlating with increased scores for both. Anxiety was identified as a significant predictor of depression. Demographic factors, such as employment status, age, gender, and marital status, played a role in influencing anxiety levels. The findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions to address the psychological impact of COVID-19 infection exposure and support affected individuals effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Busili
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Nursing College, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amnah Keni
- Damad General Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Khardily
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Idris Busaily
- Dental College, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Moyano LM, Toledo AK, Chirinos J, Vilchez Barreto PMQ, Cavalcanti S, Gamboa R, Ypanaque J, Meza M, Noriega S, Herrera V, Bazan E, Requena A, Silva H, Burgos H, León-Jimenez F. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence on the north coast of Peru: A cross-sectional study after the first wave. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010794. [PMID: 37379355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peru had the second-highest number of COVID-19 cases in Latin America. After the first wave, Peru registered more than 900,000 cases of COVID-19 and more than 36,000 confirmed deaths from the disease. Tumbes, a border area with poor sanitation and not enough water, had the fifth highest death rate. The cross-sectional analytic study aimed: a) to assess seroprevalence of COVID-19 after the first wave; b) to assess sociodemographic determinants and symptoms associated with a positive COVID-19 antibody lateral flow test. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed this study between November 11th and November 30th, 2020, in an informal settlement in Tumbes. Individuals older than two years were invited to participate in a systematic random sample from one in every four households. Finger-prick blood samples were collected, and a census and symptom survey were applied. Within the chosen house, one adult over 18 years of age was chosen for a PCR-RT molecular test. Overall seroprevalence was 25.59%, adjusted seroprevalence was 24.82% (95%CI 22.49-27.25). Women had higher adjusted seroprevalence (28.03% vs 21.11%; 95% CI 24.83-31.41, p = 0.002). Symptoms as fever (PR 1.89: 95% CI 1.44-2.48, p<0.001), general discomfort (PR 1.67; 95% CI 1.23-2.26, p = 0.001), cough (PR 2.0; 95% CI 1.60-2.50, p<0.001), nasal congestion (PR 1.46; 95% CI 1.03-2.09, p = 0.036), respiratory distress (PR 1.64; 95% CI 1.04-2.56, p = 0.031), headache (PR 1.54; 95% CI 1.09-2.17, p = 0.014), anosmia (PR 1.78; 95% CI 1.01-3.14, p = 0.046) and ageusia (PR 2.31; 95% CI 1.48-3.61, p<0.001) were associated with a positive covid-19 antibody lateral flow test. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The COVID-19 transmission and distribution were highlighted by this cross-sectional study. The data will help the Ministry of Health improve its monitoring, surveillance, and monitoring of respiratory community sequelae in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz M Moyano
- Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, Peru
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
- Unidad de Medicina Legal I Contralmirante Villar, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Angie K Toledo
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Centro de investigación para la preservación de la vida, Lima, Peru
| | - Jenny Chirinos
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Mc Quen Vilchez Barreto
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Dirección Regional de Salud de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Jhon Ypanaque
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana y Facultad de Ciencias en Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
- Estrategia de enfermedades metaxénicas, Gobierno Regional de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Mauro Meza
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana y Facultad de Ciencias en Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
| | | | | | - Edgar Bazan
- Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, Peru
| | - Alexandra Requena
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana y Facultad de Ciencias en Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Henry Silva
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana y Facultad de Ciencias en Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Tumbes, Peru
| | | | - Franco León-Jimenez
- Hospital Amistad Peru Corea Santa Rosa, II-2 Piura, Peru
- Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
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Sobaikhi NH, Alshahrani NZ, Hazazi RS, Al-Musawa HI, Jarram RE, Alabah AE, Haqawi NF, Munhish FA, Shajeri MA, Matari MH, Salami RM, Hobani AH, Yahya NA, Alhazmi AH. Health Workers' Knowledge and Attitude towards Monkeypox in Southwestern Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diseases 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 37366869 PMCID: PMC10297242 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox outbreaks in non-endemic countries emphasize the importance of being prepared to prevent its progression to a pandemic. To effectively control monkeypox, healthcare providers must have sufficient knowledge and good attitudes and practices to limit its spread. We initiated this project to assess the factors associated with health workers' knowledge and attitude toward monkeypox in southwestern Saudi Arabia. METHODS We included 398 eligible health workers working at various health facilities. Data was collected using an online survey, and participants had an opportunity to consent. We conducted descriptive statistics for all variables and used chi-square statistics, t-test, and multivariate analysis to establish the association between health workers' demographic characteristics and knowledge of monkeypox disease. RESULTS The mean age was 30.93 ± 8.25 years for the included participants, and most of them were between 22 and 29 years, male, single, nurses, working in government hospitals, and had worked for at least five years. The chi-square and t-test showed that the participants' knowledge level was significantly related to age, marital status, job title, and medical practice. Most of the participants had low knowledge and good attitudes toward monkeypox prevention measures. Multivariate analysis showed that higher knowledge was associated with younger age after controlling all other significant bivariate relationships between knowledge and demographics. CONCLUSIONS This study found low knowledge levels and high good attitude levels of monkeypox among the participants. As such, there is a need to support health workers in understanding monkeypox epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Therefore, Saudi Arabia will be making significant strides to being well prepared and ready to handle future monkeypox outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rakan S. Hazazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raed E. Jarram
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad E. Alabah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf F. Haqawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi A. Munhish
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Riyadh M. Salami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Najla A. Yahya
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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The Association between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Patients with New-Onset Diabetes: A Retrospective Study from a Diabetic Center in Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Rep 2022; 14:519-527. [PMID: 36548203 PMCID: PMC9780883 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric14040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various reports described new-onset diabetes during or after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with no previous history of diabetes or glucocorticoid use. Further, SARS-CoV-2 could increase the risk of diabetes, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, data on the relationship between new-onset diabetes and COVID-19 are still limited in our region. Thus, we aimed in this study to evaluate the association between new-onset diabetes and DKA in patients with COVID-19. METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at a diabetic center in Jazan province, Saudi Arabia, between 2020 and 2021. Demographic data, COVID-19 status, and DKA incidence were collected and verified manually from diabetic patients' medical records. Data were analyzed using a t-test and chi-square test. RESULTS We included 54 diabetic patients diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a median age of 17 years. The majority of patients were females (57.4%). About 38.8% were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 16.6% reported having DKA. About 33.3% of the patients who experienced DKA reported being COVID-19-positive. However, only 6% of patients who denied contracting SARS-CoV-2 developed DKA (p-value = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Patients with newly diagnosed diabetes due to COVID-19 seem at a higher risk of developing DKA. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are required for a better understanding of the correlation between DKA in patients with diabetes and COVID-19.
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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081344. [PMID: 36016232 PMCID: PMC9415489 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, tests to ascertain whether individuals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 were often unavailable. One method to deal with this issue is to test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children in Saudi Arabia before vaccines were available to them. Methods: This study was conducted among children who visited the tertiary Maternity and Children Hospital in Abha city, Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were screened for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies using ELISA. The crude and adjusted seroprevalence values among the studied children were calculated. Results: Among the 413 children studied, the ages of enrolled patients ranged from newborn to 12 years, with a median age of three years. We identified 127 (30.7%) seropositive children. IgG was exclusively positive in 43 (10.4%); IgM was exclusively positive in 8 (1.9%), and IgA was exclusively positive in 15 (3.6%) children. Conclusions: This study is the first to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the pediatric population seeking medical care in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The findings shed light on the dynamics of virus transmission in the community and provide a good reference for future studies. Future research should examine factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroprevalence among pediatric populations.
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El-Ghitany EM, Farag S, Farghaly AG, Hashish MH, Hassaan MA, Omran EA. A pre-vaccine exploratory survey of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity among Egyptian general population. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:53. [PMID: 35948951 PMCID: PMC9364299 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies on COVID-19 have important implications for modeling the pandemic and determining vaccination policies. Limited data are available from such surveys in Egypt. METHODS This cross-sectional was conducted throughout the period between January and June 2021, which coincided with the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. At that time, vaccines against COVID-19 were not available to the general population. The study was carried out in eight Egyptian governorates and included 2360 participants, who were recruited through a multistage stratified cluster sample technique, based on gender, age, and district followed by a random sample within each district. Socio-demographic data were recorded and serum samples were collected and tested for SARS-Co-V2 spike (S) antibodies. RESULTS The overall adjusted prevalence of anti-S was 46.3% (95% CI 44.2-48.3%), with significant differences between governorates. Factors associated with anti-S seropositivity were: being female (p = 0.001), living in a rural area (p = 0.008), and reporting a history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). Higher medians of anti-S titers were significantly associated with: extremes of age (p < 0.001), living in urban areas, having primary education (p = 0.009), and reporting a history of COVID-19 infection, especially if based on chest CT or PCR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High seroprevalence rates indicate increased COVID-19 infection and immune response among a considerable percentage of the community. Age, gender, residence, educational level, and previous PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infections were all determinants of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy Mohamed El-Ghitany
- Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue-El-Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Shehata Farag
- Department of Biostatistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza Galal Farghaly
- Department of Tropical Health and Parasitology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue-El-Ibrahimia, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona H Hashish
- Department of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Hassaan
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman A Omran
- Department of Microbiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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High Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and RNA among Asymptomatic Blood Donors in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081279. [PMID: 36016167 PMCID: PMC9414004 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold-standard approach for diagnosing and confirming Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This method, however, is inefficient in detecting previous or dormant viral infections. The presence of antigen-specific antibodies is the fingerprint and cardinal sign for diagnosis and determination of exposure to infectious agents including Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This cross-sectional study examined the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) among asymptomatic blood donors in Makkah region. A total of 4368 asymptomatic blood donors were enrolled. They were screened for spike-specific IgG using ELISA and COVID-19 RNA by real-time PCR. COVID-19 IgG was detected among 2248 subjects (51.5%) while COVID-19-RNA was detected among 473 (10.8%) subjects. The IgG frequency was significantly higher among males and non-Saudi residents (p < 0.001 each) with no significant variation in IgG positivity among blood donors with different blood groups. In addition, COVID-19 RNA frequency was significantly higher among donors below 40-years old (p = 0.047, χ2 = 3.95), and non-Saudi residents (p = 0.001, χ2 = 304.5). The COVID-19 IgG levels were significantly higher among the RNA-positive donors (p = 001), and non-Saudi residents (p = 0.041), with no variations with age or blood group (p > 0.05). This study reveals a very high prevalence of COVID-19 IgG and RNA among asymptomatic blood donors in Makkah, Saudi Arabia indicating a high exposure rate of the general population to COVID-19; particularly foreign residents. It sheds light on the spread on COVID-19 among apparently healthy individuals at the beginning of the pandemic and could help in designing various control measures to minimize viral spread.
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