1
|
Cabedo-Ferreiro RM, Liutsko L, Cos-Busquets J, García-Sierra R, Colldeforns-Vidal M, Reyes-Lacalle A, Vicente-Hernández MM, Gómez-Masvidal M, Montero-Pons L, Cazorla-Ortiz G, Torán-Monserrat P, Violán C, Falguera-Puig G. Environmental impact of infant feeding type, accessories used and maternal dietary habits: The GREEN MOTHER-I project, a cross-sectional study protocol. Nutr J 2024; 23:97. [PMID: 39164727 PMCID: PMC11337649 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-01000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breastfeeding (BF) is the healthiest form of nutrition for babies and is recommended exclusively (EBF) for at least the first six months of life. The carbon footprint of formula feeding (FF) has been studied, but that of BF is unknown. AIM To identify the environmental impact of three types of infant feeding taking into account the accessories needed and the diet of postpartum women in the baby's first month of life. METHODS This is a multicentre, cross-sectional study conducted in the Barcelona North Metropolitan Area (Catalonia, Spain). The participating sites are primary care settings that will recruit 408 postpartum women (4-6 weeks) as per inclusion/exclusion criteria. The data will be collected through a GREEN MOTHER Survey that includes 4 dimensions: 1) socio-demographic and clinical data; 2) data on the newborn and accessories used in infant feeding; 3) general data on the mother's diet (food consumption habits), and 4) recording of 24 h of the mother's diet. The data analysis will be performed to check the prevalence of infant feeding types at birth and month 1, as well as a comparative analysis of three types of infant feeding on environmental impact (climate change; water consumption, and scarcity). ETHICS This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Jordi Gol i Gurina University Institute Foundation for Primary Health Care Research (IDIAP) under code 22/101-P dated 22/02/2023. DISCUSSION A second phase of the GREEN MOTHER study is planned, which will consist of an educational intervention to promote breastfeeding, nutrition and sustainability. This intervention will be based on the results obtained in Phase I. We expect that the project results - through the publication and dissemination of scientific papers and reports among relevant stakeholders (association of community midwives, healthcare and primary care attention professionals and the public) - will increase public awareness of breastfeeding and its impact on sustainability. TRIAL REGISTRATION Both phases of the GREEN MOTHER study protocol were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05729581.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Cabedo-Ferreiro
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Granollers, Institut Català de La Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liudmila Liutsko
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Mataró, Spain.
| | - Judit Cos-Busquets
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Sabadell, ICS, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rosa García-Sierra
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Mataró, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society (GREMSAS), 2021-SGR-0148), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margalida Colldeforns-Vidal
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Granollers, Institut Català de La Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azahara Reyes-Lacalle
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Sabadell, ICS, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Mª Mercedes Vicente-Hernández
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Badalona - Sant Adrià, ICS, Sant Adrià del Besós, Spain
| | - Miriam Gómez-Masvidal
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Mataró, ICS, Mataró, Spain
| | - Laura Montero-Pons
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Primary Care Management Metropolitana Nord, Catalan Institute of Health, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Barcelona, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Nursing and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Cazorla-Ortiz
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Sabadell, ICS, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society (GREMSAS), 2021-SGR-0148), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Concepció Violán
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Mataró, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Grup de Recerca en Impacte de Les Malalties Cròniques I Les Seves Trajectòries (GRIMTra), Institut Universitari D'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, 2021 SGR 01537, Spain
- El Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Atención Primaria (GrenSSAP), Institut Universitari D'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAPJGol), RICAPPS, Barcelona, RD21/0016/0029),, Spain
| | - Gemma Falguera-Puig
- Research Group On Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (GRASSIR), 2021-SGR-793), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Sabadell, ICS, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith JP, Borg B, Nguyen TT, Iellamo A, Pramono A, Mathisen R. Estimating carbon and water footprints associated with commercial milk formula production and use: development and implications of the Green Feeding Climate Action Tool. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1371036. [PMID: 38938671 PMCID: PMC11210426 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1371036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon offset frameworks like the UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have largely overlooked interventions involving food, health, and care systems, including breastfeeding. The innovative Green Feeding Climate Action Tool (GFT) assesses the environmental impact of commercial milk formula (CMF) use, and advocates for breastfeeding support interventions as legitimate carbon offsets. This paper provides an overview of the GFT's development, key features, and potential uses. The offline and online GFT were developed using the DMADV methodology (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify). The GFT reveals that the production and use of CMF by infants under 6 months results in annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of between 5.9 and 7.5 billion kg CO2 eq. and consumes 2,562.5 billion liters of water. As a national example, in India, one of the world's most populous countries, CMF consumption requires 250.6 billion liters of water and results in GHG emissions ranging from 579 to 737 million kg CO2 eq. annually, despite the country's high breastfeeding prevalence among infants under 6 months. The GFT mainly draws on data for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as many high-income countries (HICs) do not collect suitable data for such calculations. Despite poor official data on breastfeeding practices in HICs, GFT users can input their own data from smaller-scale surveys or their best estimates. The GFT also offers the capability to estimate and compare baseline with counterfactual scenarios, such as for interventions or policy changes that improve breastfeeding practices. In conclusion, the GFT is an important innovation to quantify CMF's environmental impact and highlight the significance of breastfeeding for planetary as well as human health. Women's contributions to environmental preservation through breastfeeding should be recognized, and breastfeeding interventions and policies should be funded as legitimate carbon offsets. The GFT quantifies CMF's carbon and water footprints and facilitates financing breastfeeding support as a carbon offset initiative under CDM funding facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie P. Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Crawford School of Public Policy, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bindi Borg
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tuan T. Nguyen
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Andini Pramono
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Roger Mathisen
- Alive & Thrive, Global Nutrition, FHI 360, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Andrade VL, Ribeiro I, dos Santos APM, Aschner M, Mateus ML. Carcinogenic Risk from Lead and Cadmium Contaminating Cow Milk and Soya Beverage Brands Available in the Portuguese Market. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:798-811. [PMID: 38921654 PMCID: PMC11204583 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated the presence of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in cow milk (CM) and soy beverages (SBs) in Portugal. These metals share carcinogenic mechanisms, suggesting at least additive effects. Our goals were to assess carcinogenic risks from Pb and Cd intake detected in various CM and SB brands on the Portuguese market and to determine the relative contributions of Pb and Cd. Furthermore, we modeled different consumption scenarios for various age/body weight groups to estimate cumulative Excess Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk (ELCR). ELCR was computed by multiplying chronic daily intake by a cancer slope factor for each metal, with an ELCR > 1 × 10-4 indicating carcinogenic risk. Five CM and three SB brands posed cancer risks in children, with the highest values at 1.75 × 10-4 and 9.12 × 10-5, respectively; Pb had mean relative contributions of 87.8 ± 3.1% in CM and 54.9 ± 12.1% in SB. Carcinogenic risks were observed for children, adolescents, and adults in several CM or SB consumption scenarios, albeit at levels above typical Portuguese intakes. Strict monitoring of metal levels, such as Pb and Cd, is advised because CM is a component of many foods, including baby food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Lopes de Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.L.d.A.); (A.P.M.d.S.)
- CERNAS—Cernas—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superiora Agrária de Coimbra Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarem/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Iolanda Ribeiro
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Marreilha dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.L.d.A.); (A.P.M.d.S.)
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Maria Luisa Mateus
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (V.L.d.A.); (A.P.M.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beaudry M, Bustinza R, Michaud-Létourneau I. Alimentation infantile et changements climatiques : une opportunité prometteuse. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:477-481. [PMID: 38526809 PMCID: PMC11151884 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-024-00869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The method of infant feeding has consequences for the production of greenhouse gases (GHG) as well as for the risks to infants posed by climate change. Breastfeeding can reduce the carbon footprint associated with the use of commercial infant formula by nearly 50% while reducing its water footprint and waste. It is also an excellent way of coping with emergencies associated with climate change, such as water shortages, since breastfed children are better protected than those fed with formula. To ensure that the protection offered by breastfeeding can be realized, we present elements that can help decision-makers seize a promising opportunity: improve infant feeding support for women and families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray Bustinza
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Michaud-Létourneau
- Mouvement allaitement du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith JP, Baker P, Mathisen R, Long A, Rollins N, Waring M. A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset. Bull World Health Organ 2024; 102:336-343. [PMID: 38680463 PMCID: PMC11046154 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.290210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Policy-makers need to rethink the connections between the economy and health. The World Health Organization Council on the Economics of Health for All has called for human and planetary health and well-being to be moved to the core of decision-making to build economies for health. Doing so involves valuing and measuring what matters, more and better health financing, innovation for the common good and rebuilding public sector capacity. We build on this thinking to argue that breastfeeding should be recognized in food and well-being statistics, while investments in breastfeeding should be considered a carbon offset in global financing arrangements for sustainable food, health and economic systems. Breastfeeding women nourish half the world's infants and young children with immense quantities of a highly valuable milk. This care work is not counted in gross domestic product or national food balance sheets, and yet ever-increasing commercial milk formula sales are counted. Achieving global nutrition targets for breastfeeding would realize far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than decarbonizing commercial milk formula manufacturing. New metrics and financing mechanisms are needed to achieve the health, sustainability and equity gains from more optimal infant and young child feeding. Properly valuing crucial care and environmental resources in global and national measurement systems would redirect international financial resources away from expanding carbon-emitting activities, and towards what really matters, that is, health for all. Doing so should start with considering breastfeeding as the highest quality, local, sustainable first-food system for generations to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Patricia Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building #63, cnr Mills and Eggleston Rd, Australian National University, Canberra0200, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Aoife Long
- Munster Technological University, Munster, Ireland
| | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marilyn Waring
- Institute of Public Policy, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zabotti B, Buchini S, Milinco M, Cattaneo A, Pani P, Ronfani L. The economic value of human milk from three cohort studies in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy. Int Breastfeed J 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38331882 PMCID: PMC10851479 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-024-00618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mothers' Milk Tool, developed and launched by the Australian National University and Alive & Thrive in 2022, allows to estimate the volume and value of breastmilk using prevalence rates of breastfeeding by month of age from birth to 36 months. The objective of this study was to obtain these estimates for three cohort studies conducted in a region of Italy. METHODS Breastfeeding data from three cohort studies carried out in 1999, 2007 and 2016, with follow-up to 12, 24 and 36 months of 842, 400 and 265 children, respectively, were entered into the downloadable version of the tool. Breastfeeding rates charts and tables with estimates of breastmilk production and value for breastfeeding of children aged 0-36 months were produced. RESULTS The rates of initiation of breastfeeding were similar in the three cohorts, while the rates of any breastfeeding at subsequent ages increased over the years. The volumes and values of breastmilk per child increased accordingly, from around 130 L (13,000 USD) in 1999, to 200 L (20,000 USD) in 2007, to 226 L (22,600 USD) in 2016. The percentage of lost breastmilk decreased from 67.7% to 55.4% to 43.7%, respectively. Overall, the 1507 mothers of the three cohorts produced an estimated 250,000 L of breastmilk for their children aged 0-36 months. At 100 USD per litre, this would add up to around 25 million USD. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the Mothers' Milk Tool can be used to estimate per child volumes and values of breastmilk produced and lost at local levels, and to provide simple indicators of the effects of breastfeeding interventions using the percentage of lost breastmilk, where datasets on rates of breastfeeding by month of age are available. The results of such studies can be used to advocate for better and adequately funded programmes for the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Zabotti
- School of Nursing, Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Buchini
- Health Management Department, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCSS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Milinco
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via Dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Paola Pani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via Dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via Dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai YK, Alsaidi M. Sustainable Breastfeeding: A State-of-the Art Review. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:57-68. [PMID: 38153088 DOI: 10.1177/08903344231216094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in breastfeeding rates and exclusivity exist across regions and countries despite multifaceted breastfeeding promotion efforts in recent decades. Markets for artificial milk formula continue to grow as its substitution for breastfeeding is common. A new approach is needed for breastfeeding promotion strategies. RESEARCH AIM This state-of-the-art review aimed to describe the implications of not-breastfeeding on the environment within the context of food system sustainability. METHOD A total of 19 peer-reviewed articles within a 20-year timeframe were included in this review. Authors searched five databases for articles including Science Direct, GreenFILE, Springer Link, ProQuest, and PubMed. RESULTS The demand for artificial milk formula production as a replacement for breastfeeding results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, and waste, thereby aggravating problems with freshwater scarcity. A short duration of breastfeeding and limited exclusivity have been associated with close birth spacing and contributing to global population growth. Breastfeeding is a healthy, sustainable diet, and a culturally acceptable first food. It advances health equity and food security. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life can be promoted with emphasis on total carbon footprint reduction, prevention of waterway degradation, and natural birth spacing, thereby sustaining food systems at large. CONCLUSION It is important to reform food, nutrition, and environmental policies to protect exclusive breastfeeding while decarbonizing artificial milk formula production. More research is needed to provide directions for new breastfeeding promotion strategies connecting breastfeeding with environmental stewardship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kyung Bai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Manar Alsaidi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cerceo E, Saxer K, Grossman L, Shapley-Quinn K, Feldman-Winter L. The Climate Crisis and Breastfeeding: Opportunities for Resilience. J Hum Lact 2024; 40:33-50. [PMID: 38158719 DOI: 10.1177/08903344231216726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The climate crisis is an emerging global challenge that poses potential risks to breastfeeding practices and outcomes. There are multifaceted effects of climate change affecting the breastfeeding dyad across environmental, societal, and human health dimensions. Breastfeeding support in the face of climate change will require solutions at the structural level-healthcare, community, and workplace settings-and at the mother-infant dyad level. Breastfeeding can additionally be an adaptive response to crisis situations and can mitigate some of the environmental challenges associated with climate change. Despite the undeniable significance of climate change on breastfeeding (and vice versa), our perspective as experts in the field is that this topic has not been systematically addressed. Although we highlight some of the challenges, potential solutions, and co-benefits of breastfeeding in the context of climate change, there are numerous issues that could be further explored and necessitate additional preparedness planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cerceo
- Cooper University Healthcare, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lauren Grossman
- General Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Lori Feldman-Winter
- Cooper University Healthcare, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kready K, Doiron K, Chan KR, Way J, Justman Q, Powe CE, Silver P. A long-acting prolactin to combat lactation insufficiency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.571886. [PMID: 38168384 PMCID: PMC10760067 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Human infants are born to breastfeed. While 50% of lactating persons struggle to make enough milk, there are no governmentally-approved drugs to enhance lactation1. Here, we engineer a variant of the naturally-occurring driver of lactation, the hormone Prolactin, to increase its serum half-life and produce a viable drug candidate. Our engineered variant, Prolactin-eXtra Long-acting (Prolactin-XL), is comprised of endogenously active human prolactin fused to an engineered human IgG Fc domain designed to overcome the unique drug development challenges specific to the lactating person-infant dyad. Our Prolactin-XL has a serum half-life of 70.9h in mice, 2,625-fold longer than endogenously active prolactin alone (70.9h v. 0.027h). We demonstrate that Prolactin-XL increases milk production and restores growth of pups fed by dams with pharmacologically-ablated lactation. We show that Prolactin-XL-enhanced lactation is accompanied by reversible, lactocyte-driven changes in mammary gland morphology. This work establishes long-acting prolactins as a potentially powerful pharmacologic means to combat insufficient lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Kready
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Synthetic Biology Hive, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Kailyn Doiron
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Synthetic Biology Hive, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Katherine Redfield Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Way
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Synthetic Biology Hive, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Quincey Justman
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Synthetic Biology Hive, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Camille E. Powe
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Departments of Medicine and of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142
| | - Pamela Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Synthetic Biology Hive, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohapatra I, Samantaray SR. Breastfeeding and Environmental Consciousness: A Narrative Review of Environmental Implications and Potential Contributions to Reduce Waste and Energy Consumption. Cureus 2023; 15:e45878. [PMID: 37885540 PMCID: PMC10599186 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is a natural and essential process that not only confers numerous health benefits to infants and mothers but also plays an important role in environmental sustainability. This narrative review explores the environmental implications of breastfeeding in comparison to formula feeding and examines the potential contributions of breastfeeding to reduce waste, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. By exploring the existing literature and research findings, this review sheds light on how breastfeeding aligns with environmental conservation efforts and reinforces the importance of promoting breastfeeding practices for a more sustainable and environment-friendly future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Mohapatra
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Kalyani, IND
| | - Subha R Samantaray
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalyani, Kalyani, IND
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bakshi S, Paswan VK, Yadav SP, Bhinchhar BK, Kharkwal S, Rose H, Kanetkar P, Kumar V, Al-Zamani ZAS, Bunkar DS. A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1194679. [PMID: 37415910 PMCID: PMC10320619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants' gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant's needs and its ultimate impact on infants' gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Bakshi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satya Prakash Yadav
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Basant Kumar Bhinchhar
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Sheela Kharkwal
- Department of Agriculture Economics, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, India
| | - Hency Rose
- Division of Dairy Technology, ICAR—National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prajasattak Kanetkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Zakarya Ali Saleh Al-Zamani
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Durga Shankar Bunkar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Baker P, Smith JP, Garde A, Grummer-Strawn LM, Wood B, Sen G, Hastings G, Pérez-Escamilla R, Ling CY, Rollins N, McCoy D. The political economy of infant and young child feeding: confronting corporate power, overcoming structural barriers, and accelerating progress. Lancet 2023; 401:503-524. [PMID: 36764315 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence about the value and importance of breastfeeding, less than half of the world's infants and young children (aged 0-36 months) are breastfed as recommended. This Series paper examines the social, political, and economic reasons for this problem. First, this paper highlights the power of the commercial milk formula (CMF) industry to commodify the feeding of infants and young children; influence policy at both national and international levels in ways that grow and sustain CMF markets; and externalise the social, environmental, and economic costs of CMF. Second, this paper examines how breastfeeding is undermined by economic policies and systems that ignore the value of care work by women, including breastfeeding, and by the inadequacy of maternity rights protection across the world, especially for poorer women. Third, this paper presents three reasons why health systems often do not provide adequate breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. These reasons are the gendered and biomedical power systems that deny women-centred and culturally appropriate care; the economic and ideological factors that accept, and even encourage, commercial influence and conflicts of interest; and the fiscal and economic policies that leave governments with insufficient funds to adequately protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. We outline six sets of wide-ranging social, political, and economic reforms required to overcome these deeply embedded commercial and structural barriers to breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie P Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amandine Garde
- Law & Non-Communicable Diseases Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gita Sen
- Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity and Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David McCoy
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico. Global Health 2023; 19:8. [PMID: 36726118 PMCID: PMC9890409 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents are exposed to breastmilk substitutes and baby foods marketing on the internet and social media, which hinders adequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding. This study identifies digital marketing strategies for breastmilk substitutes, specifically commercial milk formula and baby foods used by the industry to influence infant and young children's feeding practices in Mexico and proposes regulatory recommendations that can be useful for similar countries. METHODS Qualitative study based on the CLICK monitoring framework developed by the World Health Organization, adapted for digital marketing of commercial milk formula and baby foods. Semi-structured interviews (n = 53) with key actors were conducted between November 2020 and March 2021, and used grounded theory for the analysis and interpretation with the MAXQDA 20 software. RESULTS Commercial milk formula and baby food companies use digital media to contact and persuade parents to use their products by sending electronic newsletters with advertising. Companies hire influencers to market their products because there is no regulation prohibiting the advertisement of breastmilk substitutes on social media, and promote formula among health professionals inviting them to participate in sponsored webinars on infant nutrition, ignoring conflict of interest and the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Parents trust formula and baby food advertisements, which use emotional messages and health and nutrition claims to encourage their consumption. Health professionals consider that claims contribute to the indiscriminate use of formula, and some actors propose the use of plain packaging for these products. CONCLUSIONS Breastmilk substitutes companies promote their products in digital media using unethical strategies that fail to comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. They generate strong conflicts of interest with health professionals, taking advantage of legal framework gaps and the lack of monitoring and effective sanctions for non-compliers. Updating the legal framework and monitoring compliance, including digital media, is urgently needed to protect children's right to breastfeeding, healthy nutrition and life, and the rights of women to health and informed decision-making.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez‐Escamilla R, Moran VH. Maternal and child nutrition must be at the heart of the climate change agendas. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023; 19:e13444. [PMID: 36259528 PMCID: PMC9749600 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez‐Escamilla
- Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenCT06510USA
- Maternal and Child Nutrition co‐Editors‐In‐Chief
| | - Victoria Hall Moran
- Maternal and Child Nutrition co‐Editors‐In‐Chief
- Centre for Global DevelopmentUniversity of Central LancashirePrestonPR1 2HEUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghinea C, Leahu A. Life cycle assessment of sheep cheese production in a small dairy factory from Romanian rural area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6986-7004. [PMID: 36018408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper aims to analyse the life cycle of sheep milk cheese production, to investigate supply chain of cheese and to suggest improvements for minimizing the environmental impacts associated with this agri-food product. The functional unit chosen was 1 kg of sheep milk cheese. Modelling of the production process was performed based on real data obtained from a cheese production company in Romania. Two methods (CML and ReCiPe), included in GaBi software, were used for the environmental impact assessment. The following impacts: abiotic depletion potential elements, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential (included in CML method) and climate change, fossil depletion, freshwater eutrophication, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation, terrestrial acidification (included in ReCiPe method), were calculated. Results highlighted that energy production and diesel consumption are the main activities which contribute to the environmental impacts associated with cheese product. Emissions from diesel production and consumption contribute to global warming potential with 11.70% and 82.36%, respectively. Wastewater treatment mainly contributes to freshwater eutrophication with 43.58%, followed by raw milk production (37.52%), diesel production (12.34%) and others. The results of this study showed that the values for most impact categories decrease when the energy is obtained by renewable sources compared to the energy produced by conventional procedures. It was concluded that, in order to reduce the environmental impacts associated with sheep cheese production, the energy used in the process needs to be more environmentally friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ghinea
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava, 13 Universitatii Street, 720229, Suceava, Romania.
| | - Ana Leahu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava, 13 Universitatii Street, 720229, Suceava, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Belyaeva IA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Bombardirova EP, Turti TV. World Trends in Infant Formulas Composition Enhancement. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i6.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article provides the overview of the major strategies for infant formulas composition enhancement via modern technologies and trends in minimizing technology-related loads on the environment. Potential modifications of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk formulas nutrients have been determined. We also covered product contents changing over age, as well as the perspectives of using animal milk in formulas. The relevance of adding biologically active substances and living microorganisms (probiotics), their safety, and efficacy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Belyaeva
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Morozovskaya Children’s City Hospital
| | - Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - Elena P. Bombardirova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Tatiana V. Turti
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zieliński M, Dębowski M, Kazimierowicz J. Performance of an Innovative Low-Cost Recycled Filling (LCRF) in Anaerobic Treatment of Dairy Effluent-A Pilot-Scale Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217815. [PMID: 36363404 PMCID: PMC9655942 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth in dairy production leads to increasing outputs of high-load effluent, necessitating new methods of treating such waste. Anaerobic processes have been increasingly popular but are hamstrung by limited nutrient removal efficiency. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low-cost recycled filling (LCRF) improves the anaerobic treatment of dairy effluent. The addition of LCRF was found to increase both COD removal (86.1 ± 2.6%-92.8 ± 1.6%) and Ptot. removal (22.1 ± 3.5% to 36.9 ± 4.6%) from the wastewater. The LCRF ensured near-neutral pH and stabilized the structure of the anaerobic microbe community (including Archaea) across all pollutant loads tested. This translated to efficient biogas production and high methane content in the LCRF reactors, peaking at 0.35 ± 0.01 m3/kg CODremoved and 68.2 ± 0.6% (respectively) in the best-performing variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zieliński
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Dębowski
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Kazimierowicz
- Department of Water Supply and Sewage Systems, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doherty T, Coutsoudis A, McCoy D, Lake L, Pereira-Kotze C, Goldhagen J, Kroon M. Is the US infant formula shortage an avoidable crisis? Lancet 2022; 400:83-84. [PMID: 35654081 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Doherty
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anna Coutsoudis
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David McCoy
- United Nations University, International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lori Lake
- Children's Institute, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jeffrey Goldhagen
- International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Max Kroon
- Neonatology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andresen EC, Hjelkrem AGR, Bakken AK, Andersen LF. Environmental Impact of Feeding with Infant Formula in Comparison with Breastfeeding. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116397. [PMID: 35681983 PMCID: PMC9180168 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Young children have unique nutritional requirements, and breastfeeding is the best option to support healthy growth and development. Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environmental factors. However, literature on the environmental impact of infant formula feeding and breastfeeding is scarce. In this study we estimated the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula compared to four months exclusive breastfeeding in a Norwegian setting. We used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, including the impact categories global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, and land use. We found that the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula was 35–72% higher than that of four months exclusive breastfeeding, depending on the impact category. For infant formula, cow milk was the main contributor to total score for all impact categories. The environmental impact of breastfeeding was dependant on the composition of the lactating mother’s diet. In conclusion, we found that breastfeeding has a lower environmental impact than feeding with infant formula. A limitation of the study is the use of secondary LCA data for raw ingredients and processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cecilie Andresen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-99744145
| | - Anne-Grete Roer Hjelkrem
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.-G.R.H.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Anne Kjersti Bakken
- Division of Food Production and Society, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.-G.R.H.); (A.K.B.)
| | | |
Collapse
|