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Caoimhe D, Wood B, Foster R, Ricciardo B. Mosaic Darier disease flaring following allogeneic stem cell transplant. Australas J Dermatol 2024; 65:221-223. [PMID: 38225856 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Caoimhe
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Rachael Foster
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Slater S, Lawrence M, Wood B, Serodio P, Baker P. Corporate interest groups and their implications for global food governance: mapping and analysing the global corporate influence network of the transnational ultra-processed food industry. Global Health 2024; 20:16. [PMID: 38388413 PMCID: PMC10882744 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-024-01020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge to transforming food systems to promote human health and sustainable development is the global rise in the manufacture and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). A key driver of this dietary transition is the globalization of UPF corporations, and their organized corporate political activity (CPA) intended to counter opposition and block government regulation. UPF industry CPA and the corporate interest groups who lobby on their behalf have been well described at the national level, however, at the global level, this network has not been systematically characterized. This study aims to map, analyse, and describe this network, and discuss the implications for global food policy action on UPFs, global food governance (GFG), and food systems transformation. METHODS We conducted a network analysis of the declared interest group memberships of the world's leading UPF corporations, extracted from web sources, company reports, and relevant academic and grey literature. Data on the characteristics of these interest groups were further extracted for analysis, including year founded, level, type, and headquarter location. RESULTS We identified 268 interest groups affiliated with the UPF industry. The UPF manufacturers Nestlé (n = 171), The Coca-Cola Company (n = 147), Unilever (n = 142), PepsiCo (n = 138), and Danone (n = 113) had the greatest number of memberships, indicating strong centrality in coordinating the network. We found that this network operates at all levels, yet key actors now predominantly coordinate globally through multistakeholder channels in GFG. The most common interest group types were sustainability/corporate social responsibility/multistakeholder initiatives, followed by branding and advertising, and food manufacturing and retail. Most corporate interest groups are headquartered where they can access powerful government and GFG decision-makers, nearly one-third in Washington DC and Brussels, and the rest in capital cities of major national markets for UPFs. CONCLUSIONS The UPF industry, and especially its leading corporations, coordinate a global network of interest groups spanning multiple levels, jurisdictions, and governance spaces. This represents a major structural feature of global food and health governance systems, which arguably poses major challenges for actions to attenuate the harms of UPFs, and to realising of healthy and sustainable food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Slater
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mark Lawrence
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paulo Serodio
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Phillip Baker
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Wood B, Robinson E, Baker P, Paraje G, Mialon M, van Tulleken C, Sacks G. What is the purpose of ultra-processed food? An exploratory analysis of the financialisation of ultra-processed food corporations and implications for public health. Global Health 2023; 19:85. [PMID: 37957671 PMCID: PMC10644600 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades there has been a global rise in consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to the detriment of population health and the environment. Large corporations that have focused heavily on low-cost manufacturing and extensive marketing of UPFs to maximise profits have driven this dietary transition. The same corporations claim to serve the interests of multiple 'stakeholders', and that they are contributing to sustainable development. This paper aimed to test these claims by examining the degree to which UPF corporations have become 'financialised', focusing on the extent to which they have prioritised the financial interests of their shareholders relative to other actors, as well as the role that various types of investors have played in influencing their governance. Findings were used to inform discussion on policy responses to improve the healthiness of population diets. METHODS We adopted an exploratory research design using multiple methods. We conducted quantitative analysis of the financial data of U.S. listed food and agricultural corporations between 1962 and 2021, share ownership data of a selection of UPF corporations, and proxy voting data of a selection of investors between 2012 and 2022. We also conducted targeted narrative reviews using structured and branching searches of academic and grey literature. RESULTS Since the 1980s, corporations that depend heavily on manufacturing and marketing UPFs to generate profits have been increasingly transferring money to their shareholders relative to their total revenue, and at a level considerably higher than other food and agricultural sectors. In recent years, large hedge fund managers have had a substantial influence on the governance of major UPF corporations in their pursuit of maximising short-term returns. In comparison, shareholders seeking to take steps to improve population diets have had limited influence, in part because large asset managers mostly oppose public health-related shareholder proposals. CONCLUSIONS The operationalisation of 'shareholder primacy' by major UPF corporations has driven inequity and undermines their claims that they are creating 'value' for diverse actors. Measures that protect population diets and food systems from the extractive forces of financialisation are likely needed as part of efforts to improve the healthiness of population diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Ella Robinson
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Guillermo Paraje
- Business School, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mélissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gary Sacks
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Wood B, Lacy-Nichols J, Sacks G. Taking on the Corporate Determinants of Ill-health and Health Inequity: A Scoping Review of Actions to Address Excessive Corporate Power to Protect and Promote the Public's Health. Int J Health Policy Manag 2023; 12:7304. [PMID: 38618808 PMCID: PMC10590241 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many sectors of the economy, for-profit business corporations hold excessive power relative to some governments and civil society. These power imbalances have been recognised as important contributors to many pressing and complex societal challenges, including unhealthy diets, climate change, and widening socio-economic inequalities, and thus pose a major barrier to efforts to improve public health and health equity. In this paper, we reviewed potential actions for addressing excessive corporate power. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of diverse literature (using Scopus, Web of Science, HeinOnline, and EBSCO databases), along with expanded searches, to identify state and collective actions with the potential to address excessive corporate power. Actions were thematically classified into overarching strategic objectives, guided by Meagher's '3Ds' heuristic, which classifies actions to curb corporate power into three groups: dispersion, democratisation, and dissolution. Based on the actions identified, we proposed two additional strategic objectives: reform and democratise the global governance of corporations, and strengthen countervailing power structures. RESULTS We identified 178 documents that collectively cover a broad range of actions to address excessive corporate power. In total, 18 interrelated strategies were identified, along with several examples in which aspects of these strategies have been implemented. CONCLUSION The proposed framework sheds light on how a diverse set of strategies and actions that seek to address excessive corporate power can work synergistically to change the regulatory context in which corporations operate, so that broader societal goals, including health and equity, are given much greater prominence and consideration vis-à-vis powerful corporate interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Lacy-Nichols
- Centre for Health Policy, The University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Karam M, Abul A, Wood B, Kahlar N, Naik A, Tay J, Rahman S, Matteucci P. Stem Cell-Enriched Fat Grafts Versus Autologous Fat Grafts for Facial Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:487-493. [PMID: 37146315 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to compare the outcomes of stem cell-enrichment fat grafting versus routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction purposes. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Guidelines and a search of electronic information was conducted to identify all randomized controlled trials, case control studies, and cohort studies comparing the outcomes of stem cell enrichment fat grafting versus routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction purposes. Volume retention and infection rate were primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included patient satisfaction postsurgery, redness and swelling, fat necrosis, cysts, as well as operation time. Fixed and random effects modeling was used for the analysis. RESULTS Eight studies enrolling 275 subjects were selected. There was a significant difference between the stem cell enrichment fat grafting and routine grafting groups in terms of mean volume retention (standardized mean difference, 2.49; P < 0.00001). However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the rate of infection (odds ratio, 0.36; P = 0.30). For all secondary outcomes, the intervention group had similar results compared with the control group except for the operation time, which was shorter in the latter. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-enriched fat grafting is a superior option when compared with the routine fat grafting for facial reconstruction surgery because it improves the mean volume retention and does not worsen patient satisfaction and surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Abul
- Division of Surgical and Interventional Sciences, University college London
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield
| | | | - Anish Naik
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough
| | - Jing Tay
- Department of Plastic surgery, Bradford Royal Infirmary
| | - Shafiq Rahman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Pinderfields General Hospital, Mid Yorks
| | - Paolo Matteucci
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom
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Gaucher-Holm A, Wood B, Sacks G, Vanderlee L. The structure of the Canadian packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage manufacturing and grocery retailing sectors through a public health lens. Global Health 2023; 19:18. [PMID: 36906536 PMCID: PMC10008568 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corporate power has been recognized as an important influence on food environments and population health more broadly. Understanding the structure of national food and beverage markets can provide important insight into the power held by leading corporations. This study aimed to descriptively analyze the structure of the Canadian food and beverage manufacturing and grocery retailing sectors as of 2020/21. METHODS Packaged food manufacturers, non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers and grocery retailers with ≥ 1% market share in 2020/21 in Canada as per Euromonitor International were identified and characterized. Proportion of market share held by public vs private, multinational vs national, and foreign multinational companies was assessed for the 3 sectors. The concentration of 14 packaged food, 8 non-alcoholic beverage and 5 grocery retailing markets was assessed using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the four firm concentration ratio (CR4) (HHI > 1800 and CR4 > 60 suggest high market concentration). Company ownership structure was also assessed, including common ownership of public companies by three of the largest global asset managers using data from Refinitiv Eikon, a financial market database. RESULTS The Canadian non-alcoholic beverage manufacturing sector, and, to a lesser extent, the packaged food manufacturing sector were dominated by foreign multinational companies, in contrast with the grocery retailing sector which was dominated by national companies. Market concentration varied across sectors and markets but was substantially greater within the retailing (median CR4 = 84; median HHI = 2405) and non-alcoholic beverage sectors (median CR4 = 72; median HHI = 1995) compared to the packaged food sector (median CR4 = 51; median HHI = 932). There was considerable evidence of common ownership across sectors. Overall, the Vanguard Group Inc owned at least 1% of shares in 95% of publicly listed companies, Blackrock Institutional Trust Company 71%, and State Street Global Advisors (US) 43%. CONCLUSIONS The Canadian packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage manufacturing and grocery retailing sectors include several consolidated markets, with a high degree of common ownership by major investors. Findings suggest that a small number of large corporations, particularly in the retailing sector, have extensive power to influence Canadian food environments; their policies and practices warrant substantial attention as part of efforts to improve population diets in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Gaucher-Holm
- École de nutrition, Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- École de nutrition, Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Lezcano C, Berwick M, Luo L, Barnhill R, Duncan LM, Gerami P, Lowe L, Messina JL, Scolyer RA, Wood B, Yeh I, Zembowicz A, Busam KJ. Interobserver agreement in the histopathological classification of desmoplastic melanomas. Pathology 2023; 55:223-226. [PMID: 36653238 PMCID: PMC9974895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.12.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Desmoplastic melanoma is a subtype of melanoma characterised by amelanotic fusiform melanocytes dispersed in a collagenous stroma. Cell-poor and fibrous stroma-rich 'pure' variants have been distinguished from 'mixed' variants with areas of higher cell density and/or less desmoplastic stroma. This distinction is relevant because patients whose tumours display a pure phenotype have a lower risk for regional lymph node metastasis and distant recurrence. However, little is known about interobserver agreement among pathologists in the subclassification of desmoplastic melanoma. To address this issue, we conducted a study in which eleven dermatopathologists independently evaluated whole slide scanned images of excisions from 30 desmoplastic melanomas. The participating pathologists were asked to classify the tumours as pure or mixed. They were also asked to record the presence or absence of neurotropism and angiotropism. We found substantial interobserver agreement between the 11 dermatopathologists in the classification of tumours as pure versus mixed desmoplastic melanoma (kappa=0.64; p<0.0001). There was fair agreement between the 11 dermatopathologists in the evaluation of presence versus absence of neurotropism (kappa=0.26; p<0.0001), and slight agreement in the assessment of angiotropism (kappa=0.13; p<0.0001). The level of concordance in the subclassification of desmoplastic melanomas is encouraging for the acceptance of this prognostic parameter in the real-world practice of melanoma pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lezcano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Raymond Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Université de Paris UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Lyn M Duncan
- Pathology Service, Dermatopathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lori Lowe
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jane L Messina
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Artur Zembowicz
- Dermatopathology Consultations LLC, Lahey Clinic and Tufts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
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Delgado J, Pritchard W, Varble N, Mikhail A, Owen J, Arrichiello A, Ray T, Lopez-Silva T, Morhard R, Yang J, Kassin M, Mueller J, Xu S, Schneider J, Karanian J, Wood B. Abstract No. 242 Distribution of Imageable Thermosensitive Drug-Loaded Gel in Ex Vivo Bovine Liver Depends on Needle Type and Injection Technique. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.12.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Baker P, Smith JP, Garde A, Grummer-Strawn LM, Wood B, Sen G, Hastings G, Pérez-Escamilla R, Ling CY, Rollins N, McCoy D. The political economy of infant and young child feeding: confronting corporate power, overcoming structural barriers, and accelerating progress. Lancet 2023; 401:503-524. [PMID: 36764315 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence about the value and importance of breastfeeding, less than half of the world's infants and young children (aged 0-36 months) are breastfed as recommended. This Series paper examines the social, political, and economic reasons for this problem. First, this paper highlights the power of the commercial milk formula (CMF) industry to commodify the feeding of infants and young children; influence policy at both national and international levels in ways that grow and sustain CMF markets; and externalise the social, environmental, and economic costs of CMF. Second, this paper examines how breastfeeding is undermined by economic policies and systems that ignore the value of care work by women, including breastfeeding, and by the inadequacy of maternity rights protection across the world, especially for poorer women. Third, this paper presents three reasons why health systems often do not provide adequate breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. These reasons are the gendered and biomedical power systems that deny women-centred and culturally appropriate care; the economic and ideological factors that accept, and even encourage, commercial influence and conflicts of interest; and the fiscal and economic policies that leave governments with insufficient funds to adequately protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. We outline six sets of wide-ranging social, political, and economic reforms required to overcome these deeply embedded commercial and structural barriers to breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie P Smith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Amandine Garde
- Law & Non-Communicable Diseases Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gita Sen
- Ramalingaswami Centre on Equity and Social Determinants of Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Nigel Rollins
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David McCoy
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wood B, Sacks G. The influence of share buybacks on ill-health and health inequity: an exploratory analysis using a socio-ecological determinants of health lens. Global Health 2023; 19:3. [PMID: 36631805 PMCID: PMC9832402 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Share buybacks, when a corporation buys back its own shares, are recognised as having potentially harmful impacts on society. This includes by contributing to economic inequalities, and by impeding investments with the potential to protect and promote the welfare of various stakeholders. Share buybacks, however, have received minimal analytical attention in the public health literature. This paper aimed to explore the potential influence of share buybacks on population health and health inequity using a socio-ecological determinants of health lens. METHODS We conducted a descriptive analysis of share buybacks made by corporations listed on United States (US) stock exchanges between 1982 and 2021, using quantitative data sourced from Compustat. We examined annual trends in share buyback expenditure, including comparisons to dividend, net income, capital expenditure, and research and development expenditure data. We then purposively sampled a set of corporations to provide illustrative examples of how share buybacks potentially influence key socio-ecological determinants of health. The examples were: i) three COVID-19 vaccine manufacturers; ii) five of the world's largest fossil fuel corporations; and iii) US car manufacturer General Motors. For these, we conducted an analysis of data from Compustat, company reports and grey literature materials, focusing on key sources of profits and their allocation to share buybacks and particular investments. RESULTS US-listed corporations spent an estimated US$9.2 trillion in real terms on share buybacks between 2012 and 2021 (nearly 12 times more than from 1982 to 1991). The contribution of share buybacks to total shareholder 'returns' increased from 11% in 1982 to 55% in 2021, with expenditure on shareholder returns increasing considerably relative to capital, research and development expenditure over this period. The three examples illustrated how some corporations have prioritised the short-term financial interests of their shareholders, including via implementing large share buyback programs, over investments with considerable potential to protect and promote the public's health. CONCLUSION The potentially substantial impacts of share buybacks on health warrant increased research and policy attention. Arguably, more must be done to regulate share buybacks as part of efforts to address the corporate drivers of ill-health and inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Gary Sacks
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
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Huse O, Reeve E, Bell C, Sacks G, Baker P, Wood B, Backholer K. Strategies used by the soft drink industry to grow and sustain sales: a case-study of The Coca-Cola Company in East Asia. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-010386. [PMID: 36593644 PMCID: PMC9730366 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The market and non-market activities of the food and beverage industry contribute to unhealthy and unsustainable dietary patterns, increasingly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe how The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), as the world market leader in the sugar-sweetened beverage sector, operationalises their activities in LMICs in East Asia, among the world's most highly populated yet under-researched countries, to illustrate the ways in which these activities may negatively influence health outcomes. METHODS We adopted a theoretically-guided qualitative research design and documentary analysis method. Data sources included: industry documents and web pages, marketing case studies obtained from the World Advertising Research Centre, media reports, global trade summaries and websites of industry associations. To guide data analysis, we synthesised a conceptual framework from existing commercial determinants of health literature, to describe ways in which the market and non-market activities of TCCC influence health. RESULTS TCCC leverages subsidiary companies and investments in international networks to expand its supply chains. The company engages in frequent political activities to minimise the implementation of nutrition policies that may impact profits. The company markets products, particularly on digital and mobile devices, often targeting children, adolescents and mothers, and undertakes public relations activities related to human rights, environmental sustainability and community and economic supports, and these public relations activities are often integrated into marketing campaigns. The identified activities of TCCC are frequently in direct contrast to efforts to improve the healthfulness of population diets in East Asia LMICs. CONCLUSIONS A public health analysis of the market and non-market activities of corporations active in unhealthy commodity industries needs to be broad in scope to cover the diverse set of strategies used to increase their market power and influence. Governments should consider a suite of policy options to attenuate these commercial determinants of unhealthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Huse
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica Reeve
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Bell
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation. Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Meyer L, Roy RP, Huang B, Kimura S, Polonen P, Delgado-Martin C, Vincent T, Ryan T, Wood B, Liu Y, Zhang J, Mullighan C, Horton T, Loh M, Devidas M, Raetz E, Hayashi R, Winter S, Dunsmore K, Hunger S, Teachey D, Hermiston M, Olshen AB. A TARGETED GENE EXPRESSION CLASSIFIER IDENTIFIES PEDIATRIC T-ALL PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK FOR END INDUCTION MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE POSITIVITY. Leuk Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(22)00243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Devlin CM, Molokwu CN, Wood B, Yuen KK, Singh R, Chahal R. Routine urethroscopic surveillance is of limited value after radical cystectomy: a single centre retrospective cohort analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:3139-3144. [PMID: 35951254 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of urethral recurrence (UR) following radical cystectomy (RC) for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder varies between 1.5 and 6%. There is debate over the timing of urethrectomy for patients undergoing RC. We evaluated the requirement for a formal surveillance programme for UR in patients after RC. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of patients who underwent RC between 2006 and 2019. Females, non-TCC cases and patients with neo-bladder diversions were excluded. Histological prostatic urethral involvement at the time of RC was deemed high risk for UR. Carcinoma in-situ, multifocal tumours and bladder neck involvement were deemed intermediate risk and the absence of the above features was considered low risk. RESULTS 417 patients underwent RC, 300 cases remained after exclusion criteria were applied. 42 patients were high-risk for UR, 102 patients were intermediate risk and 156 were low risk. Of the 300, 24 urethrectomy cases were recorded. Six cases of UR occurred. Of these, 5 presented with symptoms and only 1 case was detected by surveillance. Only 1 low-risk patient developed UR, 7 years post RC. Using our risk stratification, UR rates for high, intermediate and low-risk cohorts were 25%, 10.5% and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, routine surveillance for all patients with annual urethroscopy was of limited value in detecting UR post RC. Staged Urethrectomy for high and intermediate-risk patients, and patient counselling in self-identification of recurrence symptoms for low-risk patients will improve the early detection of UR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Devlin
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Chidi N Molokwu
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Keith K Yuen
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rajindra Singh
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rohit Chahal
- Department of Urology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
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14
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Wood B, Baker P, Sacks G. Conceptualising the Commercial Determinants of Health Using a Power Lens: A Review and Synthesis of Existing Frameworks. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:1251-1261. [PMID: 33619932 PMCID: PMC9808328 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that power imbalances that favour corporations, especially those active in unhealthy commodity industries, over other actors are central to the ways in which corporations influence population health. However, existing frameworks for analysing corporate strategies and practices that impact on health do not incorporate concepts of power in consistent ways. This paper aimed to review the ways in which corporate power has been incorporated into such frameworks, and to propose a revised framing of the commercial determinants of health (CDoH) that makes concepts of power explicit. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of frameworks that identify corporate strategies and practices and explain how these influence population health. Content analysis was conducted to identify explicit references to different qualities of power - its origins, nature, and manifestations. RESULTS Twenty-two frameworks were identified, five of which used theories of power. A wide range of contexts that shape, and are shaped by corporate power were discussed, as were a diversity of corporate, social and ecological outcomes. A variety of material and ideational sources of power was also covered. We proposed an integrated 'Corporate Power and Health' framework to inform analysis of the CDoH, organised around key questions on power set out by Foucault. The proposed framework draws from a number of well-established corporate power theories and synthesises key features of existing CDoH frameworks. CONCLUSION Public health advocates, researchers and policy-makers would likely be better placed to understand and address the CDoH by engaging with theories of power to a greater extent, and by explicitly incorporating concepts of corporate power in analyses of how the deployment of corporate strategies and practices influence population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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Delgado J, Owen J, Pritchard W, Mikhail A, Varble N, Morhard R, Ray T, Kassin M, Lopez-Silva T, Rivera J, Mueller J, Yang J, Schneider J, Xu S, Karanian J, Wood B. Abstract No. 552 Dual ultrasound/x-ray imageable thermosensitive gel for intratumoral drug delivery and vessel embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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16
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Morhard R, Mikhail A, Negussie A, Mauda-Havakuk M, Delgado J, Kassin M, Zhang J, Pastan I, Hassan R, Pritchard W, Karanian J, Wood B. Abstract No. 334 Drug distribution maps with CT after direct co-injection with contrast agent in ex vivo tissue. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Delgado J, Pritchard W, Mikhail A, Varble N, Lopez-Silva T, Morhard R, Mauda-Havakuk M, Ray T, Owen J, Negussie A, Schneider J, Karanian J, Wood B. Abstract No. 551 Characterization of an x-ray-imageable gel for image-guided intra-tumoral drug injections. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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Wall JJS, Boag KF, Waduud MA, Pabale K, Wood B, Bailey M, Scott JA. New Measures, Old Conclusions: Obesity Does Not Worsen Outcomes after Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Aorta (Stamford) 2022; 10:20-25. [PMID: 35640583 PMCID: PMC9179208 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background
The “obesity paradox,” whereby the body mass index (BMI) mortality curve is “U-shaped,” is a well-studied phenomenon in vascular surgery. However, there has been an overreliance on BMI as the measure of obesity, which has shown to poorly correlate with clinical outcomes. Robust measures such as waist-hip ratio (WHR) have been suggested as a more accurate marker reflecting central obesity.
Objectives
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between BMI and WHR on postoperative morbidity and mortality after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.
Methods
Data were collected from the Leeds Vascular Institute between January 2006 and December 2016. The primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) and all-cause readmission. Binary logistic regression, linear regression, and correlation analysis were used to identify associations between BMI and WHR in relation to outcome measures.
Results
After exclusions, 432 elective AAA repairs (281 open surgical repair [OSR] and 151 endovascular aneurysm repairs [EVARs]) were identified to be eligible for the study. The combined 30-day and 4-year mortality was 1.2 and 20.1%, respectively. The 30-day readmission rate was 3.9% and the average LOS was 7.33 (standard deviation 18.5) days. BMI data was recorded for 275 patients (63.7%) and WHR for 355 patients (82.2%). Logistic regression analysis highlighted no association between BMI and WHR with mortality, readmission, or LOS following OSR or EVAR.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest patients should not be denied treatment for AAA based on obesity alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua John Sommerville Wall
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katie F Boag
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed A Waduud
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Keleabetswe Pabale
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Bailey
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A Scott
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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19
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Wood B, McCoy D, Baker P, Williams O, Sacks G. The double burden of maldistribution: a descriptive analysis of corporate wealth and income distribution in four unhealthy commodity industries. Critical Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2021.2019681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David McCoy
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University London, UK
| | - Phil Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Owain Williams
- School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Australia
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20
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Wood B, Baker P, Scrinis G, McCoy D, Williams O, Sacks G. Maximising the wealth of few at the expense of the health of many: a public health analysis of market power and corporate wealth and income distribution in the global soft drink market. Global Health 2021; 17:138. [PMID: 34857019 PMCID: PMC8641192 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many of the harms created by the global soft drink industry that directly influence human and planetary health are well documented. However, some of the ways in which the industry indirectly affects population health, via various socio-economic pathways, have received less attention. This paper aimed to analyse the extent to which market power and corporate wealth and income distribution in the global soft drink market negatively impact public health and health equity. In doing so, the paper sought to contribute to the development of a broad-based public health approach to market analysis. A range of dimensions (e.g., market concentration; financial performance; corporate wealth and income distribution) and indicators (e.g., Herfindahl Hirschman Index; earnings relative to the industry average; effective tax rates; and shareholder value ratios) were descriptively analysed. Empirical focus was placed on the two dominant global soft drink manufacturers. Results Coca-Cola Co, and, to a lesser extent, PepsiCo, operate across an extensive patchwork of highly concentrated markets. Both corporations control vast amounts of wealth and resources, and are able to allocate relatively large amounts of money to potentially harmful practices, such as extensive marketing of unhealthy products. Over recent decades, the proportion of wealth and income transferred by these firms to their shareholders has increased substantially; whereas the proportion of wealth and income redistributed by these two firms to the public via income taxes has considerably decreased. Meanwhile, the distribution of soft drink consumption is becoming increasingly skewed towards population groups in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusions Market power and corporate wealth and income distribution in the global soft drink market likely compound the market’s maldistribution of harms, and indirectly influence health by contributing to social and economic inequalities. Indeed, a ‘double burden of maldistribution’ pattern can be seen, wherein the wealth of the shareholders of the market’s dominant corporations, a group over-represented by a small and wealthy elite, is maximised largely at the expense of the welfare of LMICs and lower socioeconomic groups in high-income countries. If this pattern continues, the appropriate role of the global soft drink market as part of sustainable economic development will require rethinking. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00781-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Phil Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Scrinis
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David McCoy
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Owain Williams
- School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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21
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Khan AA, Wood B, Abdul Z, Rahman S, Allouni A. The Drain Dilemma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Drain-Free Abdominal Closure With Progressive Tension Sutures Against Drain-Assisted Closure for Abdominal Flaps in Breast Reconstruction. Cureus 2021; 13:e18924. [PMID: 34812308 PMCID: PMC8603632 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of abdominal drains in donor site closure following breast reconstruction with abdominal flaps is widespread. Our review aimed to compare the outcomes of donor site closure with and without the use of abdominal drains following breast reconstruction with abdominal flaps. Randomized, non-randomized, and observational studies that compared the use of drains vs. no drain in breast reconstruction were included by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Four studies enrolling 327 participants were identified. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of duration of hospital stay favouring abdominal closure without the use of drains (MD = -1.15, 95% CI = -1.88 tom-0.42, P=0.002), with a similar difference found in terms of overall complication rate (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.83, p=0.01). Likewise, a statistically significant difference was found favouring abdominal closure without the use of drains for the secondary outcome of operative time (MD = -55.95, 95% CI = -107.19 to -4.74, p=0.03). Abdominal closure without drains following breast reconstructions with abdominal flaps is superior to closure with drains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Plastic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, GBR
| | - Zabihullah Abdul
- Plastic Surgery, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, GBR
| | - Shafiq Rahman
- Plastic Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, GBR
| | - Ammar Allouni
- Plastic Surgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, GBR
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22
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Patel K, Rowe L, Schott E, Zgela T, Ning H, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Lindenberg L, Pinto P, Wood B, Sowalsky A, Shih J, Salerno K, Citrin D. A Phase I Trial of Highly Conformal, Hypofractionated Post Prostatectomy Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Salerno K, Turkbey B, Lindenberg L, Mena E, Schott E, Brennan A, Patel K, Zgela TC, McKinney Y, Wood B, Pinto P, Choyke P, Citrin D. Detection of Failure Patterns Using Advanced Imaging in Patients With Biochemical Recurrence Following Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Choong DJ, Kumarasinghe SP, Wood B. Hyperkeratotic flexural erythema and response to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid: Two cases within the same family. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 63:e97-e99. [PMID: 34665460 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Jeremy Choong
- Department of Dermatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia,, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Wood
- PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia,, Australia
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25
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Chee A, Wood B, Sadler G, Cull G. Hydroa Vacciniforme-Like Lymphoproliferative Disorder in an Adult Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Med Cases 2021; 11:366-369. [PMID: 34434348 PMCID: PMC8383493 DOI: 10.14740/jmc3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HV-LPD) is a rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) which primarily affects children from Latin America and Asia. Typical features include vesicles and ulceration in sun-exposed areas which may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. We report a 73-year-old man diagnosed with HV-LPD in the context of zanubrutinib (oral Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)-inhibitor) treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The patient presented with slowly progressive peri-orbital edema and erythema non-responsive to topical therapies which eventually progressed to focal crusting and erosion. Prednisolone was subsequently introduced, which led to a good response in the patient’s symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Chee
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Genevieve Sadler
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin Cull
- Department of Haematology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,University of Western Australia School of Medicine, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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26
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Khan HA, Kumarasinghe P, Wood B. Late-onset eccrine syringofibroadenoma of the feet in a patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:383-385. [PMID: 34097755 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 56-year-old woman with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia presented with a 10-year history of persisting wart-like skin lesions on her feet. Biopsy revealed changes of eccrine syringofibroadenoma. These lesions are rare, with only nine case reports describing an association with ectodermal dysplasia of hidrotic type (Clouston and Schopf's syndrome). To our knowledge, this is the first case of eccrine syringofibroadenoma developing in the hypohidrotic/anhidrotic subtype of ectodermal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ali Khan
- Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Wood
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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27
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Baker P, Russ K, Kang M, Santos TM, Neves PAR, Smith J, Kingston G, Mialon M, Lawrence M, Wood B, Moodie R, Clark D, Sievert K, Boatwright M, McCoy D. Globalization, first-foods systems transformations and corporate power: a synthesis of literature and data on the market and political practices of the transnational baby food industry. Global Health 2021; 17:58. [PMID: 34020657 PMCID: PMC8139375 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global milk formula market has 'boomed' in recent decades, raising serious concerns for breastfeeding, and child and maternal health. Despite these developments, few studies have investigated the global expansion of the baby food industry, nor the market and political practices corporations have used to grow and sustain their markets. In this paper, our aim is to understand the strategies used by the baby food industry to shape 'first-foods systems' across its diverse markets, and in doing so, drive milk formula consumption on a global scale. We used a theoretically guided synthesis review method, which integrated diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources. RESULTS Global milk formula sales grew from ~US$1.5 billion in 1978 to US$55.6 billion in 2019. This remarkable expansion has occurred along two main historical axes. First, the widening geographical reach of the baby food industry and its marketing practices, both globally and within countries, as corporations have pursued new growth opportunities, especially in the Global South. Second, the broadening of product ranges beyond infant formula, to include an array of follow-up, toddler and specialized formulas for a wider range of age groups and conditions, thereby widening the scope of mother-child populations subject to commodification. Sophisticated marketing techniques have been used to grow and sustain milk formula consumption, including marketing through health systems, mass-media and digital advertising, and novel product innovations backed by corporate science. To enable and sustain this marketing, the industry has engaged in diverse political practices to foster favourable policy, regulatory and knowledge environments. This has included lobbying international and national policy-makers, generating and deploying favourable science, leveraging global trade rules and adopting corporate policies to counter regulatory action by governments. CONCLUSION The baby food industry uses integrated market and political strategies to shape first-foods systems in ways that drive and sustain milk formula market expansion, on a global scale. Such practices are a major impediment to global implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, and other policy actions to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. New modalities of public health action are needed to negate the political practices of the industry in particular, and ultimately to constrain corporate power over the mother-child breastfeeding dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Thiago M. Santos
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. R. Neves
- International Centre for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Julie Smith
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gillian Kingston
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Benjamin Wood
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Clark
- Independent Consultant on Public Health Law, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Sievert
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Monique Boatwright
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - David McCoy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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28
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Van Dam I, Wood B, Sacks G, Allais O, Vandevijvere S. A detailed mapping of the food industry in the European single market: similarities and differences in market structure across countries and sectors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:54. [PMID: 33902639 PMCID: PMC8074488 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food environments are influenced by food industries (packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers; supermarkets and quick service restaurants). An important source of this influence is the significant market power held by a limited number of food companies. Market structure analysis, as part of a broader market power research agenda, has received limited attention from the public health community. The aim of this study was to analyse similarities and differences in market structure across countries and industries in the European Single Market. METHODS The companies with the largest market share at the national level for each industry were identified from Euromonitor sales data in 2017/18. The market structure was assessed by the following metrics: the number of global brand owners with ≥1% market share per country, the number of companies unique for one European Single Market member state, the most sold packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage categories, the number of quick-service restaurants and supermarkets per 1000 inhabitants and market concentration by means of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the four firm concentration ratio (CR4). CR4-values > 40% and HHI-values > 2000 indicate concentrated markets with limited competition. RESULTS The leading packaged food and non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers and the most sold food and beverage product categories were similar across countries in Europe. The observed levels of concentration were however different. Average CR4-values ranged from 21 to 72% among packaged food product markets and 60 to 76% for non-alcoholic beverage product markets. Average CR4-values for quick service restaurants and supermarkets were 50 and 60%, respectively. Across European countries the same leading quick-service restaurants were identified, while this was not the case for supermarkets. CONCLUSIONS This study forms an important basis to understand key aspects of market structure of the European food industry, observing clear differences between food industries and European Single Market member states. This has potential implications for the implementation of food environment policies at different levels of jurisdiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Van Dam
- Sciensano, Service of Lifestyle and chronic diseases, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR ALISS, 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
| | - Olivier Allais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR ALISS, 94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
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Wood B, Williams O, Baker P, Nagarajan V, Sacks G. The influence of corporate market power on health: exploring the structure-conduct-performance model from a public health perspective. Global Health 2021; 17:41. [PMID: 33823900 PMCID: PMC8025506 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detrimental impact of dominant corporations active in health-harming commodity industries is well recognised. However, to date, existing analyses of the ways in which corporations influence health have paid limited attention to corporate market power. Accordingly, the public health implications of concentrated market structures, the use of anti-competitive market strategies, and the ways in which market power mediates the allocation and distribution of resources via market systems, remain relatively unexplored. To address this gap, this paper aimed to identify and explore key literature that could inform a comprehensive framework to examine corporate market power from a public health perspective. The ultra-processed food (UPF) industry was used to provide illustrative examples. METHODS A scoping review of a diverse range of literature, including Industrial Organization, welfare economics, global political economy and antitrust policy, was conducted to identify important concepts and metrics that could be drawn upon within the field of public health to understand and explore market power. The Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model, a guiding principle of antitrust policy and the regulation of market power, was used as an organising framework. RESULTS We described each of the components of the traditional SCP model and how they have historically been used to assess market power through examining the interrelations between the structure of industries and markets, the conduct of dominant firms, and the overall ability of markets and firms to efficiently allocate and distribute the scarce resources. CONCLUSION We argue that the SCP model is well-placed to broaden public health research into the ways in which corporations influence health. In addition, the development of a comprehensive framework based on the key findings of this paper could help the public health community to better engage with a set of policy and regulatory tools that have the potential to curb the concentration of corporate power for the betterment of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Owain Williams
- School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Phil Baker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Wood B, Kallestrup P. Benefits and Challenges of Using a Participatory Approach with Community-based Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Interventions in Displaced Populations. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:283-292. [PMID: 33509062 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520983626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mental health burden of displaced communities is enormous and ever-increasing. Community-based Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (CB-MHPSS) interventions are seen as vital in addressing this challenge, and they have been lauded as being integral in the overall multi-level Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Intervention approach in humanitarian settings. This article assumes that CB-MHPSS innately require a participatory approach to truly benefit the targeted population. It explores important benefits and challenges of using a participatory approach with CB-MHPSS interventions, as well as identifying key considerations in their design and implementation. A literature review of the PubMed database, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, and defined 'grey literature' identified 42 relevant articles. Thematic analysis identified dilemmas raised by many of the authors, including: the disconnect between using a participatory community-based approach and evidence-based medicine; using locally derived versus standardised measures; incorporating local mental health expressions and idioms into the intervention versus using standardised diagnostic classifications; empowering communities versus falling into the hands of local power dynamics and agendas; and trying to allow for sufficient time to develop relationships and build trust with the targeted community. The findings can serve to encourage reflexivity and critical thinking in the design and implementation of future CB-MHPSS interventions, which will be required to develop robust evidence that supports CB-MHPSS interventions in displaced communities.
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Wood B, Williams O, Nagarajan V, Sacks G. Market strategies used by processed food manufacturers to increase and consolidate their power: a systematic review and document analysis. Global Health 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 33499883 PMCID: PMC7836045 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The public health community has become increasingly critical of the role that powerful corporations play in driving unhealthy diets, one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. While a substantial amount of work has examined the political strategies used by dominant processed food manufacturers that undermine public health, less attention has been paid to their use of market strategies to build and consolidate power. In this light, this paper aimed to systematically review and synthesise the market strategies deployed by dominant processed food manufacturers to increase and consolidate their power. METHODS A systematic review and document analysis of public health, business, legal and media content databases (Scopus, Medline, ABI Inform, Business Source Complete, Thomas Reuters Westlaw, Lexis Advance, Factiva, NewsBank), and grey literature were conducted. Data extracted were analysed thematically using an approach informed by Porter's 'Five Forces' framework. RESULTS 213 documents met inclusion criteria. The market strategies (n=21) and related practices of dominant processed food manufacturers identified in the documents were categorised into a typological framework consisting of six interconnected strategic objectives: i) reduce intense competition with equivalent sized rivals and maintaining dominance over smaller rivals; ii) raise barriers to market entry by new competitors; iii) counter the threat of market disruptors and drive dietary displacement in favour of their products; iv) increase firm buyer power over suppliers; v) increase firm seller power over retailers and distributors; and vi) leverage informational power asymmetries in relations with consumers. CONCLUSIONS The typological framework is well-placed to inform general and jurisdiction-specific market strategy analyses of dominant processed food manufacturers, and has the potential to assist in identifying countervailing public policies, such as those related to merger control, unfair trading practices, and public procurement, that could be used to address market-power imbalances as part of efforts to improve population diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Owain Williams
- School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wood B, Ruskin G, Sacks G. How Coca-Cola Shaped the International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health: An Analysis of Email Exchanges between 2012 and 2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17238996. [PMID: 33287097 PMCID: PMC7730322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently limited direct evidence of how sponsorship of scientific conferences fits within the food industry’s strategy to shape public policy and opinion in its favour. This paper provides an analysis of emails between a vice-president of The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) and prominent public health figures in relation to the 2012 and 2014 International Congresses of Physical Activity and Public Health (ICPAPH). Contrary to Coke’s prepared public statements, the findings show that Coke deliberated with its sponsored researchers on topics to present at ICPAPH in an effort to shift blame for the rising incidence of obesity and diet-related diseases away from its products onto physical activity and individual choice. The emails also show how Coke used ICPAPH to promote its front groups and sponsored research networks and foster relationships with public health leaders in order to use their authority to deliver Coke’s message. The study questions whether current protocols about food industry sponsorship of scientific conferences are adequate to safeguard public health interests from corporate influence. A safer approach could be to apply the same provisions that are stipulated in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on eliminating all tobacco industry sponsorship to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gary Ruskin
- U.S. Right to Know, Oakland, CA 94611-5221, USA;
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
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Abdalla E, Makanjuola B, Wood B, Baes CF, Vanderhout RJ. PSIII-16 Genome-wide association mapping and functional analysis of body weight, feed intake and walking ability in turkeys. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The underlying genetic mechanisms affecting turkey growth traits have not been widely investigated. Over the last few years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) became the de facto approach to identify candidate regions associated with complex phenotypes and diseases in livestock. In the present study, we performed GWAS to identify regions associated with growth traits, feed intake and walking ability in a breeding turkey line. This was followed by studying the functional evidence that may support the impact of those regions on the economic traits in turkeys. A total of 31,950 phenotypic records for body weight, feed intake and walking ability with genomic (56,393 SNP) data were provided by Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada. The analysis was carried out using a mixed linear model with hatch-week-year and sex fitted as fixed effects and the accumulated effect of all markers captured by the genomic relationship matrix fitted as random polygenic effects. Significant markers were observed on several chromosomes across the turkey genome. For example, COL8A1 and RBPMS2 genes were identified on chromosome 1 and 12, respectively, and associated with body weight. Furthermore, a gene-set enrichment analysis was performed for each trait. These functional and positional analyses uncovered a number of gene ontology functional terms, Reactome pathways and Medical Subject Headings that showed significant enrichment of genes associated with the studied traits. Many of the observed gene ontology functional terms (e.g., skeletal muscle tissue growth, regulation of digestive system process, and adult walking behavior) are known to be related to body growth, feed intake and walking ability. The results of this study revealed novel candidate genomic regions and candidate genes that could be managed within a turkey breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emhimad Abdalla
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bayode Makanjuola
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Vanderhout RJ, Yahiro M, Wood B, Barbut S, Mohr JS, Baes CF. 41 Estimating the heritability of meat quality traits in turkeys. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic selection for improved meat quality traits has been successfully implemented in many livestock species. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of several meat quality traits to assess their selection potential in turkeys. Pedigree toms (n = 1,033) were processed at a commercial facility and live weight, breast meat yield (as a percentage of live weight), ultimate pH, color (CIELAB values), drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force were recorded on M. pectoralis superficialis (fillet). White striping was also rated on a 1–4 scale. Heritabilities were estimated using univariate animal models in ASReml version 4.1. Hatch week and age at slaughter were included as fixed effects in the mode,l and 32 generations of pedigree records were used. Breast meat yield (h2 = 0.62; SE = 0.090) showed the highest heritability and was higher compared to previous estimates, probably due to the smaller sample size. Live weight (h2 = 0.31; SE = 0.078), ultimate pH (h2 = 0.36; SE = 0.087), lightness (h2 = 0.28; SE = 0.086), redness (h2 = 0.22; SE = 0.075), and white striping score (h2 = 0.27; SE = 0.085) all had moderate heritabilities. The estimate for ultimate pH was similar to previous studies in broilers but was high compared to previous studies in turkeys. Estimates for color were similar to those found in previous studies involving turkeys. Drip loss and cooking loss had similar heritability estimates of 0.13 (SE = 0.071) and 0.10 (SE = 0.064), respectively, which were akin to previous estimates in pork. Shear force (h2 = 0.02; SE = 0.056) was found to have a very low heritability. In conclusion, the heritability estimates provided in this study show great potential for the inclusion of meat quality traits in selection programs of turkeys. This study is part of a larger project working towards the implementation of genomic information in the selection of turkeys for improved meat quality.
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Adams SM, Derks MF, Makanjuola B, Wood B, Baes CF. PSIII-2 Assessment of runs of homozygosity and estimates of inbreeding in three purebred turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) lines. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are continuous stretches of homozygous genotypes in an individual that have been passed down from a common ancestor and can be used to accurately characterize genomic data. These ROH are correlated with other measures of inbreeding and have been applied to quantify individual autozygosity. The aim of this study was to detect and describe ROH in the turkey genome and estimate and compare measures of pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients (FPED) and genomic-based inbreeding coefficients estimated from ROH (FROH) and the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM). Pedigree records (n = 2,616,890) and genotypic records (n = 6,371) were available from three purebred turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) lines. Genotypic records were collected between 2013 and 2019 and were obtained using a dense single nucleotide polymorphism array (56,452 SNP). The overall mean length of detected ROH per animal was 2.87±0.29 Mb and mean number of ROH per animal was 84.87±8.79. Short ROH with lengths of 1–2 Mb long were the most abundant throughout the genome, accounting for approximately 45% of the identified segments. Mean ROH coverage differed greatly between chromosomes and lines. Across all lines, genomic derived inbreeding coefficients (FROH=0.27; FGRM=0.32) were higher than coefficients estimated from pedigree records (FPED=0.14). Ranges of correlations between FROH and FPED (0.19–0.31), FROH and FGRM (0.68–0.73), and FPED and FGRM (0.17–0.30) were estimated. Results from the current research provide a fundamental description of inbreeding in the turkey genome which is critical considering the growing concerns of the detrimental effects of increased inbreeding on fitness and health in livestock production. The knowledge gained from this study may subsequently be used to evaluate and maintain genetic diversity that is necessary for genetic improvement and minimizing inbreeding in turkey breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bayode Makanjuola
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Monge C, Xie C, Brar G, Akoth E, Webb S, Mabry D, Redd B, Levy E, Wood B, Greten T. A phase I/II study of JX-594 oncolytic virus in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition in refractory colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(20)31231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kraef C, Wood B, von Philipsborn P, Singh S, Peterson SS, Kallestrup P. Primary health care and nutrition. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:886-893. [PMID: 33293749 PMCID: PMC7716102 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.251413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, dietary factors are responsible for about one in five deaths. In many low- and middle-income countries different forms of malnutrition (including obesity and undernutrition) can co-exist within the same population. This double burden of malnutrition is placing a disproportional strain on health systems, slowing progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). Poor nutrition also impedes the growth of local economies, ultimately affecting the global economy. In this article, we argue that comprehensive primary health care should be used as a platform to address the double burden of malnutrition. We use a conceptual framework based on human rights and the Astana Declaration on primary health care to examine existing recommendations and propose guidance on how policy-makers and providers of community-oriented primary health care can strengthen the role of nutrition within the UHC agenda. Specifically, we propose four thematic areas for action: (i) bridging narratives and strengthening links between the primary health care and the nutrition agenda with nutrition as a human rights issue; (ii) encouraging primary health-care providers to support local multisectoral action on nutrition; (iii) empowering communities and patients to address unhealthy diets; and (iv) ensuring the delivery of high-quality promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative nutrition interventions. For each theme we summarize the available strategies, policies and interventions that can be used by primary health-care providers and policy-makers to strengthen nutrition in primary health care and thus the UHC agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kraef
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wood
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter von Philipsborn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry & Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sudhvir Singh
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Per Kallestrup
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Li M, Seifabadi R, Long D, Krishnasamy V, Xu S, Wood B. Abstract No. 522 Accuracy study of augmented reality systems for percutaneous needle interventions: iPhone versus HoloLens. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Amalou A, Seifabadi R, Varble N, Li M, Turkbey B, Anderson V, Mehralivand S, Merino M, Choyke P, Pinto P, Xu S, Wood B. Abstract No. 604 Get the needle and ultrasound out of the rectum in prostate interventions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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40
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Xu S, Levy E, Yan P, Amalou A, Harmon S, Cero C, Zhu K, Lea H, Cypess A, Wood B. Abstract No. 609 Artificial intelligence–assisted multimodality image fusion in image-guided biopsy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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Amalou H, Amalou A, Celik H, Xu S, Tse Z, Turkbey B, Pinto P, Anderson V, Wood B. 3:09 PM Abstract No. 118 Cost impact of new technologies in interventional oncology and interventional radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Mauda-Havakuk M, Hawken N, Owen J, Mikhail A, Franco Mahecha O, Esparza-Trujillo J, Lewis A, Pritchard W, Karanian J, Wood B. 4:03 PM Abstract No. 134 The immunological response to cryoablation in a woodchuck hepatocellular carcinoma model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Varble N, Zhao Z, Tse Z, Amalou A, Xu S, Wood B. Abstract No. 545 Magnetic markers for tumor localization: feasibility in video assisted thoracic surgery. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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44
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Wood B, Ruskin G, Sacks G. Targeting Children and Their Mothers, Building Allies and Marginalising Opposition: An Analysis of Two Coca-Cola Public Relations Requests for Proposals. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 17:ijerph17010012. [PMID: 31861344 PMCID: PMC6981900 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study provides direct evidence of the goals of food-industry-driven public relations (PR) campaigns. Two PR requests for proposals created for The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) were analysed. One campaign related to the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, the other related to the 2013–2014 Movement is Happiness campaign. Supplementary data were obtained from a search of business literature. The study found that Coke specifically targeted teenagers and their mothers as part of the two PR campaigns. Furthermore, Coke was explicit in its intentions to build allies, particularly with key media organisations, and to marginalise opposition. This study highlights how PR campaigns by large food companies can be used as vehicles for marketing to children, and for corporate political activity. Given the potential threats posed to populations’ health, the use of PR agencies by food companies warrants heightened scrutiny from the public-health community, and governments should explore policy action in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wood
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gary Ruskin
- U.S. Right to Know, 4096 Piedmont Ave. #963, Oakland, CA 94611-5221, USA;
| | - Gary Sacks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Deakin University Waterfront Campus, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
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Kumarasinghe SP, Chandran V, Raby E, Wood B. Granular parakeratosis is a reaction pattern in hyperkeratotic flexural erythema. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 61:159-160. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Mehta S, Botelho R, Cade J, Perin M, Prudente M, Cavalcanti R, Dusilek C, Cardoso R, Hamdan N, Calderon LI, Alcocer-Gamba M, Perez Alva JC, Estrada A, De Los Rios Ibarra M, Ricalde A, Ceschim M, Jacobucci R, Pisana L, Mazzini J, Quintero S, Aguilar J, Del Nogal G, Cruz P, Prieto L, Wood B, Lee J. TCT-508 Telemedicine Without Borders! J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mehta S, Fernandez F, Villagran C, Niklitschek S, Vera F, Frauenfelder A, Ceschim M, Vieira D, Mazzini J, Munguia A, Acosta M, Wood B, Lee J. TCT-489 Base Camp to Mount Everest: Milestones in Advancing a Single-Lead for STEMI Detection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mehta S, Botelho R, Cade J, Perin M, Prudente M, Cavalcanti R, Dusilek C, Cardoso R, Hamdan N, Calderon LI, Perez Alva JC, Estrada A, De Los Rios Ibarra M, Ricalde A, Frauenfelder A, Vieira D, Ceschim M, Del Nogal G, Cruz P, Wood B, Vaid A. TCT-486 Critical Role of Stakeholders in STEMI Networks. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sowalsky A, Turkbey B, Trostel S, Shankavaram U, Carrabba N, Sater H, Lake R, Rowe L, Cooley-Zgela T, Schott E, Zhang H, Pinto P, Wood B, Liu S, Davicioni E, Choyke P, Citrin D. Integrated Radiogenomic Subtyping and Treatment Response of Intermediate and High Risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Economides JM, Zajac JC, Mandelbaum M, Wood B, Chao JW. Post-operative complication rates after gender-affirming surgery: Are they affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2019; 72:1856-1871. [PMID: 31279674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Economides
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Jocelyn C Zajac
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Max Mandelbaum
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Benjamin Wood
- Davis + Pyle Plastic Surgery, 2304 Wesvill Ct, Suite 360, Raleigh NC 27607, United States
| | - Jerry W Chao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300M Street NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20037, United States.
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