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Harris T, Sanfilippo J, Haraldsdottir K, Anderson S, Watson A. Changes in Quality of Life Among Collegiate Athletes During COVID-19. Sports Health 2024; 16:204-208. [PMID: 38087853 PMCID: PMC10916778 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231216425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on the mental health of athletes. How this has affected quality of life (QoL), specifically in the college population, is poorly defined. HYPOTHESIS During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental and physical QoL will have decreased in collegiate athletes as compared with before the pandemic. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Division I athletes from a total of 23 varsity teams at a single institution completed surveys between 2018 and 2022. QoL was assessed using the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12). VR-12 scores were separated into mental component scores (MCS) and physical component scores (PCS). Separate linear mixed effects models evaluated changes in MCS and PCS from pre-COVID to during COVID overall, as well as differences in changes by sex and sport type (individual, team). RESULTS For all athletes, the PCS increased (54.6 [95% CI 54.4-54.7] vs 55.1 [54.9-55.3]; P < 0.01) and the MCS decreased (55.2 [54.9-55.5] vs 53.5 [53.1-53.8]; P < 0.01) from pre-COVID to during COVID. When evaluating for sex, women demonstrated a greater increase in PCS (0.57 ± 0.22; P = 0.01) and greater decrease in MCS (1.06 ± 0.38; P < 0.01). With respect to sport type, individual sports demonstrated a greater decrease in MCS (1.46 ± 0.39; P < 0.01), but no interaction was identified for PCS (0.42 ± 0.23; P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Collegiate athletes demonstrated a decrease in their self-reported mental QoL during the COVID-19 pandemic, as compared with before the pandemic. This effect was most evident in women and in individual sports. Athletes also reported an increase in physical QoL during COVID that was also larger in women, but not related to sport. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on collegiate athletes' QoL, including negative effects on mental health. It also identifies cohorts of athletes (women, individual) who may be more significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Harris
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Anderson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew Watson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Urbański PK, Tasiemski T, Brewer BW. Pandemic-specific coping, anxiety, and depression across multiple waves of COVID-19 in elite athletes with disabilities. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1256853. [PMID: 37885746 PMCID: PMC10598654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1256853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Competitive athletes have faced many of the same mental health challenges experienced by the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the current study was to examine the extent to which pandemic-specific coping predicted anxiety and depression over and above general coping styles in elite athletes with disabilities across multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Participants were 91 athletes (60 men and 31 women) in the Polish Paralympic Preparation Program before the 2020 Tokyo Summer Paralympic Games and 2022 Beijing Winter Paralympic Games. The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and an open-ended item asking participants to describe coping resources they had used to overcome stressful situations caused by the pandemic were administered in April 2021, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered in April, July, and November of 2021. Results General coping styles were not significantly associated with pandemic-specific coping, anxiety, or depression in the July and November 2021 assessments. Pandemic-specific coping was related prospectively to both anxiety and depression across the July and November 2021 assessments when controlling for age, gender, general coping styles, and April 2021 anxiety and depression, respectively. Conclusion The findings suggest that elite athletes with disabilities may cope with pandemic-related stress differently from how they cope with stress in general and that pandemic-specific coping may be relevant to mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This information may be useful in the development of interventions to assist elite athletes with disabilities cope with pandemics and other atypical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K. Urbański
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tasiemski
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Britton W. Brewer
- Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
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Ishimoto R, Mutsuzaki H, Tachibana K, Shimizu Y, Hada Y. Impact of Prolonged Cessation of Organized Team Training Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Body Composition of Japanese Elite Female Wheelchair Basketball Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093231. [PMID: 37176669 PMCID: PMC10179563 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effects of training confinement on athletes with physical impairments are limited. Hence, in this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to investigate the impact of prolonged cessation of organized team training due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the body composition of elite female Japanese basketball athletes. Fourteen female wheelchair basketball athletes (aged ≥20 years) were enrolled. The primary outcomes were lean and adipose indices measured using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The impact of prolonged organized team training cessation on body composition was investigated by comparing the body composition at baseline and post-training confinement. A reduced whole-body lean mass (p = 0.038) and percent lean mass (p = 0.022), as well as an increased percent body fat (p = 0.035), were observed after the confinement period. The regional analysis revealed reduced percent lean and increased percent fat masses in the trunk (p = 0.015 and p = 0.026, respectively) and upper limbs (p = 0.036 and p = 0.048, respectively). In conclusion, prolonged organized team training cessation reduced lean mass and increased body fat percentage, primarily in the trunk and upper limbs. Individualized training programs targeting these body regions should be implemented to improve body composition and physical conditions in athletes during and after prolonged cessation of organized team training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Ami 300-0331, Japan
- Center for Medical Science, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami 300-0394, Japan
| | - Kaori Tachibana
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Healthcare, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami 300-0394, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Shimizu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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Wen P, Tan F, Wu M, Cai Q, Xu R, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li S, Lei M, Chen H, Khan MSA, Zou Q, Hu X. Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14627. [PMID: 37064435 PMCID: PMC10027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a public health emergency of international concern, and some countries still implement strict regional lockdowns. Further, the upcoming 2023 Asian Games and World University Games will implement a closed-loop management system. Quarantine can harm mental and physical health, to which adolescents are more vulnerable compared with adults. Previous studies indicated that light can affect our psychology and physiology, and adolescents were exposed to the artificial light environment in the evening during the lockdown. Thus, this study aimed to establish and assess appropriate residential light environments to mitigate the effects of lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents. The participants were 66 adolescents (12.15 ± 2.45 years of age) in a closed-loop management environment, who participated in a 28-day (7-day baseline, 21-day light intervention) randomized controlled trial of a light-emitting diode (LED) light intervention. The adolescents were exposed to different correlated color temperature (CCT) LED light environments (2000 K or 8000 K) for 1 h each evening. The results for self-reported daily sleep quality indicated that the low CCT LED light environment significantly improved sleep quality (p < 0.05), and the blood test results for serum urea and hemoglobin indicated that this environment also significantly reduced fatigue (p < 0.05) and moderately increased performance, compared to the high CCT LED light environment. These findings can serve as a springboard for further research that aims to develop interventions to reduce the effects of public health emergency lockdowns on mental and physical health in adolescents, and provide a reference for participants in the upcoming Asian Games and World University Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Wen
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Fuyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Qijun Cai
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Ruiping Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Sport Science, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shukun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Menglai Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Muhammad Saddique Akbar Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihong Zou
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Mascaro L, Drummond SPA, Leota J, Boardman JM, Hoffman D, Rajaratnam SMW, Aidman E, Facer-Childs ER. Cognitive fitness modulates gender differences in sleep and mental health among competitive athletes under chronic stress. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1118822. [PMID: 36969596 PMCID: PMC10031072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Mental fitness is increasingly considered a key component of an athlete’s competitive arsenal. Active domains of mental fitness include cognitive fitness, sleep, and mental health; and these domains can differ between men and women athletes. Our study investigated the associations of cognitive fitness and gender to sleep and mental health, and the interaction between cognitive fitness and gender on sleep and mental health, in competitive athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: 82 athletes competing at levels from regional/state to international (49% women, M-age = 23.3 years) completed measures of self-control, intolerance of uncertainty, and impulsivity (together representing constructs of cognitive fitness), items about sleep (total sleep time, sleep latency, and mid-sleep time on free days) and a measure of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress).Results: Women athletes reported lower self-control, higher intolerance of uncertainty, and higher positive urgency impulsivity compared with men athletes. Women reported sleeping later, but this gender difference disappeared after controlling for cognitive fitness. Women athletes—after controlling for cognitive fitness—reported higher depression, anxiety, and stress. Across genders, higher self-control was associated with lower depression, and lower intolerance of uncertainty was associated with lower anxiety. Higher sensation seeking was associated with lower depression and stress, and higher premeditation was associated with greater total sleep time and anxiety. Higher perseverance was associated with higher depression for men—but not women—athletes.Conclusion: Women athletes in our sample reported poorer cognitive fitness and mental health compared to men athletes. Most cognitive fitness factors protected competitive athletes under chronic stress, but some exposed them to poorer mental health. Future work should examine the sources of gender differences. Our findings suggest a need to develop tailored interventions aimed at improving athlete wellbeing, with a particular focus on women athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mascaro
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P. A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Johanna M. Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eugene Aidman
- Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Elise R. Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elise R. Facer-Childs,
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Puce L, Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Jabbour G, Marinelli L, Mori L, Kong JD, Tsigalou C, Cotellessa F, Schenone C, Samanipour MH, Biz C, Ruggieri P, Trompetto C, Bragazzi NL. A tale of two stories: COVID-19 and disability. A critical scoping review of the literature on the effects of the pandemic among athletes with disabilities and para-athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:967661. [PMID: 36439247 PMCID: PMC9682264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.967661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted athletes, and, in particular, para-athletes and athletes with disabilities. However, there is no scholarly appraisal on this topic. Therefore, a critical scoping review of the literature was conducted. We were able to retrieve sixteen relevant studies. The sample size ranged from 4 to 183. Most studies were observational, cross-sectional, and questionnaire-based surveys, two studies were interventional, and two were longitudinal. One study was a technical feasibility study. Almost all studies were conducted as single-country studies, with the exception of one multi-country investigation. Five major topics/themes could be identified: namely, 1) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on training and lifestyles in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 2) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on mental health in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 3) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on performance outcomes in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 4) risk of contracting COVID-19 among athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; and, finally, 5) impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes with disabilities/para-athletes. The scholarly literature assessed was highly heterogeneous, with contrasting findings, and various methodological limitations. Based on our considerations, we recommend that standardized, reliable tools should be utilized and new, specific questionnaires should be created, tested for reliability, and validated. High-quality, multi-center, cross-countries, longitudinal surveys should be conducted to overcome current shortcomings. Involving all relevant actors and stakeholders, including various national and international Paralympic Committees, as a few studies have done, is fundamental: community-led, participatory research can help identify gaps in the current knowledge about sports-related practices among the population of athletes with disabilities during an unprecedented period of measures undertaken that have significantly affected everyday life. Moreover, this could advance the field, by capturing the needs of para-athletes and athletes with disabilities and enabling the design of a truly "disability-inclusive response" to COVID-19 and similar future conditions/situations. Furthermore, follow-up studies on COVID-19-infected para-athletes and athletes with disabilities should be conducted. Evidence of long-term effects of COVID-19 is available only for able-bodied athletes, for whom cardiorespiratory residual alterations and mental health issues a long time after COVID-19 have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur Du Sport et de L’Éducation Physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie: Activité Physique, Santé et Apprentissages (LINP2-APSA), UFR STAPS, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Georges Jabbour
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Greece
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Schenone
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Håkansson A, Moesch K, Kenttä G. COVID-19-related impact on mental health and career uncertainty in student-athletes—Data from a cohort of 7,025 athletes in an elite sport high school system in Sweden. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:943402. [PMID: 36203654 PMCID: PMC9530189 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.943402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesMental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden.MethodsData on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsSixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses.DiscussionSelf-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anders Håkansson
| | - Karin Moesch
- Region Skåne, Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö, Sweden
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sports Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Göran Kenttä
- Swedish Sports Confederation, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Relationship between Sports and Personal Variables and the Competitive Anxiety of Colombian Elite Athletes of Olympic and Paralympic Sports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137791. [PMID: 35805450 PMCID: PMC9265379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anxiety is one of the most complex and the most studied constructs in psychology, and it is extremely frequent in high-level sportsmen and women. The main goal was to study the influence of sex, age, type of sport, sport modality, other professional occupation, and competitive level on the competitive anxiety symptoms and self-confidence of elite athletes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with Colombian elite athletes who were members of the “Support to the Excellence Coldeportes Athlete” program. The total population studied included 334 Colombian elite athletes: mean age 27.10 ± 6.57 years old with 13.66 ± 6.37 years practicing his/her sports modality. The precompetitive anxiety symptoms of the participants were assessed using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory—2R (CSAI-2R). Results: Men showed higher levels of self-confidence than women. Younger athletes had a higher cognitive and somatic anxiety. The athletes of individual sports had a higher mean somatic anxiety than those of collective sports. The higher-level athletes had lower values of cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher levels of self-confidence. Finally, the values of anxiety symptoms positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with self-confidence. Conclusion: Individualised psychological intervention programs adapted to elite athletes are needed, considering the divergent results found in various variables of scientific interest.
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Effects and Causes of Detraining in Athletes Due to COVID-19: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095400. [PMID: 35564795 PMCID: PMC9102934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several aspects of systemic alterations caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the resultant COVID-19 disease have been currently explored in the general population. However, very little is known about these particular aspects in sportsmen and sportswomen. We believe that the most important element to take into account is the neuromuscular aspect, due to the implications that this system entails in motion execution and coordination. In this context, deficient neuromuscular control when performing dynamic actions can be an important risk factor for injury. Therefore, data in this review refer mainly to problems derived in the short term from athletes who have suffered this pathology, taking into account that COVID-19 is a very new disease and the presented data are still not conclusive. The review addresses two key aspects: performance alteration and the return to regular professional physical activity. COVID-19 causes metabolic-respiratory, muscular, cardiac, and neurological alterations that are accompanied by a situation of stress. All of these have a clear influence on performance but at the same time in the strategy of returning to optimal conditions to train and compete again after infection. From the clinical evidence, the resumption of physical training and sports activity should be carried out progressively, both in terms of time and intensity.
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Levels of Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being in Non-Athletes and Martial Art Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074004. [PMID: 35409688 PMCID: PMC8997656 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The objectives of this study were to identify which of the sociodemographic variables affected psychological well-being in two populations that differed in their sports practice at the end of the COVID-19 lockdown in Colombia. Methods: The study was conducted through an online survey using the IPAQ-S and PGWBI-S questionnaires six months after the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown, between 8 and 22 September 2020 in Colombia. The total number of study participants was 582, subdivided into two groups: (i) non-athlete university population (NA) without constant practice in physical activity or sports training (n = 470); and (ii) martial arts athletes (n = 122) with a sports career (A), 7.4 ± 3.4 years of experience, at different levels (advanced belts and black belts). Results: Sports practice, normal BMI levels and high levels of physical activity translated into absence of distress (ND) in the psychological well-being of populations. The variance between the factors could be explained by the general health dimension (2.4% population; 4.2% sex; 12% physical activity; 2.6% age). A moderate correlation between vitality and MET was found (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The practice of a sport such as martial arts, normal body mass index and high levels of physical activity were factors that positively reduced levels of distress, translated into better psychological well-being in populations, and the general health dimension presented important contributions to psychological well-being. Intervention plans must be carried out, especially in populations that do not practice physical activity—mainly female and those under 40 years of age.
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