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Bok S, Shum J, Lee M. Path analysis of perceived disease vulnerability, COVID-19 fear, and lower vaccine hesitancy within the context of protection motivation theory. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25889. [PMID: 38390175 PMCID: PMC10881856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccinations have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing severe infections. However, vaccine hesitancy posed a major public health hurdle to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Online spread of vaccine conspiracy beliefs generated unwarranted mistrust and resistance to vaccines. While numerous studies have explored the factors influencing vaccine hesitancy, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the interplay between perceived disease vulnerability, COVID-19 fear, and vaccine hesitancy. Protection motivation theory posits citizens will evaluate perceived threats and take actions to mitigate potential harm. With a large U.S. sample, path analysis demonstrated individuals' perceived disease vulnerability was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. Greater perceived disease vulnerability was associated with higher COVID-19 fear. Greater COVID-19 fear was associated with lower vaccine hesitancy. Greater vaccine conspiracy beliefs associated with higher vaccine hesitancy. However, in the presence of perceived vulnerability to disease, vaccine conspiracy beliefs associated with higher fear of COVID-19 and thereby lower vaccine hesitancy. We found under circumstances of higher perceived vulnerability to disease and fear of COVID-19, vaccine conspiratorial believers were less vaccine hesitant. We discuss how public health messaging can highlight personal risks to contracting COVID-19 to appeal to those who self-identify as disease prone, but may have reservations about vaccines because of misinformation. Successfully combating diseases entails reaching and gaining cooperation from misbelievers because misinformation is expected to continue in the digital age. By understand individual differences to vaccine hesitancy, it can help increase vaccinations and prevent severe illnesses in the post COVID-19 pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Bok
- Department of Marketing, College of Business and Economics, California State University, East Bay, United States
| | - James Shum
- School of Accounting, Golden Gate University, San Francisco, United States
| | - Maria Lee
- Department of Urban Planning and Public Policy, University of California, Irvine, United States
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Jia Q, Qu Y, Huo H, Yin H, Jiang M, You D. Chronic stress and turnover intention of resident physicians after experiencing COVID-19. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:707. [PMID: 37759300 PMCID: PMC10537431 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have explored the stress and turnover intention of healthcare workers, but as important backup talents in the healthcare system, resident physicians have received little attention from researchers, especially after experiencing COVID-19. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the chronic stress and turnover intention of resident physicians after experiencing COVID-19. METHODS From June to August 2022, we conducted a questionnaire survey on resident physicians in the Children's Hospital of Hebei Province through the online platform (Wenjuanxing) to evaluate their chronic stress and turnover intention after experiencing COVID-19. For the collected data, we used frequency and percentage to make the statistical description, the Chi-square test to make a univariate analysis on the scores of chronic stress and turnover intention scale, and binary logistic regression analysis to explore the influencing factors of turnover intention. RESULTS Out of 143 respondents, we finally received 127 questionnaires, with a response rate of 88.81%. Among 127 respondents, 80.31% of resident physicians experienced varying degrees of chronic stress (mild: 36.22%, moderate: 35.43%, severe: 8.66%), and 74.80% of resident physicians showed varying degrees of turnover intention (mild: 23.62%, moderate: 37.79%, severe: 13.39%). Moreover, age (OR = 0.772, P = 0.042), identity (OR = 8.648, P = 0.021), and chronic stress levels (mild: OR = 6.938, P = 0.003; moderate: OR = 44.049, P < 0.003; severe: OR = 46.141, P = 0.004) can significantly affect turnover intention. CONCLUSION In this study, we reported a relatively high proportion of resident physicians with high chronic stress and high turnover intention after experiencing COVID-19. We suggest that the relevant departments should pay more attention to the resident physicians' group and formulate corresponding measures to solve the problems faced by the resident physicians and ensure the stability of the health human resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Jia
- Organization and Personnel Department, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Scientific research division, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huisheng Huo
- Scientific research division, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongxia Yin
- Human resources department, Affiliated hospital of north Sichuan medical college, Nanchong, China
| | - Meijun Jiang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dianping You
- Party and Government Integrated Office, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Serrano F, Saragosa M, Nowrouzi-Kia B, Woodford L, Casole J, Gohar B. Understanding Education Workers' Stressors after Lockdowns in Ontario, Canada: A Qualitative Study. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:836-849. [PMID: 37232701 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the experiences and stressors of education workers is critical for making improvements and planning for future emergency situations. Province-specific studies offer valuable information to understand the stressors of returning to the workplace. This study aims to identify the stressors education workers experienced when returning to work after months of school closures. This qualitative data is part of a larger study. Individuals completed a survey including a questionnaire and some open-ended questions in English and French. A total of 2349 respondents completed the qualitative portion of the survey, of which most were women (81%), approximately 44 years of age, and working as teachers (83.9%). The open-ended questions were analyzed using thematic analysis. Seven themes emerged from our analysis: (1) challenges with service provision and using technology; (2) disruption in work-life balance; (3) lack of clear communication and direction from the government and school administration; (4) fear of contracting the virus due to insufficient health/COVID-19 protocols; (5) increase in work demands; (6) various coping strategies to deal with the stressors of working during the COVID-19 pandemic; (7) lessons to be learned from working amid a global pandemic. Education workers have faced many challenges since returning to work. These findings demonstrate the need for improvements such as greater flexibility, training opportunities, support, and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Serrano
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marianne Saragosa
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Behdin Nowrouzi-Kia
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Lynn Woodford
- Insight Psychology on Norfolk, Guelph, ON N1H 4J4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Casole
- Department of Special Education, Loretto College, Toronto, ON M6H 2N1, Canada
| | - Basem Gohar
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety & Health, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB, Bouchard JP, Stiegler N. Facing Your Fear of COVID-19: Resilience as a Protective Factor Against Burnout in South African Teachers. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2023; 181:119-127. [PMID: 35573929 PMCID: PMC9091263 DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective Frontline workers have been distinctively impacted by the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers, as frontline employees in the educational system, had to contend with unprecedented changes to their work role, as well as new job demands coupled with insufficient resources and the effects of the pandemic on their personal lives. While some teachers struggled to cope and reported intense levels of fear of COVID-19 and burnout, others were able to adapt and experienced a sense of growth and accomplishment. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the role of resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and burnout among South African schoolteachers using a survey design. Materials and methods Schoolteachers in South Africa (n = 355) were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10. Results The results showed a positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Moreover, structural equation modeling confirmed a health-sustaining role for resilience as it had a significant direct effect on burnout. Resilience also partially mediated the impact of fear of COVID-19 on depersonalization as well as emotional exhaustion, and fully mediated the impact of fear of COVID-19 on personal accomplishment. Conclusions Our findings underscore that promoting individual- and institutional-level strategies to support teachers is necessary to build resilience, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Padmanabhanunni
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe Road, Belville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Tyrone B. Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe Road, Belville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa,Corresponding author
| | - Jean-Pierre Bouchard
- Institut psycho-judiciaire et de psychopathologie (IPJP), Institute of Forensic Psychology and Psychopathology, centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 89, rue Cazeaux-Cazalet, 33410 Cadillac, France,Unité pour malades difficiles (UMD), pôle de psychiatrie médico-légale (PPML), centre hospitalier de Cadillac, 10, avenue Joseph-Caussil, 33410 Cadillac, France,Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Stiegler
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Robert-Sobukwe road, Bellville, 7535 Cape-Town, South Africa
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Ding Q, Luo X. People with High Perceived Infectability Are More Likely to Spread Rumors in the Context of COVID-19: A Behavioral Immune System Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:703. [PMID: 36613023 PMCID: PMC9819964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, many studies have explored the influencing factors of rumor spreading, such as anxiety, risk perception and information source credibility, but few studies have focused on the impact of individual differences. Based on the theory of behavioral immune systems, we investigated the impact of perceived infectability on rumor spreading and the mediating role of rumor trust in the context of COVID-19. Two studies were investigated using the scale and recall-report task of rumor spreading. The results show that perceived infectability was a significant positive predictor of rumor spreading. However, the impact of perceived infectability on rumor spreading was not direct, and it mainly indirectly affected rumor spreading through the mediating role of rumor trust. Overall, the findings suggest that individuals with high perceived infectability are more likely to believe rumors and then spread rumors during the epidemic. This study advances the literature on rumor spreading and behavioral immune systems and provides practical implications to anti-rumor campaigns.
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Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB. Job Satisfaction Goes a Long Way: The Mediating Role of Teaching Satisfaction in the Relationship between Role Stress and Indices of Psychological Well-Being in the Time of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17071. [PMID: 36554949 PMCID: PMC9779460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures has resulted in drastic changes in the educational landscape. Teachers had to rapidly adapt to shifts in their work-related roles and responsibilities. This situation likely led to role stress and affected the levels of job satisfaction, mental health and general life satisfaction. In this study, we examined the role of teachers' job satisfaction in the relationship between role stress and indices of psychological well-being. The participants were South African school teachers (N = 355) who completed the Role Orientation Questionnaire, the Teaching Satisfaction Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In addition to descriptive statistics and correlations, path analysis was performed to determine the mediating role of teaching satisfaction. Increased levels of teaching satisfaction were associated with decreased levels of depression and anxiety and increased levels of life satisfaction. Teaching satisfaction also mediated the relationship between role conflict, as well as role ambiguity and anxiety. The results indicated that teaching satisfaction is a critical protective factor for teachers. Thus, improving task significance and enhancing the meaning associated with the teaching profession may help promote the adaptive functioning of teachers.
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Pretorius TB, Padmanabhanunni A. The Beneficial Effects of Professional Identity: The Mediating Role of Teaching Identification in the Relationship between Role Stress and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191811339. [PMID: 36141611 PMCID: PMC9517131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers and students rapidly transitioned to remote teaching and learning. In South Africa, this initial transition was followed by periods of reopening and closing of schools during the various waves of the pandemic. When schools were reopened, rotational schooling was implemented, with students attending in shifts. All this change created a climate of uncertainty for teachers. The current study investigates the relationship between role stress and indices of psychological distress, as well as the potential mediating role of teaching identification in this relationship, using a cross-sectional survey design. Participants (n = 355) were school teachers in South Africa who completed the Role Stress Questionnaire, the Professional Identification Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale during the second wave of the pandemic (May-July 2021). The results of a structural equation analysis indicate significant positive direct effects of role conflict and ambiguity on anxiety and hopelessness, as well as significant negative direct effects of teaching identification on anxiety and hopelessness. In addition, teaching identification was found to mediate the effect of role conflict and ambiguity on anxiety and hopelessness. The demonstrated role of teaching identification has implications that suggest the importance of leadership and supervisory support, as well as enhancing the societal value of teaching as a profession.
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Alyami H, Krägeloh CU, Medvedev ON, Alghamdi S, Alyami M, Althagafi J, Lyndon M, Hill AG. Investigating Predictors of Psychological Distress for Healthcare Workers in a Major Saudi COVID-19 Center. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084459. [PMID: 35457323 PMCID: PMC9024661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between fear of COVID-19, previous exposure to COVID-19, perceived vulnerability to disease, sleep quality, and psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Taif city in Saudi Arabia, which has a population of 702,000 people. A cross-sectional study design was adopted. HCWs (n = 202) completed a survey containing the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Perceived Vulnerability to Disease (PVD), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). FCV-19S and sleep quality were significant predictors for psychological distress. Female gender was a significant predictor for depression and stress. Single, divorced, and widowed marital status were predictive for anxiety. FCV-19S was weakly correlated with PVD but moderately with depression, anxiety, and stress. Of the two PVD subscales, perceived infectability was weakly correlated with psychological distress. PVD and previous experience with COVID-19 were not significant predictors. Sleep quality and FCV-19S were major predictors of psychological distress. Findings indicated that poor sleep quality was strongly associated with psychological distress, while fear of COVID-19 had a moderate association. Such results support the need to design and implement psychological programs to assist HCWs in dealing with the psychological impact of this ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian U. Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Oleg N. Medvedev
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubarak Alyami
- Administration Building, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif 26514, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Jamal Althagafi
- Administration Building, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif 26514, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Mataroria Lyndon
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, The University of Auckland, Building 409, 24 Symonds Street, City Campus, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Andrew G. Hill
- South Auckland Clinical Campus, The University of Auckland, Level 2, North Wing, Esmé Green Building 30, Middlemore Hospital, 100 Hospital Road, Otahuhu, Auckland 1062, New Zealand;
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Jackson K, Noordien Z, Padmanabhanunni A, Pretorius TB. The Mediating Role of Teacher Identification in the Relationship Between Psychological Distress and Teacher Satisfaction During COVID-19. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221110520. [PMID: 35906761 PMCID: PMC9340888 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the potential mediating role of professional identification of school teachers in the relationship between psychological distress and teaching satisfaction. Professional identification is the extent to which an individual identifies with a professional group, including the values, beliefs, and commitment the individual has in relation to the professional group. Professional identification has been linked to negative work outcomes, such as job performance and turnover intentions, as well as to adverse mental health outcomes. In the context of education, professional identification is the extent to which teachers identify with the teaching profession. Participants (N = 355) were school teachers in South Africa who completed the Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Professional Identification Scale, and the Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Structural equation analysis showed that professional identification plays a fully mediational role in the relationship between psychological distress and teaching satisfaction. Interventions that strengthen teachers’ identification with the teaching profession should be considered a priority.
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