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Ohoro CR, Wepener V. Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22142. [PMID: 38045185 PMCID: PMC10692828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely used in agriculture and industry, causing serious health and ecological consequences upon exposure. This review offers a thorough overview of OCPs analysis emphasizing the necessity of ongoing work to enhance the identification and monitoring of these POPs in environmental and human samples. The benefits and drawbacks of the various OCPs analysis techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are discussed. Challenges associated with validation and optimization criteria, including accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), must be met for a method to be regarded as accurate and reliable. Suitable quality control measures, such as method blanks and procedural blanks, are emphasized. The LOD and LOQ are critical quality control measure for efficient quantification of these compounds, and researchers have explored various techniques for their calculation. Matrix interference, solubility, volatility, and partition coefficient influence OCPs occurrences and are discussed in this review. Validation experiments, as stated by European Commission in document SANTE/11813/2017, showed that the acceptance criteria for method validation of OCP analytes include ≤20 % for high precision, and 70-120 % for recovery. This may ultimately be vital for determining the human health risk effects of exposure to OCP and for formulating sensible environmental and public health regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Janneh M, Qu C, Zhang Y, Xing X, Nkwazema O, Nyihirani F, Qi S. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural and dumpsite soils in Sierra Leone. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7102-7116. [PMID: 36875876 PMCID: PMC9977409 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, potential sources, risk assessment, and soil physicochemical properties influencing PAH distribution in developed and remote cities in Sierra Leone. Seventeen topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs. The average concentrations of Σ16PAH in soils in the surveyed areas were 1142 ng g-1 dw, 265 ng g-1 dw, 79.7 ng g-1 dw, 54.3 ng g-1 dw, 54.2 ng g-1 dw, 52.3 ng g-1 dw, and 36.6 ng g-1 dw in Kingtom, Waterloo, Magburaka, Bonganema, Kabala, Sinikoro, and Makeni, respectively. Based on the European soil quality guidelines, Kingtom and Waterloo soils were categorized as heavily and weakly contaminated soil PAHs respectively. The main PAH compounds of this study were 2-ring, 4-ring, and 5-ring PAHs. High molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) made up 62.5% of the total PAHs, while low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) was 37.5%. In general, HMWPAHs were predominant in Kingtom, followed by Waterloo. The appointment of PAH sources using different methods revealed mixed sources, but predominantly pyrogenic sources (petroleum, biomass, coal, and fossil fuel contributions). Soil pH has a significant impact on PAH distribution. The toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQBaP) levels in soils pose a potential health risk to residents in developed cities but pose a negligible health risk to residents in remote cities. This study is significant as its findings reveal the status of PAH soil contamination in Sierra Leone. The results have important implications for policymakers and stakeholders to identify high-risk zones and establish proper environmental monitoring programs, pollution control measures, and remediation strategies to prevent future risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Janneh
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China.,Chemistry Department, School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University of Sierra Leone Moyamba District Sierra Leone 787247
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Oscar Nkwazema
- School of Management Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Fatuma Nyihirani
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China +86-138-8602-8263.,School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
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Mohasin P, Chakraborty P, Anand N, Ray S. Risk assessment of persistent pesticide pollution: Development of an indicator integrating site-specific characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160555. [PMID: 36460110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of high pesticide concentrations in sediments and water often leads to prioritizing a site as being 'at risk'. However, the risk does not depend on pesticide concentration alone, but on other site-specific characteristics also. We developed an indicator that identifies the 'Level of Concern' by integrating five such characteristics: (i) pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater causing risks to ecological health (ii) impacts on human health, (iii) water scarcity, (iv) agricultural production, and (v) biodiversity richness. We applied this framework in an agricultural region of the Lower Ganges Basin in West Bengal, India. We measured concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface and groundwater within an 8 km2 area in 2019. Of 20 banned and restricted OCPs, 11 were detected as causing high risk to ecological health and 10 at concentrations above the Accepted Carcinogenic Risk Limit (ACRL) for humans. In the pre-monsoon, the mean concentrations of ΣOCPs in groundwater and surface water were 126.9 ng/L and 104 ng/L, in the monsoon they were 144.7 ng/L and 138 ng/L, and in the post-monsoon 122.1 ng/L and 147 ng/L respectively. In groundwater, no significant seasonal difference was observed in most pesticides. In the surface water, 7 pesticides were significantly higher in the monsoon and post-monsoon, which may be attributed to increased runoff as well as post monsoon application of OCPs. In September 2022 we again measured OCP concentrations in surface water and sediment. The mean concentration of 14 of the 20 measured OCPs were found to be significantly lower in the post-pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic time. These lower pesticide concentrations may indicate a reduced use of OCPs in agricultural practices during the pandemic. This area was identified as being at the highest Level of Concern, even though the OCP concentrations alone conformed to general guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piya Mohasin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
| | - Niharika Anand
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sujata Ray
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India.
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Yang Z, Xiong Z, Xue W, Zhou Y. The Impact of Pollution Fee Reform on the Emission of Water Pollutants: Evidence from Manufacturing Enterprises in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710660. [PMID: 36078375 PMCID: PMC9518126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With the development of China's industrial economy and urbanization, water pollution has become serious and gradually exposed to the public. The pollution fee policy is an important tool to force enterprises to reduce pollution. This study used the panel data of manufacturing enterprises during 2006-2013 and the multiperiod difference in differences (DID) method to systematically analyze the impact of water pollution fee reform on emissions of manufacturing enterprises in China. In general, enterprises facing improved pollution fee collection standards reduce COD emissions by approximately 4.1%. However, significant location heterogeneities are captured in China. The rising water pollution fees have promoted the emission reduction of enterprises in northern China and resource-based cities, but the effect is not significant in southern China and nonresource-based cities. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis shows that enterprises mainly reduced emissions through terminal treatment and reducing production. This study provided micro evidence for research on the effect of pollution fee reform and supplied a reference for the improvement of the environmental protection tax system in China.
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Chen W, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang L, Xiong J, Qian Z, Xiong S, Zhao R, Liu W, Su Q, Zhou J, Zhou H, Qi S, Jones KC. Distribution, sources and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in karst spring systems from Western Hubei, Central China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134502. [PMID: 35395255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Karst groundwater is an important water resource but it is vulnerable to contaminants, due to the distinctive geological features of abundant transmissive fractures and conduits in the karst area which connect the surface to the underground systems. Anthropogenic activity-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the surface environment could enter groundwater easily and rapidly and threaten water security in karst areas. Samples in the multimedia environment from 10 specific karst spring systems from Western Hubei of Central China were collected to analyze 16 priority PAHs and to investigate their transport in these karst spring systems. The total concentrations of PAHs in the soil, river water, river sediments, spring water, and spring sediments ranged between 6.04 and 67.7 ng g-1, 4.56 and 11.4 ng L-1, 29.9 and 1041 ng g-1, 4.09 and 222 ng L-1, and 5.88 and 83.0 ng g-1, respectively. Levels of PAHs in this area were relatively low when compared to other karst areas. Proportions of low-molecular-weight (LMW)-PAHs in the water, sediments and soil (average 58.2-78.8%) were much higher than those of high-molecular-weight (HMW)-PAHs. The proportion of LMW-PAHs in the sediments (especially in river sediments) was higher than that in the soil. Characteristic ratio analysis and principal component analysis showed that PAHs were from high-temperature combustion of the mixture of coal and biomass, and vehicle emission, where coal and biomass combustion were the dominant sources. Significant correlations of PAH compositions in different media of karst spring systems were observed, especially in the Yuquangdong (YQD)-Migongquan (MGQ), Jiuzhenziquan (JZZQ), Xianyudong (XYD) and Fengdong (FD) karst spring systems, indicating the rapid PAH transport from the recharge area soil to the discharge area of spring water and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Ninth Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tacheng, Xinjiang, 834601, China
| | - Ziqiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xianzhen Wang
- Geological Exploration Institute of Shandong Zhengyuan, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Longliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junwu Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Zhe Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shuai Xiong
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruichao Zhao
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Qiuke Su
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jiangang Zhou
- Geological Exploration Institute of Shandong Zhengyuan, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Weifang, 261021, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, and School of Environmental Studies, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, and Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Bukowska B, Mokra K, Michałowicz J. Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116348. [PMID: 35683027 PMCID: PMC9181839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
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Ali A, Siddique M, Chen W, Han Z, Khan R, Bilal M, Waheed U, Shahzadi I. Promising Low-Cost Adsorbent from Waste Green Tea Leaves for Phenol Removal in Aqueous Solution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116396. [PMID: 35681981 PMCID: PMC9180375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenol is the most common organic pollutant in many industrial wastewaters that may pose a health risk to humans due to its widespread application as industrial ingredients and additives. In this study, waste green tea leaves (WGTLs) were modified through chemical activation/carbonization and used as an adsorbent in the presence of ultrasound (cavitation) to eliminate phenol in the aqueous solution. Different treatments, such as cavitation, adsorption, and sono-adsorption were investigated to remove the phenol. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphology of the adsorbent revealed that the structure of WGTLs was porous before phenol was adsorbed. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis showed an open chain of carboxylic acids after the sono-adsorption process. The results revealed that the sono-adsorption process is more efficient with enhanced removal percentages than individual processes. A maximum phenol removal of 92% was obtained using the sono-adsorption process under an optimal set of operating parameters, such as pH 3.5, 25 mg L−1 phenol concentration, 800 mg L−1 adsorbent dosage, 60 min time interval, 30 ± 2 °C temperature, and 80 W cavitation power. Removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 85% and 53%. The Freundlich isotherm model with a larger correlation coefficient (R2, 0.972) was better fitted for nonlinear regression than the Langmuir model, and the sono-adsorption process confirmed the pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. The findings indicated that WGTLs in the presence of a cavitation effect prove to be a promising candidate for reducing phenol from the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ali
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Maria Siddique
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (R.K.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (W.C.); Tel.: +92-992-383592 (M.S.); +86-13006374077 (W.C.); Fax: +92-992-383441 (M.S.)
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (W.C.); Tel.: +92-992-383592 (M.S.); +86-13006374077 (W.C.); Fax: +92-992-383441 (M.S.)
| | - Zhixin Han
- Geological Exploration Institute of Shandong Zhengyuan, China Metallurgical Geology Bureau, Tai’an 271000, China;
| | - Romana Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (R.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; (R.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Ummara Waheed
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 59300, Pakistan;
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan;
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